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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The application of motor imagery practice in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) is a novel treatment approach for improving motor function. The purpose of this study was to compare group treatment using a combination of physical and motor imagery practice with group treatment using only physical practice in subjects with PD. METHODS: Of 23 patients with idiopathic PD, 12 received combined therapy, whereas 11 received physical therapy alone. Exercises for both groups were applied during 1-h sessions held twice a week for 12 weeks. Comparable motor tasks provided to both groups included callisthenic exercises, functional tasks, and relaxation exercises. However, the experimental group was treated with both imagery and real practice, whereas the control group received only physical exercises. Outcome measures included the time required to complete sequences of movements, the performance of balance tasks, impairment and functional scores on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), and specific cognitive abilities (Stroop and clock drawing tests). RESULTS: Following the intervention, the combined treatment group exhibited significantly faster performance of movement sequences than the control group. In addition, the experimental subjects demonstrated higher gains in the mental and motor subsets of the UPDRS and in the cognitive tests. Both groups improved on the activities of daily living scale. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of motor imagery and real practice may be effective in the treatment of PD, especially for reducing bradykinesia. The implementation of this treatment regimen allows for the extension of practice time with negligible risk and low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activity of cellulase, cellulase-isoenzymes and polygalacturonase (PG) in the shoot/peduncle and calyx abscission zones (AZ-A and AZ-C, respectively) of young and mature Shamouti orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) fruit explants was tested after extraction of total enzymes from either exo- or endo-cellular fractions from fruits treated with ethylene or 2,4-D. Ethylene enhanced and 2,4-D delayed both abscission and the activity of exo- and endo-cellular cellulase and PG. When tested separately in the exo- and endo-cellular fraction, the effects of both growth regulators on the activity of almost all cellulase isoenzymes were similar, irrespective of their location in the tissue. In mature fruits no abscission occurred in AZ-A, and yet the activity of cellulase and PG was regulated by the hormones as in abscising AZs. This was also true for total activity of exo- and endo-cellular cellulase and PG. Similar effects were observed when the activity of cellulase isoenzymes was tested in AZ-A of non-abscising mature fruits, It is suggested that whenever the increase in activity of the hydrolytic enzymes, and especially cellulase, is not followed by abscission, the substrate is either immune or not available to the enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of ethylene and 2,4-D in the abscission process, and the induction of cellulase isoenzymes in the abscission zones of Citrus fruit at two physiological stages of fruit development, were studied using a new staining technique for the detection of cellulase isoenzymes in polyacrylamide gels following electrophoretic separation. Four to seven isoenzymes were detected in the shoot-peduncle (zone A) and peduncle-fruit (zone C) abscission zones; at least two of them could be detected at excision time, and of these at least one could not be connected with abscission. In the young fruit, ethylene enhanced and 2,4-D delayed both abscission and the formation of several isoenzyrnes. In the older fruit, ethylene enhanced and 2,4-D delayed the formation of isoenzymes at a time where no abscission occurred any more in zone A. A slower but significant increase in most of the isoenzyme activity detected was also observed in abscission zone A of untreated older fruit explants after excision. These results fully agree with those reported earlier in relation to total cellulase and polygalacturonase activity (Greenberg et al., Physiol. Plant. 34: 1, 1975) tested at the same stages of fruit development. It is suggested, that the generality of the concept that a rise in hydrolytic enzymes in the abscission zone is necessarily followed by separation of the organ should be re-evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines Peter Temin's model of the determinants of vertical integration in the British and American cotton textile industries, published in a recent article in `Journal of Economic History.' Reformulates and estimates Temin's model using evidence from a larger survey of firms available for 1841; Mid-century new spinning or weaving firms; Argues that integration was discouraged; More.

The abscission of citrus leaf explants demonstrates the well-known enhancing effect of ethylene and the delaying one of auxin when treatment is started at excision time. Total peroxidase activity increases differently in tissues of the blade, abscission zone, and petiole. The highest activity at zero time is recovered in abscission zone in which also the response to the abscission regulators is the most visible. Isoperoxidase profiles are modified in opposite directions by ethylene and auxin respectively. Both regulators affect the activity of the same cathodic and anodic isoperoxidases without any qualitative changes. By the same time, auxin-like compounds increase in isolated abscission zones at 24 h from excision and decrease at 48 h. The level of one inhibitor complex undergoes an inverse variation. It is suggested that the increase in auxin during the first stage of abscission is necessary for influencing the growth of cells which is required to cause abscission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectrum of the primary antiphospholipid syndrome has expanded in recent years. It has been associated with a number of non-thrombotic syndromes such as pulmonary hypertension, adrenal insufficiency, chorea and avascular necrosis of bone. Yet, it has not been described in association with inflammatory pulmonary disease. We describe a young male with definite primary antiphospholipid syndrome who developed insidious diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. The histopathologic examination of the involved lung demonstrated alveolitis and fibrosis. We suggest that this pulmonary involvement may represent another manifestation of the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: To determine whether very low doses of warfarin are useful in thrombosis prophylaxis in patients with central venous catheters.Design: Patients at risk for thrombosis associated with chronic indwelling central venous catheters were prospectively and randomly assigned to receive or not to receive 1 mg of warfarin, beginning 3 days before catheter insertion and continuing for 90 days. Subclavian, innominate, and superior vena cava venograms were done at onset of thrombosis symptoms or after 90 days in the study.Results: One hundred twenty-one patients entered the study, and 82 patients completed the study. Of 42 patients completing the study while receiving warfarin, 4 had venogram-proven thrombosis. All 4 had symptoms from thrombosis. Of 40 patients completing the study while not receiving warfarin, 15 had venogram-proven thrombosis, and 10 had symptoms from thrombosis (P less than 0.001). There were no measurable changes in the coagulation values assayed due to this warfarin dose, except in occasional patients who had become anorectic because of their disease or chemotherapy.Conclusions: Very low doses of warfarin can protect against thrombosis without inducing a hemorrhagic state. This approach may be applicable to other groups of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]