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Notes on Contributors Introduction Part I: Teachers' Curriculum Reports Changing Settings within the School A new learning environment for business and information studies, Joan Bishop, Mike Moore & Gilly Walker Creating and appropriate environment for design education, David Dickinson The Pottery Development, Tom Cooley Multi-skills bases, ACS Staff Structured play: the railway station, Helen Strahan The 'Mansfield Park' project, Margaret Howard PIlot scheme in GCSE mathematics, Adrian Harrington General Comments Using Settings outside the School The residential, Jean-Pierre Kirkland Link courses, Lorna Borland Nursery placements, Finn Deloughry The community farm project, Leslie Howard Turkish Girls' Centre - Berlin, Kristel Hautmann Changing Time and Space Individually negotiated timetables, Diane King International Women's Week, Sue Botcherby In the middle of the night, Jorgen Lund The Dublin Work Exploration Centre, Kathy August The Open Learning Environment, Beryl Jackson The trip, Brendan Agnew General Comments Part II: Pupils' Learning, Teachers' Learning and the Quality of Learning Teachers and Learners, Gordon Baddeley Teachers Learning, John Coghill and Alan Goodwin Assessing Learning, Mick Cockett Pupils' Judgements, David Hustler Concluding Comments Bibliography Index

Michael Patrick Stuart Irwin1 July 1925 Donaghee, Ireland – 13 September 2017 Litcham, Norfolk, UK

Identification of transcription factors expressed by differentiated cells is informative not only of tissue-specific pathways, but to help identify master regulators for cellular reprogramming. If applied, such an approach could generate healthy autologous tissue-specific cells for clinical use where cells from the homologous tissue are unavailable due to disease. Normal human epithelial cells of buccal and urothelial derivation maintained in identical culture conditions that lacked significant instructive or permissive signaling cues were found to display inherent similarities and differences of phenotype. Investigation of transcription factors implicated in driving urothelial-type differentiation revealed buccal epithelial cells to have minimal or absent expression of PPARG, GATA3 and FOXA1 genes. Retroviral overexpression of protein coding sequences for GATA3 or PPARy1 in buccal epithelial cells resulted in nuclear immunolocalisation of the respective proteins, with both transductions also inducing expression of the urothelial differentiation-associated claudin 3 tight junction protein. PPARG1 overexpression alone entrained expression of nuclear FOXA1 and GATA3 proteins, providing objective evidence of its upstream positioning in a transcription factor network and identifying it as a candidate factor for urothelial-type transdifferentiation or reprogramming.

Banded kōkopu (Galaxias fasciatus) were observed attempting to catch insects off the bank of the pool in which they lived. This is previously unrecorded behaviour for this species. Details of this behaviour were recorded and described when individuals responded to the placement of insect larvae on the bank of the pool. This behaviour could explain the differences between stomach and drift net samples in previous diet studies.

Rural theology is explained here as a form of practical theology that seeks to interpret the rural context in the light of the central themes of Christian theology and vice versa. If Christian theology can be understood as concerning belief in God and the understanding of human relationships with God, the created order, and each other in the light of that belief, rural theology expresses that in the light of the lived experience in a rural context, which for these purposes is the daily bulletin from Ambridge. The author draws on his experience of teaching in the Cambridge Theological Federation to reflect on three recent examples: the recent changes at Brookfield in response to the perennial issue of the milk price lead us to ask who benefits from the production of higher quality food; the care for the land and Adam Macy’s reforms at Home Farm point us to issues about sustainability and responsibility; and the cohesion of a community with shared values and its treatment of Rob Titchener asks questions about the limits of inclusion. As with much practical theology, the outcome of the reflection is in ethical action and some further ethical questions, which, as the example of Jim Lloyd’s philosophical conversations with Alan Franks illustrate, are not the monopoly of the Church.

We describe a method for preparing a cell block from a very sparsely cellular cytology fluid sample. The aim is to ensure that cells are not lost during processing. We developed this method to perform immunohistochemistry on circulating tumour cells (CTC) extracted from the blood of patients with metastatic carcinoma, in which there are typically less than 20 cells in a 10 mL blood sample. The method could also be applicable to other sparsely cellular samples such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples, or eye vitreous fluid samples. First, the cells are concentrated into a 90 µL volume of fluid. In the case of CTCs this is obtained from a phosphate buffered saline backwash of a Parsortix CTC blood filter cassette (figure 1A–C; arrows mark CTCs). This filter cassette separates cells based on their size and deformability. Circulating carcinoma cells, and cells from other non-haematological neoplasms, tend to be larger and more rigid than other blood cells. The concentrate could also be from centrifugation of a CSF sample, vitreous humour or similar, with removal of most of the supernatant and …

Background: Discrimination between benign and malignant pelvic masses by gene expression profiling of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may provide information to assist in treatment decisions and improve outcomes. CTCs can be isolated and harvested from blood based on cell size and deformability using the Parsortix™ system. Because the number of CTCs in the blood of pelvic mass patients suspected of having ovarian malignancies is likely very low, gene expression profiling of these CTCs requires a highly sensitive detection system that is tolerant of the presence of normal nucleated blood cells. Objective: To assess the suitability of the HyCEAD assay for gene expression profiling of cells in Parsortix harvests. HyCEAD (Hybrid Capture Enrichment Amplification and Detection) is a fast and simple method for the simultaneous analysis of 100 or more mRNA species captured from cell lysates. The products of the multiplex amplification with HyCEAD can be quantified by hybridization on a flow-through chip. Methods: Multiple HyCEAD primer/probe sets were designed for 125 relevant genes, and purified total RNA or lysates from Parsortix harvests were processed with the HyCEAD assay. Primer/probe sets were screened using total RNA from cell lines and ovarian cancer tissues. Genes with significant expression in white blood cells were culled from the gene set. A set of non-human poly-adenylated mRNA molecules (separately quantified using digital droplet PCR) were used as spike-in standards to assess absolute sensitivity. CaOV3 cells spiked into blood from normal healthy volunteers (NHVs) were used as a model system for sensitivity analyses. Results: Many genes were identified that yielded substantially greater signal intensities in harvests from HNV blood spiked with CaOV3 cells relative to the unspiked blood samples. The expression levels could be quantified over a signal intensity range of 2.5 log10 units. Small numbers of non-human standard molecules could be detected; stochastic detection failures were observed when five or fewer molecules of the standards were assayed (dropout level). CVs in repeatability experiments were typically less than 20% with numbers of standard molecules greater than the dropout level. CVs in repeatability measurements of human genes related to ovarian cancer in spiked Parsortix harvests averaged about 25%. CVs were greater between assays of Parsortix harvests of different HNVs, reflecting in part biological variability and variation of the number of cells actually spiked into the blood and the number of cells recovered in the individual harvests. Conclusion: The HyCEAD assay provides adequate sensitivity to simultaneously profile expression levels of more than 100 genes in small numbers of CTCs directly from the lysates of Parsortix harvests. Expression profiling is limited to genes expressed at much higher levels in CTCs than in normal nucleated blood cells. Citation Format: David F. Englert, Mariya Kolesnikova, Nishat Zaman, Arianna Hustler, Gabrielle Wishart, Daniel J. O'Shannessy. Multiplex gene expression using the HyCEAD assay in CTCs isolated with the Parsortix™ system [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1375.

Background: Ovarian cancer has the worst prognosis among gynecologic malignancies, in part due to presentation with later stage disease in a majority of women. Much effort has been expended towards early detection, but it remains a significant issue and challenge. One approach which may have potential in improving the detection of ovarian cancer, particularly in women who present with an adnexal or pelvic mass, is the isolation and interrogation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from peripheral blood. The microfluidic Parsortix™ system isolates rare cells from biological fluids, particularly blood, on the basis of cell size and deformability. Objectives: The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of a modified Parsortix™ system for the isolation of ovarian cancer cell lines spiked into blood drawn from healthy volunteers (HVs). Parameters such as sensitivity, determined by dilution linearity, reproducibility and stability (time after blood draw) were assessed. In addition, the ability to molecularly interrogate Parsortix™ harvests by RT-qPCR for the CTC-specific genes Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) and CytoKeratin (CK) was assessed. Methods: Two ovarian cancer cell lines, CaOV3 and SKOV3, were used as model CTCs. Live cells were spiked into HV blood samples collected into K2EDTA vacutainers and stored for up to 120h. The spiked blood samples were then processed using modified Parsortix™ instruments (optimized to speed-up blood processing) and separation cassettes with a 6.5µm critical gap size. Harvests were evaluated for reproducibility, linearity, and stability by counting harvested cells and/or by using an optimized RT-qPCR assay. For experiments where cell counting and percentage recovery were assessed, cancer cells (CaOV3 or SKOV3) labelled with CellTracker™ Green were utilized and counted via fluorescence microscopy. When RT-qPCR was used to assess the recovered cells, unlabeled Parsortix™-isolated cells were lysed in a LiDS buffer, mRNA isolated using Dynabeads™, and cDNA synthesis performed followed by RT-qPCR for selected gene products. Results: The sensitivity of the Parsortix™ system for the isolation/harvest of CaOV3 and SKOV3 cells was approximately 1 cell/mL blood. There was no appreciable effect of storage of the spiked K2EDTA blood samples on recovery of the pre-labelled CaOV3 cells for up to 120h hours after collection/spiking, with either room temperature or refrigerated (4oC) blood storage. The isolation/harvest of model CTCs was reproducible with a CV of ≤14%. RT-qPCR, while gene dependent, was shown to be linear with model CTC input and showed a sensitivity of approximately 1 cell for EpCAM. Conclusions: These data demonstrate both the robustness and sensitivity of the Parsortix™ system for the isolation and interrogation of CTCs, and further studies, specifically in the area of ovarian cancer, are ongoing. Citation Format: Arianna Hustler, Gabrielle Wishart, Amy Templeman, Erica Bravo Sales, Sara Arocas Torrecillas, Kyra Mumford, Daniel J. O’Shannessy. Parsortix™ system: Analytic performance evaluation using ovarian cancer cell lines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4880.

Banded kōkopu body patterns are visible in 6-month-old individuals, are unique and remain unchanged over an extended time period. This allows for reliable individual identification and was confirmed by known age captive individuals and from individuals re-trapped in the wild. Body pattern types were specific to particular habitats, with lighter more spotted individuals found in forested habitats compared with darker more striped individuals found in backwater habitats. Breeding condition, which was determined by substantial weight loss through the expression of genital products, was confirmed by fin colour change, visibility of gonads through the body wall, the presence of a pectoral patch and post spawning change of body shape.

The effects of changing buoyancy on the diving and feeding behaviour of Reed Cormorants Phalacrocorax africanus and Darters Anhinga melanogaster was investigated at Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. A qualitative model of the energetic constraints caused by buoyancy changes on the diving behaviour of these two birds is presented and the predictions from the model are tested. The buoyancy of both species declined exponentially at different rates with water depth. Reed Cormorants were neutrally buoyant at 5–6 m while Darters were neutrally buoyant at 2–4 m depth. Buoyancy changes affect underwater swimming speed, which for Reed Cormorants is twice as fast on the bottom than when commuting, and for the Darter is significantly slower when diving than at any other time. Cormorants feeding in water deeper then 6 m spent less time on the bottom and fed less successfully than those birds feeding in shallower water. This is because their bottom times were significantly reduced as a result of the energetic constraints caused by changes in their buoyancy.

Breeding success of 176 Tawny Eagle pairs nesting on basalt (4724 km2– 92 pairs) and kalahari sand (9876 km2– 84 pairs) was monitored from 1973 to 1984 in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. Flat-topped trees were preferred for nesting but kalahari sand pairs used round-crowned trees more often, probably due to tree availability. Mean inter-nest distances on both biomes were significantly different (3–5 km on basalt, 59 km on kalahari sand). Clutch size and frequency of one-egg clutches in both biomes were similar and many more one-egg clutches were laid in the drier period of the study (1979–1984). There was no correlation between laying date and breeding success. More basalt pairs laid synchronously, probably due to the smaller inter-nest distances. Breeding success in both biomes was similar and significantly more chicks were reared during 1973–1978 than during 1979–1984 (wet and dry periods, respectively). Some districts produced more chicks than others, suggesting good and marginal areas within both biomes. The greater inter-nest distances and ability to breed successfully in round-crowned trees by kalahari sand Tawny Eagles resulted in a similar number of chicks reared per breeding attempt as basalt pairs, in spite of the lower primary production of the sand area.

We show how the theory of invariant principal bundle connections for reductive homogeneous spaces can be applied to determine the holonomy of generalised Killing spinor covariant derivatives of the form $D= \nabla + \Omega$ in a purely algebraic and algorithmic way, where $\Omega : TM \rightarrow \Lambda^*(TM)$ is a left-invariant homomorphism. Specialising this to the case of symmetric M-theory backgrounds (i.e. $(M,g,F)$ with $(M,g)$ a symmetric space and $F$ an invariant closed 4-form), we derive several criteria for such a background to preserve some supersymmetry and consequently find all supersymmetric symmetric M-theory backgrounds., Comment: Updated abstract for clarity. Added missing geometries to section 6. Main result stands

We describe a population of Village Indigobirds Vidua chalybeata on the Zambezi River that parasitizes the nests and mimics the songs of a novel host species, Brown Firefinch Lagonosticta nitidula, yet coexists with a population that mimics the usual host species of this indigobird, Red-billed Firefinch L. senegala. Male indigobirds mimicking the song of L. nitidula are morphologically indistinguishable from those that mimic songs of the usual host, L. senegala. Likewise, nestling indigobirds in broods of L. nitidula and L. senegala are similar in having mouth markings that mimic the nestlings of L. senegala rather than those of the novel host. Molecular genetic evidence indicates that the host switch to L. nitidula has involved at least four different indigobird matrilines. Indigobirds that are associated with L. nitidula are genetically similar to the indigobirds associated with sympatric L. senegala, and not to the indigobirds associated with west African Bar-breasted Firefinch L. rufopicta, the species that is most closely related to L. nitidula. Because field and experimental studies show that female indigobirds prefer males that mimic the songs of their own foster species, and females choose the same host to parasitize, the indigobirds reared by a novel host form a distinct breeding population. Taken together, behavioural, morphological and genetic evidence indicates a recent host switch by indigobirds in the Zambezi region from their old host L. senegala to a new host L. nitidula.

We prove that supersymmetry backgrounds of (1,0) and (2,0) six-dimensional supergravity theories preserving more than one half of the supersymmetry are locally homogeneous. As a byproduct we also establish that the Killing spinors of such a background generate a Lie superalgebra., Comment: 16 pages

We prospectively compared 120 patients who underwent either phacoemulsification or extracapsular cataract (ECCE) surgery to establish the incidence of postoperative ptosis between the two techniques. Of the 120 patients, 60 underwent ECCE (unpublished data 1989) and 60 had phacoemulsification. Data was collected prospectively on upper and lower margin reflex distance, upper lid skin crease and levator function, preoperatively and 6 weeks postoperatively. Photographs were taken pre and postoperatively and examined by a blinded observer. At 6 weeks, ptosis was present in 18% of ECCE patients compared with 0% in the phacoemulsification group. By changing from ECCE to phacoemulsification the incidence of postoperative ptosis has reduced. The possibility to induce postoperative ptosis remains, potential mechanisms are discussed.

As health promotion practitioners advocate for an integration of health and environmental concerns, they must struggle with the role of environmental health indicators in fostering and monitoring change to address these concerns. This paper reports on consultations we held with four Ontario communities as part of the development of healthbased indicators of air quality (HBIAQ). Jointly with local non-governmental organizations, our university-based team invited a diverse group of participants representing a spectrum of stakeholders in air quality issues to evening consultations lasting 4 h. Participants identified a wide range of directly observable indicators of air quality based on all five senses. They were aware of relationships between air pollution and adverse health impacts, but felt that current air quality indicators did not easily permit this linkage. Participants thought that useful indicators should be relevant to community concerns, credible in their linking of observable air pollution and health outcomes, and communicable to distinct audiences in ways that stimulate changes in behaviour. Significant improvements in participants’ self-reported ability to assess and use air quality indicators were documented by preand post-questionnaires. Suggestions emerged for resolving some tensions inherent in the development of environmental health indicators: measures of air quality versus measures of potential health outcomes; observations by residents versus technical measurements by government agency staff; expert interpretation versus community ‘complaints’; neighbourhood versus urban/rural area versus wider region; change in public behaviour versus reductions of point sources; and resources internal versus external to communities. Evaluation of the utility of HBIAQ as health promotion tools must await their implementation. Consulting the community for environmental health indicator development: the case of air quality

To explore visual field (VF) progression in a cohort of secondary care-treated glaucoma and ocular hypertensive (OHT) patients. We extracted VFs from our database drawn from our normal clinical practice. VF series from 4177 eyes from 2208 patients who had five or more VFs were obtained, the ‘better’ eye was selected and the rate of VF progression was calculated using mean deviation (MD) data. The median rate of progression for the whole sample was −0.1 dB/year (interquartile range (IQR) −4 to 0 dB/year) over a median of 6.7 years (IQR 4.9–8.7). Of 2208 patients, 477 (21.2%) progressed at >−0.5 dB/year; 46 (2.1%) progressed at >−2.0 dB/year. Of those with a ‘final MD’ of worse than −10 dB (N=244) in their better eye; 14.0% were ‘fast progressors’ (>−2 dB/year), 33.7% ‘moderate progressors’ (−1 to −2 dB/year), and 28.8% ‘slow progressors’ (−0.3 dB to −1 dB/year). Of those with ‘initial MD’ better than −3 dB and those with worse than −3 dB, 31/1679 (1.8%) and 213/529 (40.3%) respectively, had a final MD of worse than −10 dB. Fast progressors, while important, are relatively rare. Moderate and slow progressors make up the majority of the progressing population within this data set. The risk of significant visual loss is much higher in those with initial damage. With increasing life expectancy, moderate and slow progressors may become increasingly clinically important.

Summary Hustler, K. & Marshall, B.E. 1996. The abundance and food consumption of piscivorous birds on Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe-Zambia. Ostrich 67:23-32. About 40 species of piscivorous birds have been recorded on Lake Kariba (Zimbabwe-Zambia) but only 26 were observed during this study, carried out in 1986–87. The Reed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus was the most numerous and made up 51.4% of all the birds seen, followed by the Whitewinged Black Tern Chlidonias leucoptera (26.7%), and the Darter Anhinga melanogaster (10.8%). Several species roosted or bred in the drowned trees which project above the lake surface but gently sloping shores were the most important feeding grounds. Relatively few birds were seen on steeply sloping shores or in open water. There was a distinct pattern of seasonal abundance, with birds being most numerous in the rainy season (November-April). The relative abundance of some fish species also was greatest during this period. There was a positive relationship between the numbers o...

Summary Hustler, 1995. Cormorant and Darter prey size selection under experimental conditions. Ostrich 66:109-113. The most profitable sized cichlid fish for Reed Phalacrocorax africanus and Whitebreasted Cormorants P. carbo lucidus and Darter Anhinga melanogaster were determined experimentally. A range of sizes was fed to all three species in captivity to determine whether, given a choice, they would choose the most profitable fish. All species chose certain sizes of fish preferentially, but not in accordance with their profitability. The hunger status of the birds at the time of the experiment and the way in which the experiments were designed and carried out probably influenced the size of fish chosen by the birds.

In 1985 the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) published the findings of a research project which pointed to an absence of Black artists in the British cultural scene. As a consequence several Arts Bodies and Local Education Authorities (LEAs) together with the CRE entered into partnership to launch an educational programme aimed at raising the status and visibility of Black artists. The Arts Education for a Multicultural Society (AEMS) project was launched in six LEAs in 1987. This paper reports on the findings of an external evaluation project in one LEA. By drawing on materials from interviews with artists, teachers and pupils a case is presented for the educational value of enjoyable, ‘critical’ events. However, it is also argued that these events contributed to the raising of awareness of the participants concerning the nature of inequalities founded in racism. The paper concludes by proposing that the project reported on provides a model for teaching and learning strategies in multicultur...

We prove the strong homogeneity conjecture for eleven- and ten-dimensional (Poincar\'e) supergravity backgrounds. In other words, we show that any backgrounds of 11-dimensional, type I/heterotic or type II supergravity theories preserving a fraction greater than one half of the supersymmetry of the underlying theory are necessarily locally homogeneous. Moreover we show that the homogeneity is due precisely to the supersymmetry, so that at every point of the spacetime one can find a frame for the tangent space made out of Killing vectors constructed out of the Killing spinors., Comment: 8 pages