Search

Importance: Structural racism has been implicated in the disproportionally high asthma morbidity experienced by children living in disadvantaged, urban neighborhoods. Current approaches designed to reduce asthma triggers have modest impact., Objective: To examine whether participation in a housing mobility program that provided housing vouchers and assistance moving to low-poverty neighborhoods was associated with reduced asthma morbidity among children and to explore potential mediating factors., Design, Setting, and Participants: Cohort study of 123 children aged 5 to 17 years with persistent asthma whose families participated in the Baltimore Regional Housing Partnership housing mobility program from 2016 to 2020. Children were matched to 115 children enrolled in the Urban Environment and Childhood Asthma (URECA) birth cohort using propensity scores., Exposure: Moving to a low-poverty neighborhood., Main Outcomes: Caregiver-reported asthma exacerbations and symptoms., Results: Among 123 children enrolled in the program, median age was 8.4 years, 58 (47.2%) were female, and 120 (97.6%) were Black. Prior to moving, 89 of 110 children (81%) lived in a high-poverty census tract (>20% of families below the poverty line); after moving, only 1 of 106 children with after-move data (0.9%) lived in a high-poverty tract. Among this cohort, 15.1% (SD, 35.8) had at least 1 exacerbation per 3-month period prior to moving vs 8.5% (SD, 28.0) after moving, an adjusted difference of -6.8 percentage points (95% CI, -11.9% to -1.7%; P = .009). Maximum symptom days in the past 2 weeks were 5.1 (SD, 5.0) before moving and 2.7 (SD, 3.8) after moving, an adjusted difference of -2.37 days (95% CI, -3.14 to -1.59; P < .001). Results remained significant in propensity score-matched analyses with URECA data. Measures of stress, including social cohesion, neighborhood safety, and urban stress, all improved with moving and were estimated to mediate between 29% and 35% of the association between moving and asthma exacerbations., Conclusions and Relevance: Children with asthma whose families participated in a program that helped them move into low-poverty neighborhoods experienced significant improvements in asthma symptom days and exacerbations. This study adds to the limited evidence suggesting that programs to counter housing discrimination can reduce childhood asthma morbidity.

The phenomenon of “irrational exuberance” around housing prices is now well established as a driving force of housing bubbles. However, the roles of credit supply and the mispricing of credit are less well understood. This article, discusses the recent literature on the relationship between credit supply and housing prices in national and local markets, with a view to identifying gaps in understanding this relationship as well as the implications of these gaps for the ability of market participants and regulators to detect systemic risk. This article connects the literature to the articles in this special issue, which emphasizes the importance of understanding local market conditions, including ways in which housing finance affects and is in turn affected by local markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Social Research is the property of Journal of International Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Highlights: [•] We predict which owners leave subsidized rental housing programs. [•] We develop a unique dataset to predict opt-outs. [•] We highlight the complexity of analyzing supply-side subsidized housing. [•] Properties in neighborhoods with high property value growth are likely to opt out. [•] For-profit owners and properties past restriction periods are likely to opt out. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] We predict which owners leave subsidized rental housing programs. [•] We develop a unique dataset to predict opt-outs. [•] We highlight the complexity of analyzing supply-side subsidized housing. [•] Properties in neighborhoods with high property value growth are likely to opt out. [•] For-profit owners and properties past restriction periods are likely to opt out. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study provides evidence of the impact of an urban growth boundary (UGB) on housing and land prices. The study uses a data-set that inventories sales transactions of single-family homes and of vacant lots zoned for single-family homes within two miles of either side of the eastern boundary of the primary UGB in King County, Washington. The results show that although the UGB increases land prices by 230 per cent, it decreases housing prices by 1.3 per cent. These findings should encourage policy-makers to adopt a policy framework in which a UGB's anticipated inflationary land price effect is mitigated by policies that increase housing supply. Such policies could include minimum density requirements, zoning for multifamily housing, and ordinances enabling the construction of accessory dwelling units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent crises have underscored the importance that housing has in sustaining good health and, equally, its potential to harm health. Considering this and building on Howden-Chapman's early glossary of housing and health and the WHO Housing and Health Guidelines, this paper introduces a range of housing and health-related terms, reflecting almost 20 years of development in the field. It defines key concepts currently used in research, policy and practice to describe housing in relation to health and health inequalities. Definitions are organised by three overarching aspects of housing: affordability (including housing affordability stress (HAS) and fuel poverty), suitability (including condition, accessibility and sustainable housing) and security (including precarious housing and homelessness). Each of these inter-related aspects of housing can be either protective of, or detrimental to, health. This glossary broadens our understanding of the relationship between housing and health to further promote interdisciplinarity and strengthen the nexus between these fields., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

The aim of this paper is to examine whether evidence for a ripple effect in house prices can be found across residential property markets of Irish cities. The house price dynamics are considered in the frequency domain using spectral analysis. This entails the estimation of power spectra, cospectrum, coherence, gain and phase of 'region-nation' relationships. The power spectrum highlights a dominant 6-year cycle, common to all of Ireland's city markets. Eire conforms to neither a city system nor a ripple thesis well. Dublin is a dominant node, whilst Dublin, Galway and Cork lead the national cycle, which is indicative of an olicentric city structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

House price volatility; lender and borrower perception of price trends, loan and property features; and the borrower's put option are integrated in a model of residential mortgage default. These dimensions of the default problem have, to our knowledge, not previously been considered altogether within the same investigation framework. We rely on a sample of individual mortgage loans for 20 counties in Florida, over the period 2001 through 2008, third quarter, with housing price performance obtained from repeat sales analysis of individual transactions. The results from the analysis strongly confirm the significance of the borrower's put as an operative factor in default. At the same time, the results provide convincing evidence that the experience in Florida is in part driven by lenders and purchasers exhibiting euphoric behavior such that in markets with higher price appreciation there is a willingness to accept recent prior performance as an indicator of future risk. This connection illustrates a familiar moral hazard in the housing market due to the limited information about future prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Despite a growing body of evidence for the association between housing cost burden and psychological health, few studies have focused on the potential mediators of this association and the extent to which housing cost burden poses a threat to older adults' psychological health. This study aims to assess (a) the link between housing cost burden and psychological health among older adults and (b) how the association is mediated by material hardship., Methods: Using thirteen waves of a nationally representative longitudinal study in Korea, this study assessed the association between housing cost burden and depressive symptoms among older adults aged 65 or over. Mediation tests were conducted to identify whether material hardship explains the link between housing cost burden and depressive symptoms. We used fixed-effects models to take into account individual-level heterogeneity., Results: Housing cost burden was significantly associated with depressive symptoms among older adults, regardless of their housing tenure status. Different types of material hardship partially mediated the association between housing cost burden and depressive symptoms in older adults. Older adults with severe housing cost burden are more susceptible to all types of material hardship compared to those with a moderate burden., Conclusions: To contribute further to the social causation discussions, future studies should seek to identify protective factors of depressive symptoms among older adults and other potential mechanisms of the association between older adults' socioeconomic conditions and their psychological health., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This article is a short introduction to the special issue. In this, we provide a brief commentary on the main papers and also set out why we have put this special issue on new directions together. Our aim has been to stimulate new thinking and ideas promoting new areas for future research in housing economics, something which we think has been achieved with the papers in this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the effects of being located in a deprived neighbourhood on unemployment. Interest is focused on the consequences of neighbourhood effects. The paper uses the 1999 Population Census for Paris and the three surrounding sub-regional administrative districts in order to estimate different models that take into account the potential endogeneity bias of the residential location choice. The study first runs a bivariate probit model that includes the residential location as an endogenous variable. A probit model is also run on a sub-sample of households living in public housing with the idea that for them the location choice is exogenous. Whatever the method used, it is shown that living within the most deprived neighbourhoods, in terms of local composition, decreases the probability of employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article represents an extension of the expansive credit risk and credit migration literature, prominent in the corporate bond and securities risk pricing literature, to an analysis of the drift of consumer credit scores. A rich data set of residential mortgages is used to observe credit score migration post loan origination and in a test of the ability of credit score transition to serve as a precursor to potential default and prepayment. The results indicate credit scores provide signals and information to investors and servicing agents in a fashion similar to credit ratings on commercial paper as to default potential. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines whether the distributional consequences of contrasting welfare systems are enhanced, replicated or countered by housing systems in England and the Netherlands. It adopts the monetised concepts of ‘net housing income’ and ‘net housing resources’, which are commensurable with disposable income and income-based measures of poverty. It was found that both housing systems exert a poverty-reducing impact compared to disposable income alone. The absolute reduction is greatest in England, suggesting that its housing system counters the high levels of income poverty produced by the welfare system, although the comparative levels of poverty between the two countries remain unchanged, which may signify that the distribution of disposable income is replicated in housing. However, the synthetic concept of ‘housing poverty’ reveals that the poverty-reducing impact of housing income/ resources arises because by themselves they are distributed far less equally than is disposable income, so creating a much higher rate of ‘housing poverty’. Crucially, ‘housing poverty’ occurs predominantly among those who are not income poor. This allows welfare and housing systems to combine to reduce poverty in an act of progressive dissonance, suggesting a hitherto unexpectedly high degree of independence between the two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper starts with an assumption that mainstream economics has limitations and that a behaviourally rich inter-disciplinary research programme can strengthen the field of housing studies by addressing some of these weaknesses. We note, however, that the heterogeneity of behavioural studies and, in particular, the bifurcation between ’old’ and ’new’ behavioural economics presents significant conceptual and operational challenges. We note, for instance, that the diversity within the existing literature might be viewed as evidence of a lack of coherence and could serve to undermine the case for a behavioural turn. To address this, we urge behavioural researchers to take great care in specifying their conceptual models and in demonstrating the rigour and robustness of their applied research methods. We also add our support to the call made in the focus articles for the need energise inter-disciplinary working in behavioural studies and, in particular, stress the need to work on resolving some of the tensions that might arise from attempts to blend the insights and approaches associated with different disciplinary perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How will housing markets respond to increased frequency and severity of flooding expected with global climate change? Existing models yield poor predictions because they assume perfect information and rational decision-making processes in the housing market. This paper sets out a plausible alternative framework for analysing housing price responses to flood frequency and severity based on findings of behavioural economics and the sociology of risk, which emphasise myopic and amnesiac perceptions of risk. It utilises this framework to analyse graphically a variety of flood scenarios and their implications for housing prices and government intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite enormous progress made in the resource-efficient housing construction as a result of technical innovation, market share of sustainable new housing development in Germany is still very low. There is a need for a demand-driven research approach to determine and exploit the potential for sustainable housing among private home buyers—the principal consumers of new housing in Germany. This study measures the preferences of German home buyers based on stated preferences survey data through the application of a discrete choice experiment. Using latent class analysis, the article identifies market segments of differing “environmental awareness” and corresponding preference heterogeneity. The results point to a latent demand for sustainable housing alternatives among private home buyers in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The 1990s saw a considerable fall in young adult homeownership rates in Britain. There is a concern that the future might hold further falls as a result of reforms to financing higher education. Using estimates from a housing tenure choice model, this paper conducts micro-simulation analyses to assess how this change could affect young adult homeownership transitions. The simulations reveal that increased student debt levels and the new repayment profile and their interaction with lender-imposed borrowing restrictions delay a first-time homeownership transition. The extent of the delay primarily depends upon the expected earnings profile, but lender criteria and general rises/falls in real house prices are also important. The analysis suggests that there will be much greater variation in the timing of house purchase between different groups of future graduates, brought about by increased graduate earnings heterogeneity, homeownership affordability schemes targeted toward specific types of households, and parental financial assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is two-fold. First, it adds to the existing state-of-the-art housing research by suggesting the implementation of new econometric methodology. Specifically, the study adds to earlier studies of homeownership by adding spatial impacts. It advocates simultaneous adjustment for intra-municipal correlation and heterogeneity as well as spatial spillover patterns between municipalities. It concludes that ignorance of controlling for intra-municipal correlation, heterogeneity and spatial spillover skews conclusions regarding effects of the determinants of homeownership. Furthermore, it finds that endogenous as well as exogenous spatial spillovers are essential parts of specifying demand for homeownership. Specifically, the demand for homeownership spills over and stimulates demand in neighbouring municipalities, and house prices and incomes exert positive effects on demand for homeownership in neighbouring municipalities. Second, as is clear from the above empirical conclusions, the study adds to existing empirical research and knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a theoretical discussion of the price elasticity of supply. While there have been a number of attempts to estimate the responsiveness of UK supply, relatively little has been written on what determines it. A key omission is the effect of long-term real interest rates. Steep falls in both the annual rent to house price ratio and long real interest rates during a period of relatively static real rents in the UK suggest that the stream of future imputed rents became discounted at successively lower interest rates between 1996 and 2007. New supply responded sluggishly to price rises during this period, but then collapsed rapidly as the market turned in 2008. This paper argues that the decline in long-term real interest rates contributed to rising house prices and the inelastic supply response during the long upswing, and that cyclical asymmetries inherent in the supply response have been exacerbated by changes in the financial system and increased government regulation of the planning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many applied studies of the structure of urban housing systems involve considerable imprecision in terms of the identification of sub-market boundaries. This is often a function of reliance on prior knowledge, particularly of the potential spatial divisions within urban housing systems. This paper introduces an application of the multi-level hedonic model as a tool to identify housing sub-markets, and as a method of identifying temporal change within the sub-market system. Based on empirical analysis of two study years (2002 and 2006) in the city of Glasgow, this study demonstrates a finely-grained approach to the identification of spatial sub-markets and uncovers evidence of spatial change between the two study years. The multi-level derived sub-market boundaries are shown to be a credible and statistically meaningful alternative to prior notions of the sub-market system. The paper concludes that multi-level models have considerable potential as a tool both to identify the sub-market structure, and for detecting temporal change in the delimitation of sub-markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a disciplinary contribution to the Housing, Theory and Society debate on the role of theory in housing studies. The discipline in question is economics, but considered widely across the range of perspectives it offers. A pragmatic case is made for investigating applied economics from across the subject's spectrum provided they meet the criteria of being useful, insightful, interesting or novel and potentially testable. It is argued that this is consistent with a multidisciplinary approach to housing research. The paper also argues that recent trends in economics have contributed positively, particularly through the increasingly mainstream behavioural economics and finance school, an area of practical relevance to housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the role of government mortgage guarantee schemes in housing policy. It explores different types of government mortgage guarantee scheme, which play different roles, in eight countries. Mortgage guarantee schemes interfere in the mortgage market in order to improve access to mortgages. Such guarantees can be shaped as self-supporting instruments or as subsidies. If the latter is the case the issue of competition and a level playing field is relevant. This paper explores the US and the Dutch guarantee models in depth in order to answer the question of whether these schemes are unsubsidised mortgage market instruments or subsidised programmes. It concludes by reflecting on the meaning of the outcomes in the context of EU competition policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The housing industry is crucial to sustainable development in Malaysia. The efficiency and effectiveness of the housing delivery system require housing provision for all. The housing industry, which had grown rapidly in the 1980s, encountered property oversupply recently. The majority of these units remain unsold for reasons beyond the price factor, ranging from poor location to unattractive houses. The main objective of this paper is to tackle property oversupply in the country by examining a detailed knowledge of home owning determinants. Homeownership should be encouraged as positive externalities of homeownership can be found in many housing surveys. Homeownership is a complex issue that is the result of many determinants, including housing characteristics (house types and property types), employment and income trends, and socio-cultural and demographic descriptors. In addition to determinants, efforts are needed to reduce regulatory barriers in the housing delivery system, which can significantly increase the cost of building houses. The government should make home financing more available and affordable by providing subsidies to low-income families and by creating incentives to save for homeownership. Efforts are also needed to extend opportunities to enhance the affordability of homeownership by liberalizing rules and regulations of Employee Provident Fund (EPF) withdrawal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The paper considers the proposal in England that a continuing requirement for residential developers to contribute directly to the supply of affordable housing in return for planning permission should operate alongside a new tax on land value increases due to planning permission. The paper asks whether it is right in principle for affordable housing to be supported by the implicit taxation of development. It is argued that in terms of transparency, clarity, and certainty explicit taxation is to be preferred to implicit taxation. It is thus suggested that once the new explicit tax is in place developers should no longer be routinely required to pay an additional implicit affordable housing tax. Affordable housing should, it is argued, be supported on the basis of need, not the resources available from the development process. The link between the provision of affordable housing and planning obligations should be broken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Des. Res.', 'rarely available', 'viewing essential' - these are all part of the peculiar parlance of housing advertisements which contain a heady mix of euphemism, hyperbole and superlative. Of interest is whether the selling agent's penchant for rhetoric is spatially uniform or whether there are variations across the urban system. This paper is also interested in how the use of superlatives varies over the market cycle and over the selling season. For example, are estate agents more inclined to use hyperbole when the market is buoyant or when it is flat, and does it matter whether a house is marketed in the summer or winter? This paper attempts to answer these questions by applying textual analysis to a unique dataset of 49 926 records of real estate transactions in the Strathclyde conurbation over the period 1999 to 2006. The analysis opens up a new avenue of research into the use of real estate rhetoric and its interaction with agency behaviour and market dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social Scientists and policy makers need precise data on market rents. Yet, while housing prices are systematically recorded, few accurate data sets on rents are available. In this paper, we present a new data set describing local rental markets in France based on online ads collected through to webscraping. Comparison with alternate sources reveals that online ads provide a non biased picture of rental markets and allow coverage of the whole territory. We then estimate hedonic models for prices and rents and document the spatial variations in rent-price ratios. We show that rents do not increase as much as prices in the tightest housing markets. We use our dataset to estimate the market rent of each transaction and of social dwellings. In the latter case,this allows us to estimate the in-kind benefit received by social tenants which is mainly driven by the level of private rent in their municipality., Competing Interests: Banque de France is not a commercial company but an independent public institution that has been a member of the Eurosystem of central banks since 1999. It had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

A set of analyses of public housing programmes in South Australia, using cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit; and cash flow criteria. Includes the results of statistical research and outlines discussions of the essential methodological issues in applying cost-benefit analyses to social housing policies. From a pragmatic perspective, and with regard to contingent conditions, the various analyses lead to a ranking of housing programmes in terms of their economic, social, and financial consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: To determine the association between states' total spending on benefit programs and child maltreatment outcomes., Methods: This was an ecological study of all US states during federal fiscal years 2010-2017. The primary predictor was states' total annual spending on local, state, and federal benefit programs per person living ≤100% federal poverty limit, which was the sum of (1) cash, housing, and in-kind assistance, (2) housing infrastructure, (3) child care assistance, (4) refundable Earned Income Tax Credit, and (5) Medical Assistance Programs. The main outcomes were rates of maltreatment reporting, substantiations, foster care placements, and fatalities after adjustment for relevant confounders. Generalized estimating equations adjusted for federal spending and estimated adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)., Results: States' total spending was inversely associated with all maltreatment outcomes. For each additional $1000 states spent on benefit programs per person living in poverty, there was an associated -4.3% (adjusted IRR: 0.9573 [95% CI: 0.9486 to 0.9661]) difference in reporting, -4.0% (adjusted IRR: 0.903 [95% CI: 0.9534 to 0.9672]) difference in substantiations, -2.1% (adjusted IRR: 0.9795 [95% CI: 0.9759 to 0.9832]) difference in foster care placements, and -7.7% (adjusted IRR: 0.9229 [95% CI: 0.9128 to 0.9330]) difference in fatalities. In 2017, extrapolating $1000 of additional spending for each person living in poverty ($46.5 billion nationally, or 13.3% increase) might have resulted in 181 850 fewer reports, 28 575 fewer substantiations, 4168 fewer foster care placements, and 130 fewer fatalities., Conclusions: State spending on benefit programs was associated with reductions in child maltreatment, which might offset some benefit program costs., Competing Interests: POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)

Competing Interests: POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Dr Pollack reports stock ownership in Gilead Pharmaceuticals. The work detailed here does not evaluate any specific drug or intervention produced by Gilead. In September 2019, Johns Hopkins University entered into a contract with the Department of Housing and Urban Development for Dr Pollack to work part-time on a temporary assignment, assisting the department on housing and health issues. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Housing and Urban Development or other government agencies. Dr Pollack was previously on the Health Advisory Council for Enterprise Community Partners and was a paid consultant to the Open Communities Alliance. Drs Pollack and Leifheit signed on as amici to several Amicus Curiae briefs in support of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s national moratorium on eviction as a public health measure. Dr Leifheit has provided expert testimony to legislative bodies regarding potential public health effects of eviction. Ms Goplerud has no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Introduction: Despite associated with multiple geriatric disorders, whether housing type, an indicator of socioeconomic status (SES) and environmental factors, is associated with accelerated biological aging is unknown. Furthermore, although individuals with low-SES have higher body mass index (BMI) and are more likely to smoke, whether BMI and smoking status moderate the association between SES and biological aging is unclear. We examined these questions in urbanized low-SES older community-dwelling adults., Methods: First, we analyzed complete blood count data using the cox proportional hazards model and derived measures for biological age (BA) and biological age acceleration (BAA, the higher the more accelerated aging) ( N = 376). Subsequently, BAA was regressed on housing type, controlling for covariates, including four other SES indicators. Interaction terms between housing type and BMI/smoking status were separately added to examine their moderating effects. Total sample and sex-stratified analyses were performed., Results: There were significant differences between men and women in housing type and BAA. Compared to residents in ≥3 room public or private housing, older adults resided in 1-2 room public housing had a higher BAA. Furthermore, BMI attenuated the association between housing type and BAA. In sex-stratified analyses, the main and interaction effects were only significant in women. In men, smoking status instead aggravated the association between housing type and BAA., Conclusion: Controlling for other SES indicators, housing type is an independent socio-environmental determinant of BA and BAA in a low-SES urbanized population. There were also sex differences in the moderating effects of health behaviors on biological aging.

Background: Longitudinal studies examining the life trajectories of young people after they have exited homelessness have identified concerns with persistent social and economic exclusion, struggles to shake off identities of homelessness, and housing instability. This pilot study sought to explore the feasibility of improving socioeconomic inclusion outcomes by bolstering identity capital (sense of purpose and control, self-efficacy and self-esteem) among young people who had experienced homelessness., Methods: Nineteen individuals (aged 18-26) who had transitioned out of homelessness within the past three years participated in a six-week, six-session program focused on building identity capital. The study employed a mixed method prospective cohort hybrid design with an intervention group (Group One) and a delayed intervention comparison group (Group Two). Participants were interviewed every three months until nine months post-intervention., Results: None of the youth who began the intervention dropped out of the program, with the exception of one participant who moved across the country and was unable to continue. Immediately after participating in the intervention, Group One had statistically significant improvements (p < .05) and large to very large effect sizes in self-esteem (d = 1.16) and physical community integration (d = 1.79) compared to changes in Group Two over the same period, which had not yet begun the intervention. In the pooled analysis, small to moderate effect sizes in hopelessness, physical community integration, and self-esteem were observed at all post-intervention time points. Notably, at six- and nine-months post-intervention, statistically significant improvements (p < .05) and moderate effect sizes in hopelessness (d = -0.73 and d = -0.60 respectively) and self-esteem (d = 0.71 and d = 0.53 respectively) were observed. Youth shared they appreciated the normalizing (vs. pathologizing) of strategies they needed to learn and spoke of the importance of framing new skills as something one needs "to have a better life" vs. "to get better.", Conclusions: These early findings signal that targeting identity capital is feasible and may be a promising approach to incorporate into a more complex intervention that includes housing, education, and employment supports to help youth transition out of homelessness. Future research could build on these findings through a sufficiently powered randomized controlled trial., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Studies show that the burden of caregiving tends to fall on individuals of low socioeconomic status (SES); however, the association between SES and the likelihood of caregiving has not yet been established. We studied the relationship between SES and the likelihood of adults providing long-term care for their parents in Japan, where compulsory public long-term insurance has been implemented. We used the following six comprehensive measures of SES for the analysis: income, financial assets, expenditure, living conditions, housing conditions, and education. We found that for some SES measures the probability of care provision for parents was greater in higher SES categories than in the lowest category, although the results were not systematically related to the order of SES categories or consistent across SES measures. The results did not change even after the difference in the probability of parents' survival according to SES was considered. Overall, we did not find evidence that individuals with lower SES were more likely to provide care to parents than higher-SES individuals. Although a negative association between SES and care burden has been repeatedly reported in terms of care intensity, the caregiving decision could be different in relation to SES. Further research is necessary to generalize the results., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Due to the complexity of socio-economic-related issues, people thought of housing market as a chaotic nucleus situated at the intersection of neighboring sciences. It has been known that the dependence of house features on the residential property value can be estimated employing the well-established hedonic regression analysis method in teams of location characteristic, neighborhood characteristic and structure characteristic. However, to further assess the roles of urban infrastructures in housing markets, we proposed a new kind of volatility measure for house prices utilizing the Lie symmetry analysis of quantum theory based on Schrödinger equation, mainly focusing on the effects of transportation systems and public parks on residential property values. Based on the municipal open government data regularly collected for four cities, including Boston, Milwaukee, Taipei and Tokyo, and all spatial sampling sites were featured by United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Map, transportation and park were modelled as perturbations to the quantum states generated by the feature space in response to the environmental amenities with different spatial extents. In an attempt to ascertain the intrinsic impact of the location-dependent price information obtained, the similarity functions associated with the Schrödinger equation were considered to facilitate revealing the city amenities capitalizing into house prices. By examining the spatial spillover phenomena of house prices in the four cities investigated, it was found that the mass transit systems and the public green lands possessed the infinitesimal generators of Lie point symmetries Y2 and Y5, respectively. Compared statistically with the common performance criteria, including mean absolute error (MAE), mean squared error (MSE) and, root mean squared error (RMSE) obtained by hedonic pricing model, the Lie symmetry analysis of the Schrödinger equation approach developed herein was successfully carried out. The invariant-theoretical characterizations of economics-related phenomena are consonant with the observed residential property values of the cities internationally, ultimately leading to develop a new perspective in the global financial architecture., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

The trend towards efficient and intensive use of land resources is an inevitable outcome of current social development. The rational matching of urban land prices and land use intensity has become an important factor under accelerating urbanization, and promotes the healthy development of the social economy. Using data on residential land price and on land use intensity for 31 provinces and cities in China, we employ the E-G cointegration test and quadrant map classification to determine the coordination relationship between land price and land use intensity. We then employ HR coordination to calculate the coordination degree of land price and land use intensity, and classify the coordination type accordingly. Our results are as follows. (1) The spatio-temporal distribution of urban land price shows high variability with multiple maxima, and follows a decreasing trend from the southeast coastal area to the northwest inland area and the northeast. (2) The overall land use intensity is at or above the middle level, and shows large spatial differences between provinces, but the agglomeration between provinces is increasing. (3) From the perspective of the relationship between urban land price and land use intensity at the inter-provincial scale, we find that the land price and land use intensity are well coordinated, and the number of provinces has been dynamically changing during different development periods. There is an east-west difference in the spatial distribution of land price and land use intensity coordination level. Different provinces and cities with the same coordination stage show differences in their land price and land use intensity level., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Competing Interests: I declare no competing interests.

Background and Objectives: Caregivers of children with medical complexity (CMC) face many stressors related to their child's medical condition(s). Financial stress and its impact on housing has been reported to be a challenge among this population. However, unique housing challenges specific to CMC, including disability accommodations in the home and housing space and layout, have yet to be examined in the literature., Methods: We conducted 20 individual semistructured interviews with parents of CMC. Interviews were recorded, coded, and analyzed by using thematic analysis to emphasize, examine, and record patterns of meaning within the data., Results: Eighteen mothers and 2 fathers participated in individual interviews. Two major themes and subthemes (in parentheses) were identified: (1) the impact of health on housing (housing preferences, housing possibilities, and housing outcome as a trade-off) and (2) the impact of housing on health (health of the caregiver and health of the child). Parents had preferences regarding the location and layout of their home specific to their child's illness and medical needs. In addition, parents indicated their child's illness affected their income and home ownership status, which in turn shaped their housing possibilities. The location and layout of the family home was often the result of a trade-off between the caregiver's housing preferences and possibilities., Conclusions: Housing outcomes among CMC are often the result of a trade-off between housing preferences and possibilities, both of which are influenced by the child's health status. Policy changes targeting housing accessibility and affordability are vital to support the health of CMC., Competing Interests: POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)

Severe and persistent mental illnesses are frequently associated with homelessness and extensive use of public services. Cost savings after the provision of permanent supportive housing (PSH) have been examined in large metropolitan areas but not in medium-sized communities. Administrative and clinical data were collected to determine use of public services, such as use of emergency services, inpatient psychiatric and medical services, and correctional facilities, in the year preceding and the year subsequent to placement in PSH. Costs of the housing and the utilized services were also calculated. Ninety-one subjects were in housing first (HF) programs and 19 were in treatment first (TF) programs. Overall there was a net cost savings of over $1.2 million or $6134/consumer/year of PSH. Nearly all cost savings were in reduced service utilization which implies prevention of both medical and psychiatric morbidity. In HF the average per patient cost savings ($21,082.12) was not significantly greater than TF ($12,907.29; p = 0.33). Provision of PSH in a mid-sized city provides significant cost savings.

Objectives: While home foreclosures are often thought of as a household-level event, the consequences may be far-reaching, and spill over to the broader community. Older adults, in particular, could be affected by the spiral of community changes that result from foreclosures, but we know very little about how the foreclosure crisis is related to older adult health, in particular cognition., Method: This article uses growth curve models and data from the Health and Retirement Study matched to Census and county-level foreclosure data to examine whether community foreclosures are related to older adults' cognitive health and the mechanisms responsible., Results: We find that higher rates of county-level foreclosures are associated with a faster decline in individual cognition at older ages. Although we examined an extensive number of individual and community mechanisms, including individual housing wealth and depressive symptoms, community structural factors, social factors, and perceptions of physical disorder and cohesion, none of the mechanisms examined here explained this relationship., Discussion: This study shows that the adverse consequences of home foreclosures spill over to the local community, with implications for the cognitive health of older adults., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)