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ObjectiveDue to the low incidence of pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), the survival analysis for comparing lobectomy and sublobar resection (SLR) for stage IA LCNEC remains scarce.MethodsPatients diagnosed with pathological stage IA LCNEC between 1998 and 2016 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The oncological outcomes were cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS). Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox multivariate analysis were used to identify the independent prognostic factors for OS and CSS. Furthermore, propensity score matching (PSM) was performed between SLR and lobectomy to adjust the confounding factors.ResultsA total of 308 patients with stage IA LCNEC met the inclusion criteria: 229 patients (74.4%) received lobectomy and 79 patients (25.6%) received SLR. Patients who underwent SLR were older (P < 0.001), had smaller tumor size (P = 0.010), and less lymph nodes dissection (P < 0.001). The 5-year CSS and OS rates were 56.5 and 42.9% for SLR, and 67.8 and 55.7% for lobectomy, respectively (P = 0.037 and 0.019, respectively). However, multivariate analysis did not identify any differences between the SLR group and lobectomy group in CSS (P = 0.135) and OS (P = 0.285); and the PSM also supported these results. In addition, the age at diagnosis and laterality of tumor were identified as significant predictors for CSS and OS, whereas the number of lymph nodes dissection was a significant predictor for CSS.ConclusionsAlthough SLR is not inferior to lobectomy in terms of oncological outcomes for patients with stage IA LCNEC, more lymph nodes can be dissected or sampled during lobectomy. Lobectomy should still be considered as a standard procedure for patients with early-stage LCNEC who are able to withstand lobectomy.

Deoxynucleotidyltransferase terminal-interacting protein 1 (DNTTIP1) is involved in the deacetylation of p53 in regulating cell cycle and is associated with cancers at the molecular level. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic value in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Kruskal–Wallis test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and logistic regression were used to evaluate the relationship between DNTTIP1 expression and clinicopathological features. Cox regression and the Kaplan–Meier method were adopted to evaluate prognosis-related factors. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to identify the key pathways related to DNTTIP1. The correlations between DNTTIP1 and cancer immune infiltrates were investigated by single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA). DNTTIP1 was found to be upregulated with amplification in tumor tissues in multiple HCC cohorts. High DNTTIP1 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). GSEA suggested that DNTTIP1 regulates the cell cycle mitotic, G1/S, and G2/M phases and Fc fragment of IgE receptor I (FCERI)–mediated NF-κB and MAPK pathway and Fc fragment of IgG receptor (FCGR) activation pathways. Notably, ssGSEA indicated that DNTTIP1 expression was positively correlated with infiltrating levels of Th2 cells, Tfh, NK CD56 bright cells, aDCs, T helper cells, Th1 cells, and macrophages. These findings suggest that DNTTIP1 is correlated with prognosis and immune infiltration in HCC, which lays a foundation for further study of the immune-regulatory role of DNTTIP1 in HCC.

The human oral microbiome correlates with numerous diseases, including lung cancer. Identifying the functional changes by metaproteomics helps understand the disease-related dysbiosis, yet characterizing low-abundant bacteria is challenging. Here, we developed a free-flow isoelectric focusing electrophoresis-mass spectrometry- (FFIEF-MS-) based metaproteomics strategy to reduce host interferences and enrich low-abundant bacteria for in-depth interpretation of the oral microbiome. With our method, the number of interfering peptides decreased by 52.87%, whereas the bacterial peptides and species increased by 94.97% and 44.90%, respectively, compared to the conventional metaproteomics approach. We identified 3647 bacterial proteins, which is the most comprehensive oral metaproteomics study to date. Lung cancer-associated bacteria were validated among an independent cohort. The imbalanced Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella histicola and their dysregulated functions in inhibiting immune response and maintaining cell redox homeostasis were revealed. The FFIEF-MS may serve as a valuable strategy to study the mechanisms between human diseases and microbiomes with broader applications.

Background: Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide–protein glycosyltransferase non-catalytic subunit (DDOST) is an important enzyme in the process of high-mannose oligosaccharide transferring in cells. Increasing DDOST expression is associated with impairing liver function and the increase of hepatic fibrosis degrees, hence exacerbating the liver injury. However, the relation between DDOST and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been revealed yet.Method: In this study, we evaluated the prognostic value of DDOST in HCC based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The relationship between DDOST expression and clinical-pathologic features was evaluated by logistic regression, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Kruskal–Wallis test. Prognosis-related factors of HCC including DDOST were evaluated by univariate and multivariate Cox regression and the Kaplan–Meier method. DDOST-related key pathways were identified by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The correlations between DDOST and cancer immune infiltrates were investigated by the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) of TCGA data.Results: High DDOST expression was associated with poorer overall survival and disease-specific survival of HCC patients. GSEA suggested that DDOST is closely correlated with cell cycle and immune response via the PPAR signaling pathway. ssGSEA indicated that DDOST expression was positively correlated with the infiltrating levels of Th2 cells and negatively correlated with the infiltration levels of cytotoxic cells.Conclusion: All those findings indicated that DDOST was correlated with prognosis and immune infiltration in HCC.

Compressed hyperspectral imaging is a powerful technique for satellite-borne and airborne sensors that can effectively shift the complex computational burden from the resource-constrained encoding side to a presumably more capable base-station decoder. Reconstruction algorithms play a pivotal role in compressive imaging systems. Traditional model-based reconstruction approaches are computationally burdensome and achieve limited success. Deep learning-based approaches, while improving in reconstruction accuracy and speed, depend heavily on data, which is a major challenge for satellite-borne hyperspectral compressed imaging. In this article, we combine the respective advantages of model-based and learning-based approaches in a distributed compressed hyperspectral sensing framework, employing linear mixed model assumptions and spectral library learning to simultaneously improve the reconstruction speed and accuracy without using a large amount of additional hyperspectral data. First, the relationship between the CS band and the key band is learned from the spectral library to ensure that the key band endmembers can be accurately predicted. Then, the joint horizontal and vertical difference operators are proposed to enhance the estimation of the initial values of abundance. Finally, the CS band endmembers and residuals are updated in the reconstruction module to deal with the endmember and abundance mismatch. Extensive experimental results on five real hyperspectral datasets demonstrate that the proposed spectral library learning, abundance initialization, and reconstruction strategy can effectively improve the compressed sensing reconstruction accuracy, outperforming the existing state-of-the-art methods.

In the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, genes unpaired during meiosis are silenced by a process known as meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA (MSUD). MSUD utilizes common RNA interference (RNAi) proteins, such as Dicer and Argonaute, to target homologous mRNAs for silencing. Previously, we demonstrated that nuclear cap-binding proteins NCBP1 and NCBP2 are involved in MSUD. We report here that SAD-8, a protein similar to human NCBP3, also mediates silencing. Although SAD-8 is not essential for either vegetative or sexual development, it is required for MSUD. SAD-8 localizes predominantly in the nucleus and interacts with both NCBP1 and NCBP2. Similar to NCBP1 and NCBP2, SAD-8 interacts with a component (Argonaute) of the perinuclear meiotic silencing complex (MSC), further implicating the involvement of cap-binding proteins in silencing.

In fission yeast, several lncRNAs act in cis to regulate expression of adjacent genes. Here, the authors show that the conserved Pir2ARS2 protein is targeted, along with splicing factors, to cryptic introns in lncRNAs and recruits effectors, including RNAi machinery, for gene repression.

Compressed sensing is one of the key technologies to reduce the volume of hyperspectral image for real-time storage and transmission. Reconstruction based on spectral unmixing show tremendous potential in hyperspectral compressed sensing compared with other conventional algorithms that directly reconstruct images. In this article, a joint spatial-spectral joint compressed sensing scheme is proposed. In this scheme, compressed hyperspectral data are collected by spatial-spectral hybrid compressed sampling. As for the reconstruction, an objective function is developed by introducing the fidelity constraints of spatial and spectral measurements and the row sparsity constraint of abundance that guarantee the precise reconstruction of hyperspectral images and obtain endmembers and abundances as by-products accurately. An augmented Lagrangian type algorithm is meticulously elaborated to solve the above optimization problem. Extensive experimental results on several real hyperspectral datasets indicate that the proposed approach can achieve a reconstruction accuracy higher than those of other state-of-the-art methods. The efficiency and feasibility of the proposed scheme give it great potential in hyperspectral compressed sensing.

Abstract Background The biological behavior of early recurrence is more invasive and the prognosis is worse in gastric cancer (GC). The risk of early recurrence (ER) for GC in stage II/III has not been reported of which the majority of GC patients are in China. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the ER of gastric cancer in stage II/III. Methods The medical records of 1511 consecutive stage II/III GC patients who received resections were retrospectively reviewed. They were randomly classified into either a development or validation group at a ratio of 7:3. The nomogram was constructed based on prognostic factors using logistic regression analysis and was validated by bootstrap resampling and validation dataset, respectively. Concordance index (C-index) values and calibration curves were used to evaluate the predictive accuracy and discriminatory capability. Results Three hundred eleven patients experienced ER, accounting for 20.58% of the GC patients investigated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified tumors located at upper, middle third, or mixed, a positive lymph node ratio ≥ 0.335, pTNM stage III, lymphocyte count < 1.5 × 109/L, postoperative infection complications and adjuvant chemotherapy < 6 cycles were all independent predictors for ER after curative resection of stage II/III GC. The C-index value obtained for the model was 0.780 (95% CI, 0.747–0.813), and the calibration curves of validation group yielded a C-index value of 0.739 (95% CI, 0.684–0.794), suggesting the practicability of the model. Conclusions The nomogram which was developed for predicting ER of stage II/III GC after surgery had good accuracy and was verified through both internal and external validation. The nomogram established can assist clinicians in determining the optimal therapy strategies in counseling, adjuvant treatments, and subsequent follow-up planning.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the differences in the relationship between hair cortisol concentration (HCC) and psychosocial stress, social support, clinical features, clinical course, and outcome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Methods A total of 109 schizophrenia patients, 93 bipolar disorder patients and 86 healthy controls between 18 and 60 years old were enrolled in the study. Linear regression and factor analysis were employed to examine and compare the relationship between HCC and childhood trauma, the number of stressful life events, the amount of social support in the three months before the hair cortisol assessment, clinical fearures, clinical course, and outcome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Results HCC is significantly associated with clinical syndromes, including depression–anxiety factor of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale in schizophrenia patients, and thought disorder in bipolar disorder patients. However, HCC is positively related to social support and personality traits only in schizophrenia patients but not in bipolar disorder patients. Factor analysis indicates schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share a very similar but somewhat different structure in terms of HCC, psychosocial stress, social support, clinical features, clinical course, and outcome. Conclusion Findings support that schizophrenia and bipolar disoder have a significant overlap in both clinical characteristics and enviromental risk factors. Aberrant HCC contributes to the complexity of clinical characteristics mainly in schizophrenia.

Energy saving and visual comfort are two main considerations in designing of automatic illumination control systems. However, energy-saving-oriented illumination control always causes optical spectra drifting in light-conversion-material-based white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs), which are conventionally used as artificial luminaires in indoor areas. In this study, we propose a method for InP quantum dot (QD)-based WLEDs to minimize optical energy consumption by considering the influence caused by the outdoor environment and neighboring WLED units. Factors of (a) dimensions of room window and WLED matrix, (b) distance between WLED units, lighting height, species of InP QDs, and (c) user distribution are taken into consideration in calculation. Parameters of correlated color temperature (CCT) and color rendering index (Ra) of the WLED matrix are optimized according to the lighting environment to improve user visual comfort level. By dynamically controlling the light ingredients and optical power of WLEDs, we optimize the received illuminance distribution of table tops, improve the lighting homogeneity of all users, and guarantee the lowest energy consumption of the WLED matrix. The proposed approach can be flexibly applied in large-scale WLED intelligent controlling systems for industrial workshops and office buildings.

The purpose of this study was to identify the chemical components in aerial parts of Hypecoum erectum. A new 1,3-benzodioxole derivative, identified as Hypecoumic acid (1), was isolated, together with the three known compounds: protopine (2), coptisine (3), and cryptopine (4). Their structures were identified based on extensive spectroscopic experiments, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectra (HR-ESI-MS), as well as comparison with those reported in the literature. Meanwhile, the in vitro antioxidative activity of all compounds was determined using a DPPH-scavenging assay, and compound 1 (IC50 = 86.3 ± 0.2 μM) was shown to have moderate antioxidative activity.

AbstractIn Neurospora crassaNeurosporaCaenorhabditis elegans

Abstract Background To investigate whether smoking adversely affects the short-term outcomes and the potential effects of cigarette dose and preoperative smoking cessation, in patients who underwent gastric cancer (GC) surgery. Methods Two thousand, four hundred sixty-nine consecutive patients who underwent radical gastrectomy from November 2010 to July 2018 were included in the present study. Smokers (current or former smokers) were divided into 3 groups in accordance with the duration of smoking cessation preoperatively (≤ 2, 2 to 4, or ≥ 4 weeks) and the cigarette dose (≤ 20, 20 to 40, and ≥ 40 pack-years). The primary endpoint was postoperative complications (surgical site infection, pulmonary problems, bleeding, and others). Results A total of 1056 patients (42.8%) were smokers. Compared with non-smokers, smokers had significantly higher overall postoperative complications (11.3% vs 7.5%, P = 0.001), and in particular pulmonary problems. Smokers also had more major complications, needing intensive care unit care, and longer postoperative hospital stays. Multivariate analysis confirmed that smoking (odds ratio = 1.506, 95% confidence interval 1.131–2.004, P = 0.005) was an independent risk factor for postoperative complications. Further subgroup analysis identified that there was a positive relationship between the incidence of complications and cigarette dose, and > 20 pack-years was demonstrated to have increased significantly the risk of complications. Smokers who stopped smoking ≥ 4 weeks before surgery had lower pulmonary problems than those with a shorter period of smoking cessation. Conclusions Preoperative smoking cessation should be encouraged to reduce postoperative complications in GC patients, especially for heavy smokers.

Visible light communication (VLC) is a kind of high-efficiency wireless communication technology. As one of the key issues in VLC, the modulation bandwidth of light-conversion materials based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has gained considerable attention in recent years. However, few people focus on theoretical analyses of the light-conversion process during modulation, which show significant influence on the modulation bandwidth of a white LED. In this work, we proposed low-pass filter based models of light-conversion materials of YAG:Ce phosphor and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots, to build the relationship between fluorescence lifetime of these light-conversion materials and their modulation bandwidth. Furthermore, the modulation bandwidth of light source with polychromatic light was obtained and analyzed based on the proposed model. The experimental results of the modulation bandwidth showed a highly consistency with the results from simulation models. These analyses were believed to help realizing white-light illumination with high bandwidth. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the modulation mechanisms of light-conversion materials in VLC have been comprehensively discussed in literature.

We are delighted to share with you our eleventh Journal Club and highlight some of the most interesting papers published recently [...]

The hydrochemical characteristics and variation rules of water in karst areas are important for the basic research of karst field. Because only a few researches focused on the hydrochemical characteristics of humid subtropical dolomite karst basins in the past, the Shanmuhe Basin and its subbasin Huangzhouhe Basin in Shibing Dolomite Karst World Natural Heritage Site in China were selected as the study area. A total of 215 water samples were collected and analyzed. It was found that the hydrochemical type of subtropical dolomite karst basin is HCO3-Ca·Mg type, which is different from that in limestone areas and shale districts, which is HCO3-Ca type for both; EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, Mg2+/Ca2+, and Mg2+/HCO3- have similar spatial variations, which are lower in allogenic water in the upstream in the northwest of the basin and become higher when the water enters the dolomite karst area in the mid and downstream of the basin, and SIC and SID of the allogenic water in the upstream are below zero, while those become saturated after entering the dolomite area in the mid and downstream; the monthly variation of hydrochemistry shows that the seasonal variation of ion concentration is not obvious, and there is a dilution effect in rainy seasons, but the variation of ion concentration is small and relatively stable; higher HCO3- concentration and Mg2+/Ca2+ in the pure dolomite basin are higher than those in the impure dolomite basin; the main influencing factors of the hydrochemical features are geological background especially the lithology, and the water chemistry is mainly controlled by rock weathering and water-rock interaction; rainfall import is low and the low concentrations of K+, Na+, NO3-, Cl-, and SO42- in water indicate that human activities have little effect on the hydrochemistry in the study area.

Chronic periodontitis (CP) is a common inflammatory illness affecting a large proportion of humans. Genetic factors are thought to play important roles in its onset and development. A functional polymorphism (rs1800587) in the promoter of the interleukin-1α gene (−889 C/T) has been found to confer risk of CP primarily in Europeans, but the association between this variant and CP in the Chinese population remains less conclusive. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the association between rs1800587 and CP in case-control samples of Han Chinese origin. A total of 1,777 study subjects, including 884 CP patients and 893 healthy controls, were collected. Genotyping of rs1800587 was performed using the SNAPSHOT method, and statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate the association between rs1800587 and CP. In our sample, rs1800587 was significantly associated with the onset of CP (additive model, T-allele vs. C-allele, p = 0.00359, odds ratio = 1.446, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = 1.127–1.855; dominant model, (TT + TC) vs. CC, p = 0.00250, odds ratio = 1.502, 95% CIs = 1.152–1.957; overdominant model, TC vs. (TT + CC), p = 0.00264, odds ratio = 1.508, 95% CIs = 1.152–1.976). The T-allele and [TC] genotypes of rs1800587 were significantly overrepresented in CP patients compared with controls. Our data suggest that rs1800587 of IL-1α is significantly associated with the risk of CP in Han Chinese subjects, further confirming its possible involvement in the disease.

Spatial and temporal variations in daytime and night-time precipitation and differences in these variations between the dry and wet seasons were investigated based on a daily precipitation dataset comprising data from 73 meteorological stations on the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau from 1960 to 2017. The results show that both daytime and night-time precipitation and the numbers of daytime and night-time precipitation days exhibited nonsignificant downward trends over a long timescale but fluctuated on an interdecadal scale. A complicated relationship was found between elevation and precipitation because the vertical precipitation gradient first increased with elevation and then decreased with elevation when the elevation exceeded 1500 m. Additionally, the average annual precipitation was clearly greater at night-time than in the daytime during the corresponding period. Furthermore, heavy and moderate rainfall contributed more than half of the total annual precipitation, and several rainfall days contributed much of the annual precipitation, particularly at night; night-time precipitation produced 33% of the average annual precipitation on only 5% of annual rainfall days. Additionally, we found significant correlation between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indexes and precipitation. These findings are valuable for coping with meteorological disasters associated with extreme precipitation under global climate change.

Spectral optimization is applied as an effective tool in designing solid-state lighting devices. Optimization speed, however, has been seldomly discussed in previous reports as regards designing an algorithm for white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). In this study, we propose a method for trichromatic WLEDs to obtain the optimal Ra under target correlated color temperatures (CCTs). Blue-, yellow-, and red-color monochromatic spectra, produced by the GaN LED chip, YAG:Ce3+ phosphors, and CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots, respectively, are adopted to synthesize white light. To improve the effectiveness of our method, the concept of dual weight coefficients is proposed, to maintain a numerical gap between the proposed floating CCT and the target CCT. This gap can effectively guarantee that Ra and CCT ultimately move toward the targeting value simultaneously. Mechanisms of interaction between CCT, Ra, and dual-weight coefficients are investigated and discussed in detail. Particularly, a fitting curve is drawn to reveal the linear relationship between weight coefficients and target CCTs. This finding effectively maintains the accuracy and accelerates the optimization process in comparison with other methods with global searching ability. As an example, we only use 29 iterations to achieve the highest Ra of 96.1 under the target CCT of 4000 K. It is hoped that this study facilitates technology development in illumination-related areas such as residential intelligent lighting and smart planting LED systems.

IntroductionPsychosocial stressors may worsen psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia, while social support could protect against the effects of stress in schizophrenia. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction has been associated with schizophrenia. Hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) allow assessment of cumulative cortisol secretion over the preceding 3 months. The relationship between HCC, psychosocial stressors, social support, and the clinical characteristics of schizophrenia needs to be explored.MethodsOne hundred nine schizophrenia patients and 86 healthy controls between the ages of 18 and 60 were enrolled in the study. Three-centimeter samples of hair were collected from the scalp and HCC were measured using ELISA kits. Linear regression and factor analysis were employed to examine the relationship between HCC, childhood trauma, the number of stressful life events (SLE), the amount of social support in the 3 months prior to the hair cortisol assessment and clinical characteristics of schizophrenia.ResultsSchizophrenia patients experience more SLE in their lifetime, receive less social support, and have lower HCC in the recent 3 months compared to healthy controls. In the schizophrenia patients, HCC are positively associated with the amount of social support and negatively associated with the severity of delusions. The interaction between social support and SLE predicts decreased HCC. Factor analysis shows that a subgroup of schizophrenia patients who experience childhood trauma and SLE are characterized by decreased HCC.ConclusionsFindings indicate social support could be a moderator for the relationship between SLE and HCC which may attenuate the effects of SLE in schizophrenia.

Lung cancer is one of the most common human cancers both in incidence and mortality, with prognosis particularly poor in metastatic cases. Metastasis in lung cancer is a multifarious process driven by a complex regulatory landscape involving many mechanisms, genes, and proteins. Membrane proteins play a crucial role in the metastatic journey both inside tumor cells and the extra-cellular matrix and are a viable area of research focus with the potential to uncover biomarkers and drug targets. In this work we performed membrane proteome analysis of highly and poorly metastatic lung cells which integrated genomic, proteomic, and transcriptional data. A total of 1,762 membrane proteins were identified, and within this set, there were 163 proteins with significant changes between the two cell lines. We applied the Tied Diffusion through Interacting Events method to integrate the differentially expressed disease-related microRNAs and functionally dys-regulated membrane protein information to further explore the role of key membrane proteins and microRNAs in multi-omics context. Has-miR-137 was revealed as a key gene involved in the activity of membrane proteins by targeting MET and PXN, affecting membrane proteins through protein–protein interaction mechanism. Furthermore, we found that the membrane proteins CDH2, EGFR, ITGA3, ITGA5, ITGB1, and CALR may have significant effect on cancer prognosis and outcomes, which were further validated in vitro. Our study provides multi-omics-based network method of integrating microRNAs and membrane proteome information, and uncovers a differential molecular signatures of highly and poorly metastatic lung cancer cells; these molecules may serve as potential targets for giant-cell lung metastasis treatment and prognosis.

BackgroundTumor stem cells play important roles in the survival, proliferation, metastasis and recurrence of tumors. We aimed to identify new prognostic biomarkers for lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) based on the cancer stem cell theory.MethodsRNA-seq data and relevant clinical information were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to identify significant modules and hub genes, and prognostic signatures were constructed with the prognostic hub genes.ResultsLUSC patients in the TCGA database have higher mRNA expression-based stemness index (mRNAsi) in tumor tissue than in adjacent normal tissue. In addition, some clinical features and outcomes were highly correlated with the mRNAsi. WGCNA revealed that the pink and yellow modules were the most significant modules related to the mRNAsi; the top 10 hub genes in the pink module were enriched mostly in epidermal development, the secretory granule membrane, receptor regulator activity and the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network revealed that the top 10 hub genes were significantly correlated with each other at the transcriptional level. In addition, the top 10 hub genes were all highly expressed in LUSC, and some were differentially expressed in different TNM stages. Regarding the survival analysis, the nomogram of a prognostic signature with three hub genes showed high predictive value.ConclusionmRNAsi-related hub genes could be a potential biomarker of LUSC.

Background As the most aggressive brain tumor, patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) have a poor prognosis. Our purpose was to explore prognostic value of Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) in GBM, a member of the PLKs family. Methods The expression profile of PLK2 in GBM was obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. The PLK2 expression in GBM was tested. Kaplan–Meier curves were generated to assess the association between PLK2 expression and overall survival (OS) in patients with GBM. Furthermore, to assess its prognostic significance in patients with primary GBM, we constructed univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. The association between PLK2 expression and its methylation was then performed. Differentially expressed genes correlated with PLK2 were identified by Pearson test and functional enrichment analysis was performed. Results Overall survival results showed that low PLK2 expression had a favorable prognosis of patients with GBM (P-value = 0.0022). Furthermore, PLK2 (HR = 0.449, 95% CI [0.243–0.830], P-value = 0.011) was positively associated with OS by multivariate Cox regression analysis. In cluster 5, DNA methylated PLK2 had the lowest expression, which implied that PLK2 expression might be affected by its DNA methylation status in GBM. PLK2 in CpG island methylation phenotype (G-CIMP) had lower expression than non G-CIMP group (P = 0.0077). Regression analysis showed that PLK2 expression was negatively correlated with its DNA methylation (P = 0.0062, Pearson r = −0.3855). Among all differentially expressed genes of GBM, CYGB (r = 0.5551; P < 0.0001), ISLR2 (r = 0.5126; P < 0.0001), RPP25 (r = 0.5333; P < 0.0001) and SOX2 (r = −0.4838; P < 0.0001) were strongly correlated with PLK2. Functional enrichment analysis results showed that these genes were enriched several biological processes or pathways that were associated with GBM. Conclusion Polo-like kinase 2 expression is regulated by DNA methylation in GBM, and its low expression or hypermethylation could be considered to predict a favorable prognosis for patients with GBM.

Abstract Pathological cardiac overload induces myocardial protein synthesis and hypertrophy, which predisposes to heart failure. To inhibit hypertrophy therapeutically, the identification of negative regulators of cardiomyocyte protein synthesis is needed. Here, we identified the tumor suppressor protein TIP30 as novel inhibitor of cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. Reduced TIP30 levels in mice entailed exaggerated cardiac growth during experimental pressure overload, which was associated with cardiomyocyte cellular hypertrophy, increased myocardial protein synthesis, reduced capillary density, and left ventricular dysfunction. Pharmacological inhibition of protein synthesis improved these defects. Our results are relevant for human disease, since we found diminished cardiac TIP30 levels in samples from patients suffering from end‐stage heart failure or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Importantly, therapeutic overexpression of TIP30 in mouse hearts inhibited cardiac hypertrophy and improved left ventricular function during pressure overload and in cardiomyopathic mdx mice. Mechanistically, we identified a previously unknown anti‐hypertrophic mechanism, whereby TIP30 binds the eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) to prevent the interaction with its essential co‐factor eEF1B2 and translational elongation. Therefore, TIP30 could be a therapeutic target to counteract cardiac hypertrophy.

We study a trichromatic white light-emitting diode (WLED) system that consists of a blue LED covered with layers of red emissive CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) and yellow emissive YAG:Ce3+ phosphors. With the knowledge of the individual emission spectra of the blue LED, the QDs, and the phosphors, we develop a method of determining the right amounts of QDs and phosphors to optimize the illumination performance of the WLED. The predicted performances of the WLEDs obtained from our method agree well with experimental results. With this method, we are able to produce white light with, for example, a high color-rendering index of 95.4 and an R9 value of 95.0 at a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 3640 K. We also analyze the modulation characteristics of this WLED system for visible light communication (VLC). By combining the frequency responses of the blue LED, the QDs, and the phosphors, we are able to accurately predict the overall frequency responses and the bandwidths of the WLEDs that have various CCTs and, thus, optimize the bandwidth of the WLED. Our approach of optimizing the performance of a WLED, as verified by our measurement data, is simple and general and can facilitate the selection of suitable light-conversion materials for combined illumination and VLC applications.

Abstract Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. is one of the most frequently wounded plants worldwide. Expelling latex upon mechanical injury is a wound response of rubber trees. However, JA-mediated wound responses in rubber trees are not well documented. In this work, three JAZ-interacting MYC transcription factors of H. brasiliensis (termed HbMYC2/3/4) were identified by yeast two-hybrid screening. HbMYC2/3/4 each showed specific interaction profiles with HbJAZs. HbMYC2/3/4 each localized in the nucleus and exhibited strong transcriptional activity. To identify the target genes potentially regulated by HbMYC2/3/4, cis-elements interacting with HbMYC2/3/4 were first screened by yeast one-hybrid assays; the results indicated that HbMYC2/3/4 each could bind G-box elements. Additional analysis confirmed that HbMYC2/3/4 bound the HbPIP2;1 promoter, which contains five G-box cis-elements, and regulated the expression of reporter genes in yeast cells and in planta. HbMYC2/3/4 were induced by exogenous JA treatment but suppressed by ethylene (ET) treatment; in contrast, HbPIP2;1 was positively regulated by ET but negatively regulated by JA treatment. Given that HbPIP2;1 is involved in latex drainage, it could be proposed that HbMYC2/3/4 are involved in the regulation of HbPIP2;1 expression as well as latex drainage, both of which are coordinated by the JA and ET signalling pathways.

Line segment matching is essential for industrial applications such as scene reconstruction, pattern recognition, and VSLAM. To achieve good performance under the scene with illumination changes, we propose a line segment matching method fusing local gradient order and non-local structure information. This method begins with intensity histogram multiple averaging being utilized for adaptive partitioning. After that, the line support region is divided into several sub-regions, and the whole image is divided into a few intervals. Then the sub-regions are encoded by local gradient order, and the intervals are encoded by non-local structure information of the relationship between the sampled points and the anchor points. Finally, two histograms of the encoded vectors are, respectively, normalized and cascaded. The proposed method was tested on the public datasets and compared with previous methods, which are the line-junction-line (LJL), the mean-standard deviation line descriptor (MSLD) and the line-point invariant (LPI). Experiments show that our approach has better performance than the representative methods in various scenes. Therefore, a tentative conclusion can be drawn that this method is robust and suitable for various illumination changes scenes.

We are delighted to share with you our ninth Journal Club and highlight some of the most interesting papers published recently [...]

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly linked to the global epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Notably, NAFLD can progress from the mildest form of simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that increases the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is a malignancy with a dismal prognosis and rising incidence in the United States and other developed counties, possibly due to the epidemic of NAFLD. Metformin, the first-line drug for T2DM, has been suggested to reduce risks for several types of cancers including HCC and protect against NASH-related HCC, as revealed by epidemical studies on humans and preclinical studies on animal models. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of NASH-related HCC and the mechanisms by which metformin inhibits the initiation and progression of NASH-related HCC. Since the functional role of immune cells in liver homeostasis and pathogenesis is increasingly appreciated in developing anti-cancer therapies on liver malignancies, we discuss both the traditional targets of metformin in hepatocytes and the recently defined effects of metformin on immune cells.

Meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA (MSUD) is a biological process that searches pairs of homologous chromosomes (homologs) for segments of DNA that are unpaired. Genes found within unpaired segments are silenced for the duration of meiosis. In this report, we describe the identification and characterization of Neurospora crassa sad-7, a gene that encodes a protein with an RNA recognition motif (RRM). Orthologs of sad-7 are found in a wide range of ascomycete fungi. In N. crassa, sad-7 is required for a fully efficient MSUD response to unpaired genes. Additionally, at least one parent must have a functional sad-7 allele for a cross to produce ascospores. Although sad-7-null crosses are barren, sad-7Δ strains grow at a wild-type (wt) rate and appear normal under vegetative growth conditions. With respect to expression, sad-7 is transcribed at baseline levels in early vegetative cultures, at slightly higher levels in mating-competent cultures, and is at its highest level during mating. These findings suggest that SAD-7 is specific to mating-competent and sexual cultures. Although the role of SAD-7 in MSUD remains elusive, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based tagging studies place SAD-7 within nuclei, perinuclear regions, and cytoplasmic foci of meiotic cells. This localization pattern is unique among known MSUD proteins and raises the possibility that SAD-7 coordinates nuclear, perinuclear, and cytoplasmic aspects of MSUD.

In the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, cross walls between individual cells are normally incomplete, making the entire fungal network vulnerable to attack by viruses and selfish DNAs. Accordingly, several genome surveillance mechanisms are maintained to help the fungus combat these repetitive elements. One of these defense mechanisms is called meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA (MSUD), which identifies and silences unpaired genes during meiosis. Utilizing common RNA interference (RNAi) proteins, such as Dicer and Argonaute, MSUD targets mRNAs homologous to the unpaired sequence to achieve silencing. In this study, we have identified an additional silencing component, namely the cap-binding complex (CBC). Made up of cap-binding proteins CBP20 and CBP80, CBC associates with the 5′ cap of mRNA transcripts in eukaryotes. The loss of CBC leads to a deficiency in MSUD activity, suggesting its role in mediating silencing. As confirmed in this study, CBC is predominantly nuclear, although it is known to travel in and out of the nucleus to facilitate RNA transport. As seen in animals but not in plants, CBP20’s robust nuclear import depends on CBP80 in Neurospora. CBC interacts with a component (Argonaute) of the perinuclear meiotic silencing complex (MSC), directly linking the two cellular factors.

Background/Aims: Nogo-B, a member of the reticulon family of proteins, is mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we investigate the function and mechanism of Nogo-B in the regulation of TLR4-associated immune responses in the macrophage cell line of RAW264.7. Methods: Nogo-B was up- and down-regulated through the use of appropriate adenoviral vectors or siRNA, and the effects of Nogo-B on macrophages under liposaccharide (LPS) stimulation were evaluated via western blotting, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometric analysis, and transwell assay. Results: Our data indicates that the protein of Nogo-B was down-regulated in a time- and dose-dependent manner following LPS administration in the macrophage. Nogo-B overexpression increased the production of inflammatory cytokines (MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, and TGF-β), enhanced macrophage migration activities, activated major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II), and elevated the expression of macrophage scavenger receptor 1(MSR1), all of which suggest that Nogo-B is necessary for immune responses and plays an important role in regulating macrophage recruitment. Mechanistically, Nogo-B may enhance TLR4 expression in macrophage surfaces, activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, and initiate inflammatory responses. Conclusion: These findings illustrate the key regulatory functions of Nogo-B in facilitating LPS-mediated immune responses through promoting the phosphorylation of MAP kinase.

This study was to investigate the role and mechanism of liraglutide in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy (DN) mice. A mouse model of streptozotocin-induced DN was established. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with liraglutide at a dose of 200 μg/kg for 6 weeks. The expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) messenger RNA (mRNA) in renal tissue of mice was examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Meanwhile, the expression of IL-6 and TNF protein in renal tissue of mice was detected by western blot, while the expression of NF-κB protein in renal tissues of each group was detected by immunofluorescence. After 6 weeks of intervention, the blood glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and weight of the liraglutide group were significantly lower than those of the DN group ( P

Angucyclinones are aromatic polyketides that possess impressive structural diversity and significant biological activities. The structural diversity of these natural products is attributed to various enzymatic or nonenzymatic modifications on their tetracyclic benz(a)anthracene skeleton. Previously, we discovered an unusual phenylamine-incorporated angucyclinone (1) from a marine Streptomyces sp. PKU-MA00218, and identified that it was produced from the nonenzymatic conversion of a C-ring-cleaved angucyclinone (2) with phenylamine. In this study, we tested the nonenzymatic conversion of 2 with more phenylamine analogues, to expand the utility of this feasible conversion in unusual angucyclinones generation. The (3-ethynyl)phenylamine and disubstituted analogues including (3,4-dimethyl)phenylamine, (3,4-methylenedioxy)phenylamine, and (4-bromo-3-methyl)phenylamine were used in the conversion of 2, which was isolated from the fermentation of Streptomyces sp. PKU-MA00218. All four phenylamine analogues were incorporated into 2 efficiently under mild conditions, generating new compounds 3–6. The activation of 3–6 on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription were tested, which showed that 4 possessing a dimethyl-substitution gave most potent activity. These results evidenced that disubstitutions on phenylamine can be roughly tolerated in the nonenzymatic reactions with 2, suggesting extended applications of more disubstituted phenylamines incorporation to generate new bioactive angucyclinones in the future.

In recent years, the gaze estimation system, as a new type of human-computer interaction technology, has received extensive attention. The gaze estimation model is one of the main research contents of the system. The quality of the model will directly affect the accuracy of the entire gaze estimation system. To achieve higher accuracy even with simple devices, this paper proposes an improved mapping equation model based on homography transformation. In the process of experiment, the model mainly uses the “Zhang Zhengyou calibration method” to obtain the internal and external parameters of the camera to correct the distortion of the camera, and uses the LM(Levenberg-Marquardt) algorithm to solve the unknown parameters contained in the mapping equation. After all the parameters of the equation are determined, the gaze point is calculated. Different comparative experiments are designed to verify the experimental accuracy and fitting effect of this mapping equation. The results show that the method can achieve high experimental accuracy, and the basic accuracy is kept within 0.6∘. The overall trend shows that the mapping method based on homography transformation has higher experimental accuracy, better fitting effect and stronger stability.

In the nematode Pristionchus pacificus, a developmental switch, the sulfatase eud-1, controls mouth-form plasticity. Here, the authors show that mutations in two conserved histone modifying enzymes mimic the eud-1 phenotype, in part mediated by an antisense eud-1RNA, resulting in the absence of one mouth-form

Concept inventories (CIs) are commonly used in pre-post instruction to study student conceptual change. For consistency in assessment interpretation, a CI’s assessment construct is desired to maintain invariance across different test times. In this study, the longitudinal measurement invariance (LMI) analysis under the confirmatory factor analysis framework was used to examine the stability of the factor structure between pretest and post-test of two commonly used CIs, i.e., the Force Concept Inventory (FCI) and Conceptual Survey of Electricity and Magnetism (CSEM). A number of existing and modified models were examined in this paper. The results confirmed that all factor models of the FCI fitted well with both pre- and post-test data. For CSEM, acceptable fits were obtained with a reduced version of the CI. When reliability analysis was performed for the factors of these models, most modified models were found to be more reliable than the existing models. The modified models were further tested in LMI analysis, in which a sequence of models with increasingly restrictive parameter constraints was examined. For the FCI, LMI analysis demonstrated the existence of partial strict invariance, i.e., common factor structures, factor loadings, and item thresholds, and equally observed residual variances for all the items except items 2 and 29. For the CSEM, after excluding 10 items, a reduced version was found to hold the strict invariance criteria. These findings reveal that changes in scores of the whole FCI and the reduced CSEM can be attributed to changes in the latent constructs measured by the CIs, which confirms these two CIs as reliable instruments to study students’ conceptual change over time in introductory physics courses.

The huge volume of hyperspectral imagery demands enormous computational resources, storage memory, and bandwidth between the sensor and the ground stations. Compressed sensing theory has great potential to reduce the enormous cost of hyperspectral imagery by only collecting a few compressed measurements on the onboard imaging system. Inspired by distributed source coding, in this paper, a distributed compressed sensing framework of hyperspectral imagery is proposed. Similar to distributed compressed video sensing, spatial-spectral hyperspectral imagery is separated into key-band and compressed-sensing-band with different sampling rates during collecting data of proposed framework. However, unlike distributed compressed video sensing using side information for reconstruction, the widely used spectral unmixing method is employed for the recovery of hyperspectral imagery. First, endmembers are extracted from the compressed-sensing-band. Then, the endmembers of the key-band are predicted by interpolation method and abundance estimation is achieved by exploiting sparse penalty. Finally, the original hyperspectral imagery is recovered by linear mixing model. Extensive experimental results on multiple real hyperspectral datasets demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively recover the original data. The reconstruction peak signal-to-noise ratio of the proposed framework surpasses other state-of-the-art methods.

In physics education research (PER), concept inventories (CIs) have become standard instruments for assessing students’ learning throughout instruction. To promote widespread use of concept inventories, previous studies have developed an approach to split a full length CI into short versions of CIs. This research extends the existing method to fully utilize the item response theory framework in equating and linking between the short CIs and the full length CIs. Three quantitative studies have been conducted: First, the extended algorithm is applied to divide the Brief Electricity and Magnetism Assessment (BEMA) into two half-length BEMAs (HBEMAs). Through a series of test-equating and validation analysis, the HBEMAs are confirmed to measure the same latent constructs of student understanding of electricity and magnetism to that of the original BEMA at a similar level of reliability. The second study establishes equivalent score conversions among the three versions of BEMA using the Stocking-Lord method, which has the best performance on equating error reduction among several methods explored. It is also confirmed that the equivalent statistical characteristics of the three versions of BEMA are equity and population invariant. In the third study, the extended algorithm is applied to link and compare the BEMA and the Conceptual Survey of Electricity and Magnetism (CSEM). After linking the BEMA and CSEM assessment scales, it becomes possible to directly convert and compare students’ performances on the two CIs. It is found that the scales of BEMA and CSEM are almost identical after scale transformation. Based on these studies, it can be suggested that all short and long versions of BEMA and CSEM can be used interchangeably after scale transformation.

A 76-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital four times from November 2007 to June 2009. In this complex case, the patient had silicosis complicated by broncholithiasis, oesophagobronchial fistulas, and relapsed tuberculosis. She had worked as a stone crusher for 3 years and was exposed to a large amount of quartz dust. Barium oesophagography, gastroesophageal endoscopy, and biopsy suggested oesophageal-related chronic inflammation and ulceration, which may have caused the repeated oesophagobronchial fistulas. Bronchoscopy revealed a free broncholithiasis in the left mainstem bronchus. The patient was admitted a fourth time because of silicotuberculosis relapse. After 9 months of antituberculosis treatment, the patient recovered and was still clinically well at the time of this writing.

In the light-emitting-diode (LED) industry, it is a great challenge to simultaneously achieve high efficiency values and excellent light quality in practical applications. In this paper, we have designed microscale-roughness-controlled-surface modules to optimize rectified mellowness index, quantum efficiency, correlated color temperature, and color rendering index; we have also discovered a mechanism that reduces the total internal reflection trapped within the diffuser, maximizes phosphor fluorescence probabilities, and randomizes photon emissions. The first effect subsequently leads to the photon-propagation-direction rectification, such that incident photons are allowed to escape from the top but are discouraged to reversely exit from the bottom. In addition to the discovery of this mechanism, we have proposed a previously undefined criterion that evaluates the uniformity of various optical parameters exemplified by wavelengths, solid angles, and spatial distributions. Current findings offer a guide on future research for human-eye-comfort-related uniformities.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis–inducing ligand) is a potential target for cancer therapy. However, many cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and its mechanism is not well understood. In this study, to identify potential therapeutic targets for TRAIL-resistant cancer cells, we compared the expression levels of interferon-stimulated gene 15 in TRAIL-sensitive and TRAIL-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Western blot analysis showed that interferon-stimulated gene 15 expression levels were significantly higher in resistant HLCZ01and Huh7 cells than in sensitive LH86 and SMMC-7721 cells. Interferon-stimulated gene 15 knockdown in resistance cells led to TRAIL sensitivity. Conversely, interferon-stimulated gene 15 overexpression in sensitive cells resulted in TRAIL resistance. Our bioinformatics search detected a putative target sequence for microRNA miR-138 in the 3′ untranslated region of the interferon-stimulated gene 15. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that miR-138 was significantly downregulated in TRAIL-resistant cells compared to TRAIL-sensitive cells. Forced expression of miR-138 in resistant cells decreased both messenger RNA and protein levels of interferon-stimulated gene 15, and when exposed to TRAIL, activated poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase, indicating sensitization to TRAIL. The results suggested that miR-138 regulates the interferon-stimulated gene 15 expression by directly targeting the 3′ untranslated region of interferon-stimulated gene 15 and modulates the sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. MiR-138 may be a target for therapeutic intervention in TRAIL-based drug treatments of resistant hepatocellular carcinoma or could be a biomarker to select patients who may benefit from the treatment.

By modifying traditional remote phosphor-diffuser-packaged light-emitting diode systems, we have managed to increase the luminous efficacy from 145.7 to 162.3 lm/W. One mechanism responsible for this achievement is associated with randomizing the directions of light beams transmitting through an interior diffuser, whose position is optimized based on an overall merit. The other mechanism is identified as the gradual attenuation of the undesirable blue-ring image along the distance from the diffuser toward the phosphor base. The identification of these two mechanisms is verified by luminous efficacy measurements, 3-D image plots, and combined Monte Carlo algorithm ray tracing simulation results. In addition, merits related to correlated color temperatures and issues pertaining to costs are briefly discussed.

We are delighted to share with you our seventh Journal Club and highlight some of the most interesting papers published recently [...]

Students’ epistemological beliefs have been confirmed to influence students’ physics learning in an essential way. The Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey (CLASS) is an assessment instrument for evaluating students’ beliefs towards physics learning. In the present study, 817 students participate in our investigation with the mandarin CLASS version through three years of the undergraduate program among ten universities in China. We compare student performances on the CLASS across different majors, genders, and university tiers via the three-way analysis of variance. From the results, the main effect of major is found to be statistically significant. Students majoring in education consistently have a better performance of attitudes toward physics learning than those majoring in noneducation, regardless of gender and university tier. There are no main effects of gender and university tier, while the interaction between gender and university tier is detected significantly. No three-way interaction is detected among major, gender, and university tier. Therefore, this paper identifies how students’ epistemological beliefs towards physics learning are related to various disciplines in universities, different genders, and qualitatively dissimilar content learning. For future work, it is worth investigating how students’ epistemological beliefs towards physics learning are affected by the variable of year level and how the variable of year level interacts with major, gender, and university tier. According to the significant effect of major, it will make sense to investigate the correlation between epistemological beliefs and career interests or career expectations in future research.

Meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA (MSUD) is a gene silencing process that occurs within meiotic cells of Neurospora crassa and other fungi. We have previously developed a high-throughput screen to identify suppressors of this silencing pathway. Here, a list of MSUD suppressor candidates from a single pass of the first 84 plates of the Neurospora knockout library is provided.

In this study, we have investigated the trade-off between the color rendering index (CRI, Ra) and the scotopic/photopic ratio (S/P) for color-tunable phosphor-coated white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at two CRI limitations (Ra ≥ 70 and Ra ≥ 96). First, luminescent spectra measurements have been conducted to determine experimental results of Ra and S/P under various correlated color temperatures (CCTs). Then, a nonlinear programming method has been adopted for the optimization of Ra and S/P by varying spectral shapes through adjusting spectral parameters, such as peak wavelengths, full-width at half-maxima, and relative intensities. Therefore, polynomial curves of optimal S/P versus CCT at two Ra limitations have been discovered, enabling users to obtain optimal S/P under arbitrary CCTs within [2700 K, 6500 K]. In addition, a comparison study between the present work and our previous work has also been conducted at Ra = 70, and a fair agreement of optimal S/P has been observed.