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BACKGROUND: Nursing students are at risk of violence. When nursing students encounter violence in clinical environments, their functional abilities and their desire to stay in this profession are impressed. This research determines the relationship between violence in the workplace and the attitude towards the nursing profession (NP) among Iranian nursing students in 2021. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional research was conducted as an online survey in 2021, and 512 nursing students were selected using the convenience method. Data collection tools included a demographic information form, a professional attitude questionnaire, and a workplace violence questionnaire. Chi-square tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), sample t-test, and multiple regression were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The average age was 23.19 ± 4.58 years. Students with high violence experiences had a more negative attitude towards the profession (P = 0.000). The perpetrators of violence were mainly hospital employees (52.42). It was followed by patients and companions (45.86) and instructors (43.95). A significant relationship was found between gender (P = 0.03), age (P = 0.00), academic year (P = 0.005), and marital status (P = 0.008) with attitude towards profession. The findings of this research showed that the variables of gender (boy) and age have an inverse effect on the attitude with a predictive power of 37%; however, the attitude towards the profession becomes positive by increasing the academic year. CONCLUSION: This research provides data to nursing schools to develop intervention and prevention strategies to support students in dealing with the experience of violence. Holding related training courses in violence prevention techniques reduces the other party’s anger and can help improve the situation.

Abstract Introduction Achieving good death is among the objectives of palliative care in patients with cancer. There should be an instrument for evaluating the quality of palliative care provided by family members at the end of life. This study was done to assess the psychometric properties of good death inventory- short form according to the perspective of family of patients with cancer. Method This methodological study was done in 2022 at two hospitals in Tehran. The translation was done via forward-backward method. Face validity was examined through cognitive interviewing with 10 family members. The content validation, were used by assessment the opinions of 10 palliative care specialists. The construct validity was explored through exploratory factor analysis and examination of convergent validation with care evaluation scale 2.0, as well as inspection of correlation by answering two general questions of satisfaction with treatment and end of life quality of life. The scale’s reliability, internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and stability via test-retest. Results Overall, 204 family members of patients with cancer were included. In the exploratory factor analysis, three factors of peace, hope, and value as well as quality of care were extracted with cumulative variance of 41.8%.A significant and suitable correlation between the total scores of the participants Good death inventory-short form and care evaluation scale2.0 (r = 0.459, P

Abstract The target coverage problem is considered as one of the major issues in directional sensor networks (DSNs), which is caused by the nature of these networks, including their limited angle of view. Due to the fault tolerance characteristic of some coverage applications, the target coverage is required to be performed using multiple sensors. This challenge is discussed in the literature under the title of k‐coverage problem. Under certain conditions, the number of sensors may suffer some changes due to various factors such as power depletion of the sensors, sensors' malfunctioning, and harshness of the environment. This can result in unavailability of adequate sensors for providing k‐coverage for all targets. The network suffering from such problem is referred to as under‐provisioned network. This paper was aimed at studying such networks by adopting the network conditions to the real environments. To solve this problem, the present paper proposes a hybrid model integrating the genetic algorithm (GA) and Tabu search (TS). The proposed algorithm generally aimed to identify a subset of sensors with appropriate working directions in order to provide a balanced coverage for all the targets available in the network. In order to evaluate the performance of the algorithm several experiments were conducted and the results have been compared with greedy and learning automat‐abased algorithms. . The results of the experiments show the superiority of the algorithm.

This study aimed to evaluate the opinions of the librarians of Semnan public libraries on information consulting and examine the feasibility and requirements of setting up information consulting services (ICSs) in public libraries, which has become even more important during the coronavirus pandemic. The present study adopted a survey method using the interview technique. The research population included all librarians of Semnan public libraries. The findings showed that more than 75% of the librarians of Semnan public libraries were willing to set up the ICSs in the public library. Librarians of Semnan public libraries believed that specialized human resources hardware and software facilities and funding are required to set up the ICSs in public libraries. knowledge and skills, personality traits, and communication and public relations techniques are mentioned as the characteristics of information consultants. According to the librarians, the ICSs increase the users of libraries, improve library services, provide job satisfaction for librarians, and increase income for the library. They considered these factors as the top benefits of setting up information consulting. Given the willingness of young librarians with less experience, who are educated in Library and Information Science (LIS), to set up the ICSs in Semnan public libraries, they have the potential to provide ICSs in libraries by setting up an information consulting desk. Training of these librarians can provide the necessary basis for setting up the ICSs and information consulting clinics, promoting the position of the LIS field in the community, and leading to the employment market for graduates of LIS. This is the first study on public libraries in Iran. The importance of the subject can be a prelude to launching information consulting services in Iranian public libraries during the coronavirus.

Abstract Recent analyses of public microbial genomes have found over a million biosynthetic gene clusters, the natural products of the majority of which remain unknown. Additionally, GNPS harbors billions of mass spectra of natural products without known structures and biosynthetic genes. We bridge the gap between large-scale genome mining and mass spectral datasets for natural product discovery by developing HypoRiPPAtlas, an Atlas of hypothetical natural product structures, which is ready-to-use for in silico database search of tandem mass spectra. HypoRiPPAtlas is constructed by mining genomes using seq2ripp, a machine-learning tool for the prediction of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). In HypoRiPPAtlas, we identify RiPPs in microbes and plants. HypoRiPPAtlas could be extended to other natural product classes in the future by implementing corresponding biosynthetic logic. This study paves the way for large-scale explorations of biosynthetic pathways and chemical structures of microbial and plant RiPP classes.

AbstractIdentifying homogeneous climatic zones plays an important role in the success of regional development programs. The climate system is composed of various elements, factors, and variables that together form the climatic components of a region. Multi-characteristic and multivariate methods can combine and overlap the types of elements and variables effective in constructing the climate with appropriate weights in the climatic zoning area. In the present study, climatic zoning of the Caspian region was performed using factor analysis and cluster analysis. For this purpose, a 30*30 matrix consisting of 30 meteorological stations and 30 climatic and environmental variables was formed. The results of factor analysis showed that the climate of the region is affected by 5 factors including precipitation-humidity, temperature, wind, sunlight, and environmental factors. These factors explained a total of 92.5% of the variance of the data. Then, cluster analysis was performed by the hierarchical integration method of Ward on the five mentioned factors. The results showed four climatic zones including humid, semi-humid, semi-arid, and arid in the study area.Keywords: Climate Zoning, Factor Analysis, Multivariate Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Caspian Coastline, Iran. IntroductionKnowledge of climatic zones has long attracted the attention of many scientists and has led to the presentation of various methods of climatic classification such as De Marten, Koppen, Ivanov, Amberje, Selianinov, Hansen, and others. With significant computer advances in recent years, it has become possible to perform internal methods on large volumes of data and the use of new classification methods such as multivariate statistical methods (factor analysis and cluster analysis) have expanded to classify the interactions of a large number of climatic components. Identifying homogeneous climatic zones and the capabilities and limitations of the agricultural climate of each climatic zone can play an effective role in carrying out projects and planning. MethodologyThe study area in this research is the greenest and rainiest region of the country (i.e. the southern shores of the Caspian Sea). In this study, factor analysis with Varimax rotation has been used to identify the factors affecting the climate of the study area and the hierarchical clustering method has been used in its climatic zoning. For this purpose, out of 30 variables affecting agricultural activities, including three environmental variables of latitude, altitude, and distance from the sea, as well as 27 climatic variables including maximum, minimum, and average temperature, an average temperature of winter, spring, summer, and autumn were used. Number of days with a maximum temperature of 30 ° C and above and minimum temperature of 0 ° C and below, average sunny hours, number of full cloudy, partly cloudy, and sunny days, hours of radiation, average relative humidity and annual rainfall, average winter, spring, summer and autumn, total annual rainfall with more than 1 mm, number of days more than 1 mm, more than 5 mm, more than 10 mm and more than 20 mm, average evapotranspiration and average wind speed in 30 stations, and the synoptic meteorology of the region with a suitable statistical period between 2002 to 2018 were used on a daily time scale. ETO Calculator software and radiation amount were used using the Angstrom-Prescott function to calculate the reference evapotranspiration. DiscussionThe results of the Bartlett test showed that the data are suitable for factor analysis and the results can be generalized to the statistical population. The results also showed that the region's climate is the result of the interaction of 5 different factors and explains 92.5% of the total variance. Based on the results of factor scores of variables, variables of average annual rainfall, winter, spring, summer, and autumn, total annual rainfall on days with more than 1 mm, number of days with more than 1 and 5 mm and with heavy rainfall of more than 10 and 20 mm, the number of full and partly cloudy days and average relative humidity had the highest correlation coefficient with the first factor. Due to the fact that the naming of the factors is based on the highest values of correlation coefficients, it was named the precipitation-moisture factor. In the second factor, the variables of average minimum, maximum and average daily temperatures, average temperatures of winter, spring, summer, and autumn, and the number of days with a maximum temperature of 30 ° C and above had the highest factor load and weight. Therefore, the second factor was named the temperature factor. The third factor explains 6.5% of the total variance of the data and was named the wind factor, as the mean variable of wind speed had the highest correlation coefficient with this factor. The fourth factor explains only 5.8% of the variance of the data changes. Because the variable number of sunny days had the highest correlation coefficient with this factor, it was named the factor of sunshine. The fifth factor explains only 5.5% of the variance of the data changes. Because the variables of distance from the sea and latitude had the highest factor and weight in this factor, it was named an environmental factor.After performing factor analysis and identifying the main factors using the hierarchical clustering method by the Ward method, the studied stations are grouped into homogeneous categories and zones and climatic classification was performed. According to the cluster tree diagram obtained and the cutting location of the diagram at the interval of 8, 4 clusters were identified. According to the findings, four climatic zones including a humid climate zone located in the northern parts of Gilan province to the western and central plains of Mazandaran province, a semi-humid climate zone including the eastern and central parts of Mazandaran province to parts of the western and southern regions of Gilan province and western parts of Golestan province, semi-arid climate zone located in the southern parts of the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, and arid climate zone located in the eastern and northeastern parts of Golestan province for the region were identified. ConclusionThe output of this study was four climatic clusters for the study area, which is different from the study of Nazmafar and Goldoust (2015) who in their research on the zoning of the north and northwest of the country, identified three climatic zones for the northern region. In their study, the first climate zone with the effect of precipitation factor was located in the southwest of the Caspian Sea and the second climate zone with the effect of temperature factor was located in a part of the southern shores of the Caspian Sea and the northern slopes of Alborz Mountain range. Therefore, the present study has provided more specific and accurate climatic zones. The findings of this study are consistent with the findings of Montazeri and Bai (2012). They showed in their research that Mazandaran province was located in two humid and semi-cold climates with low rainfall, Gilan province was located in two humid and semi-humid regions, and Golestan province was located in the climate zones of humid, semi-humid, cold, low rainfall, semi-cold, and low rainfall. Also, the findings of this study were consistent with the findings of Fallah Ghaleri et al. (2015) in the field of climatic zoning in Gilan province. References- Biabiany, E., Bernard, D., Page, V., & Paugam-Moisy, H. (2020). Design of an expert distance metric for climate clustering: The case of rainfall in the Lesser Antilles. Journal of Computers and Geosciences, 145, 1-15.- Carvalho, M., Melo-Gonçalves, P., Teixeira, J., & Rocha, T. (2016). Regionalization of Europe based on a K-Means Cluster Analysis of the climate change of temperatures and precipitation. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 94, 22-28.- Schmidt, G. (2019). The Ecological relevance of parameter choice in describing climate. The Ecological relevance of parameter choice in describing climate, 6, 1-26.- Tapiador, F., Moreno, R., & Navarro, A. (2019). Consensus in climate classifications for present climate and global warming scenarios. Journal of Atmospheric Research, 216, 26-36.- Yang, L., Bai, L., Song, B., & Liu, N. (2020). A new approach to develop a climate classification for building energy efficiency addressing Chinese climate characteristics. Energy, 195, 1-14.- Zhao, J., Xia, B., Han, J., & Liang, K. (2020). Technological adaption zone of passive evaporative cooling of China, based on clustering analysis. Journal of Sustainable Cities and Society, 66, 1-10.

NK cells are defined as the major components of the immunological network which exerts defense against tumors and viral infections as well as regulation of innate and adaptive immunity, shaped through interaction with other cells like T cells. According to the surface markers, NK cells can be divided into CD56dim NK and CD56bright NK subsets. CD56bright NK cells usually are known as regulatory NK cells. Once the immune system loses its self-tolerance, autoimmune diseases develop. NK cells and their subsets can be altered during autoimmune diseases, indicative of their prominent regulatory roles and even pathological and protective functions in autoimmune disorders. In this regard, activation of CD56bright NK cells can suppress activated autologous CD4+ T cells and subsequently prevent the initiation of autoimmunity. In this review article, we summarize the roles of regulatory NK cells in autoimmune disease occurrence which needs more research to uncover their exact related mechanism. It seems that targeting NK cells can be a promising therapeutic platform against autoimmune diseases.

Introduction: Providing a stable hemodynamic in extubation is important. We aimed to compare the effect of two different doses of intravenous labetalol on the cardiovascular response to endotracheal extubation. Methods: This double-blind randomized trial was performed in 2019-2020 in Isfahan on 72 patients under general anesthesia. Patients using Random Allocation software were divided into three groups and received 0.1 mg/ kg or 0.2 mg/kg labetalol and normal saline intravenously 10 min before extubation. Hemodynamic variables including heart rate (HR), Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and peripheral blood oxygen saturation(SPO2) was measured for each patient before induction of anesthesia and 1, 3, 5 and 10 minutes after extubation. Results: SBP changes were significantly different between the three groups at 1, 3, 5 minutes after extubation (P=0.036, P=0.009, P=0.005 respectively) unlike the other two groups, patients who received 0.2 mg/kg labetalol did not have an increase in DBP after extubation (P>0.05). DBP was significantly different between the three groups one minute after extubation (P=0.03). At minutes 1 and 3 following extubation, there was a significant difference in the MAP between the three groups. (P=0.029 and P=0.012 respectively). There was no significant difference between the three groups regarding heart rate (P>0.05). Conclusion: Tracheal extubation is usually associated with an increase in hemodynamic variables. Both doses of labetalol attenuate the hemodynamic response accompanying tracheal extubation. But labetalol 0.2 mg/kg in reducing hemodynamic response to extubation acted more effectively than labetalol 0.1mg/kg.

The purpose of the present study was to predict marital burnout between couples based on psychological entitlement and romantic perfectionism. This research was a descriptive-correlation study. The statistical population of the study included all the couples who referred to Hamedan Counseling Centers such as Mehr, Mehravar, Sepidar, Roozbeh, Hale-Khoob, Farzaneh, due to marital problems in spring and summer (May, June, July) of 2018-2019. For the statistical sample, 220 clients were selected purposefully. 215 questionnaires were completed, 7 of which were incomplete and finally, 208 questionnaires were statistically analyzed. To collect the research data, Pines Marital Burnout Measure (1996), Lisard et al. (2011) Psychological Entitlement Measure, and Matt & Lafountain (2012) The Adaptation of Romantic Perfectionism Scale were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation Coefficient and regression analysis. Findings indicated that there is a positive significant relationship between romantic perfectionism and marital burnout (P

Abstract Finding alignments between millions of reads and genome sequences is crucial in computational biology. Since the standard alignment algorithm has a large computational cost, heuristics have been developed to speed up this task. Though orders of magnitude faster, these methods lack theoretical guarantees and often have low sensitivity especially when reads have many insertions, deletions, and mismatches relative to the genome. Here we develop a theoretically principled and efficient algorithm that has high sensitivity across a wide range of insertion, deletion, and mutation rates. We frame sequence alignment as an inference problem in a probabilistic model. Given a reference database of reads and a query read, we find the match that maximizes a log-likelihood ratio of a reference read and query read being generated jointly from a probabilistic model versus independent models. The brute force solution to this problem computes joint and independent probabilities between each query and reference pair, and its complexity grows linearly with database size. We introduce a bucketing strategy where reads with higher log-likelihood ratio are mapped to the same bucket with high probability. Experimental results show that our method is more accurate than the state-of-the-art approaches in aligning long-reads from Pacific Bioscience sequencers to genome sequences.

Objective Wearable sensors offer non-invasive, portable, and generally convenient ways to monitor sports training. This systematic review aims to present current evidence on using wearable sensors in sports for athletes. Methods IArticles published in English before May 2020 were searched in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and EBSCO databases. Titles, abstracts, and keywords were probed with a search string including terms related to wearable sensors and sports. In addition to providing insight into how performance is achieved, these sensors also provide detailed kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic information. Wearable sensors such as inertial sensors and electromyography are the most suitable from this point of view. Results Advances have been dramatic as sensors have become smaller, more precise, and capable of measuring more accurate data. Force plates measure the ground reaction forces that an athlete exerts while running, jumping, or landing. This information is critical in preventing injuries and understanding how different movement patterns affect performance. Strength platforms can also assess balance and stability, helping to develop injury prevention protocols and rehabilitation programs. Conclusion Reviewing the literature, inertial sensors are the most commonly used to evaluate athletes' performance. However, electromyography may also be used. Even though a wide range of sports was examined in the studies, running was the dominant sport evaluated. Therefore, researchers, athletes, and coaches find it helpful to understand current sports performance assessment technologies.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Iran’s mass education centers, which house a large number of trainees, encountered numerous difficulties in managing the disease. Understanding these challenges can help manage future pandemics. This study was conducted to explore the challenges of managing the COVID-19 pandemic in mass education centers in Iran. Methods: In this qualitative study, we used a qualitative content analysis of data collected from June to October 2022 in eight mass education centers in Iran. Semi-structured interviews (n=19) were used for data collection. Results: Four main themes and eleven subthemes were identified: The essence of dormitory life (Subthemes included: "The high population density in the dormitory", "Public toilets" and, Interprovincial travel), the inflexibility of the profession (Subthemes included: "Inapplicable health protocols" and, "Inflexible rules and regulations"), Negligence (Subthemes included: "Not adhering to health protocols", "Non acceptance of illness", and "High-risk taking"), and Weakness of health-care platform (Subthemes included: "shortage of healthcare facilities", "Lack of specialized personnel", and "The uni-dimensional aspect of healthcare services"). Conclusion: We identified several challenges that made the handling of COVID-19 difficult in Iran’s centers for mass education. These findings can help future research in addressing the challenges and designing adaptable plans for pandemic management in mass education centers.

Pandemics are among the most important events affecting various economic, social, cultural, and political aspects, hence an acid test of functioning of states. Considered as a kind of intervention in social relations, the epidemic disease, owing to its characteristics, targets the logic of established relationships and can potentially have an epoch-making capability. This internal characteristic renders the epidemic disease completely political. In this respect, the present research tries to answer the key question of what negative and positive effects pandemics exert on politics. The research is based on the hypothesis that pandemics have both negative and positive dimensions. The negative aspects include several issues imposed on societies, such as the increased instability, civil war, insecurity, increased power of the state and statism, rebellion, etc. Meanwhile, pandemics have positive aspects, such as the social and political cohesion, peace and cooperation between nation-states, growth of cyberspace activities and more pressure on the state, cessation of some wars, and growth of political and freedom-seeking movements—which are generally overlooked under the shadow of great challenges.There is ample literature, both in English and in Persian, on epidemic diseases and the global coronavirus disease. In her book The Impact of Outbreaks of Infectious Diseases on Political Stability, Menzel (2018) argues that the spread of Ebola, tuberculosis, and influenza caused unrest in some countries. Examining about 120 countries during an eighteen-year-long period, she observes that the three diseases were significantly correlated with the level of political stability in the affected countries in a particular year. Moreover, the research on the US policies in prevention of AIDS in African countries observed that the HIV pandemic caused international instability and insecurity, especially in African countries, so HIV has become a priority for the US foreign policy. Despite the research attempts, it seems that the topic has not been dealt with in a focused manner. In this respect, the present article intends to examine each of these pandemics in a historical context in order to shed light on their impact on politics and the political. The present study is thus necessary given its innovative subject.Focused on a novel research topic, the present study pursues the following objectives: the scientific explanation and analysis of the political effects of pandemics (esp. COVID–19), the analysis of the impact of the COVID–19 pandemic on the nature and performance of states, and the explanation of the effects of the COVID–19 pandemic on transparency, elections, and in general, on democratic processes in different countries.Imposed on societies throughout history, crises such as pandemics are generally considered as a manifestation of the political. For example, due to the outbreak of plague, merchants closed their shops and fled to the outskirts, which left workers and artisans without a livelihood. The closure of stores caused unemployment, leading to conflict over resources and the ensuing insecurity and chaos. In addition, the pandemic was one of the apparent reasons underlying the population decline, the death of elders, and the death of political and intellectual elite, which gave rise to the urban and rural chaos, insecurity and disorder in social relations, and the political chaos. Cholera is another pandemic affecting political life throughout history. The cholera pandemic not only caused a decline in population and state power as well as an increase in protests in countries such as India, but also disturb the power of empires and the sense of security of Western powers and put their vulnerability at risk. It also created tensions over whether global communications would remain open or closed. The Spanish flu, which occurred during World War I, killed a large number of people, resulted in chaos in different parts of the world, and changed the war plans and peace negotiations. Concerning HIV, the children losing their parents due to the disease are more likely to be recruited to terrorist groups. Furthermore, individuals with HIV, especially women, are excluded from society and politics.Despite their challenges, pandemics can have positive effects, albeit minimal, on politics. For instance, the plague pandemic caused a revolution of the elite and intellectuals and could stop the Hundred Years’ War between England and France. The influenza pandemic brought a sense of urgency to improve public health, leading to advances in medical science, public health planning, and international cooperation among states. Due to the cholera pandemic, the world states start international cooperation with each other, thus initiating the efforts to conclude international health agreements. HIV has also been an opportunity to correct fundamental injustices and mobilize positive political movements concerning issues such as women’s, children’s, and homosexuals’ rights.Regarding the negative effects COVID–19, the pandemic challenged and questioned many political issues. For example, it challenged participation in elections and voting as an obvious form of political activity. Moreover, the outbreak of COVID–19 led to a decline in the process of consensus building in most countries, with the executive branch taking and implementing decisions. The pandemic was also used as a pretext for limiting media activities. More importantly, the outbreak of COVID–19 led to an unprecedented increase in injustice and discrimination around the world. Meanwhile, the pandemic created good opportunities, such as generating new forms of civil mobilization, providing the means for human convergence, and reducing defense costs at the national and global levels.In general, although pandemics fundamentally challenge human life in various fields and particularly in politics, they intentionally or unintentionally open up a few opportunities for politics and politicians. Likewise, the COVID–19 pandemic brought about sweeping changes, created positive trends, and could revive many faded or forgotten areas in the political arena—the aspect which used to be hidden in the heavy shadow of the killing and harm caused by the virus.

Ryle, the most prominent proponent of anti-intellectualism, and Stanley and Williamson, the most influential intellectualists, both invoke dispositions to explain the ascription of knowledge-how. It is now well known that conditional analyses of disposition suffer from two types of counterexamples: finkish and masked dispositions. If it is the case that dispositions play a role in the analysis of ascription of knowledge-how, and dispositions can be masked and finkish, then an important question arises: Can knowing-how be masked or finkish too? In response to this question, Hawley claims that (1) unlike dispositions, knowledge-how does not seem liable to finkishness, and (2) knowledge-how can be accounted for in terms of counterfactual success. In this paper both claims will be challenged. I seek to show that Hawley's account faces two problems: an unjustified asymmetry and a puzzle. I also argue that knowledge-how can, intuitively, be finkish and masked, and therefore the counterfactual analysis of knowing-how suggested by Ryle, Stanley and Hawley fails. What is more, I show that the debate on finkish and masked dispositions can shed a new light on the practical component which is necessary for knowing-how. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Social isolation of older adults is one of the major global concerns associated with widespread negative outcomes. The present study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the social disconnectedness and perceived isolation scales in Iranian older adults. Methods & Materials: The translation/back-translation process was performed based on the standard protocol of world health organization. Face and content validities were assessed based on the opinions of a panel of experts. The content validity of the scales was evaluated by calculating the content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). Internal consistency, reliability, and construct validity were evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha, test-retest method, and factor analyses, respectively. Factorial structure of the scales was tested using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling in a sample of 390 community-dwelling older adults aged ≥ 60 years residing in Tabriz, Iran. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 26 and AMOS version 24. Results: For the social disconnectedness scale, CVR‌=‌0.98 and CVI‌=‌0.91; for the perceived isolation scale, CVR‌=‌0.91 and CVI‌=‌0.96. The EFA with the varimax rotation identified new factors in both scales. Cronbach’s alpha of 0.64 for the social disconnectedness scale and 0.76 for the perceived isolation scale showed that their internal consistency was acceptable. The number of factors in the social disconnectedness scale changed from two to three factors, and the number of factors in the perceived isolation scale changed from two to four factors in the Persian versions. The CFA and SEM confirmed the three-factor solution of the Persian version of the social disconnectedness scale (RMSEA=0.050, GFI=0.951, CFI=0.950, and TLI=0.955) and the four-factor solution of the Persian version of perceived isolation scale (RMSEA=0.045, GFI=0.955, CFI=0.955, and TLI=0.950). Conclusion: Although the structures are different from those of the main versions, the Persian versions of the social disconnectedness and perceived isolation scales have acceptable reliability and validity to be used in Iranian older adults.

IntroductionToday, organizations in various fields are facing huge challenges. The common focus of all of them is the development of knowledge, technology and innovation. To quickly adapt to these challenges and changing needs, organizations need to improve their employees’ innovations and creativities. Educational organizations as the most prominent, most influential, and most extensive organizations are responsible for people’s formal education and training in the society, as well as providing human resources to other organizations. They have an important and extraordinary impact on sustainability, social, economic, and cultural aspects of every country. As the most important members and architects of educational organizations and schools, teachers are considered the main element of competence of any educational system. The importance and unique role of creativity and innovative performance of teachers as a strategic source and designer and implementer of organizational systems and products have now found a far higher position in education than in the past. Since the majority of human resources working in the education system are teachers, addressing the current state of creativity, as well as the factors affecting their innovative performance in schools, is of double importance. Based on the findings of previous researches, leadership styles are one of the factors influencing teachers’ innovative performance. Exploitative leadership as a very self-interested leadership style has many negative effects. It leads to a decrease in job satisfaction and emotional commitment, an increase in the intention to leave the job, job burnout, deviant behaviors in the workplace, hiding knowledge, and reducing the employees’ productivity and innovative performance. Hiding knowledge as another factor affecting innovative performance has destructive effects on organizational effectiveness in the current era. As a negative behavior that includes a conscious refusal to provide knowledge and is requested by another person it can disrupt the relationships between employees, lead to mistrust, and be very harmful to individual and organizational performance. Considering that exploitative leaders play an important role in teachers’ attitudes and behaviors and the exploitative leadership style as one of the new leadership styles has not been investigated and studied in the country so far, we decided to fill this research gap by examining the consequences and results of this leadership style in schools and find out the answer to this question: How do exploitative leaders in schools reduce teachers’ innovative performance by hiding knowledge? Materials & MethodsThe current research was based on an applied goal and with a descriptive-correlation method. The research population included all the teachers of two districts of Shiraz (1945 people). The sample size (319 teachers) was determined based on the simple random sampling method and Cochran’s formula. The questionnaires of Schmid and colleagues (2019) for exploitative leadership with 15 items with 5 subscales of showing selfish behaviors (Questions 1 to 3), applying pressure (Questions 4 to 6), undermining employees’ developments (Questions 7 to 9), gaining credibility (Questions 10 to 12), and hypocrisy (Questions 13 to 15), questionnaires Connelly and Zweig (2015) for concealment of knowledge with 12 items and 3 subscales of evasive concealment (Questions 1 to 4), logical concealment (Questions 5 to 8), and dumbing down (Questions 9 to 12), and questionnaires of Huang and Li (2018) for innovative performance with 7 items and 2 subscales of executive innovation (Questions 1 to 4) and technical innovation (Questions 5 to 7) were used in the 5-point Likert scale to collect the data. Discussion of Results & ConclusionsThe aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between exploitative leadership and innovative performance through the mediating role of knowledge hiding. The results of the research showed that the leadership variable had a direct, negative, and significant relationship with the teachers’ innovative performance at the level of 0.05; hiding knowledge had a direct, negative, and significant relationship with their innovative performance at the level of 0.05; and exploitative leadership had an indirect, negative, and significant relationship with their innovative performance at the level of 0.05. To improve teachers’ creativities, it is suggested that education officials and school administrators exchange information and knowledge by studying and recognizing the undesirable characteristics of exploitative leadership and the destructive consequences that this leadership style can have on the performance of teachers and schools and thus try to induce creative performance in teachers.

The restriction on the development of agricultural fields due to the population growth and the conversion of arable land to residential one has caused the failure in the production of macular crops. Also, the increase in greenhouse gases especially resulting from livestock on farms and also urban life and the resulting climate change; have posed major environmental challenges to almost all human activities over the years. Currently, modern biotechnology can be used for sustainable development in agricultural productivity and related industries to solve human problems in diseases, poverty, pollution, and the current food crisis. Because the traditional systems can no longer meet the world's food needs. Therefore, there is an urgent need to use modern biotechnology to accelerate the development of executive programs.

The study of the rural situation in Iran shows that the sustainability of rural housing, which safeguards the survival of their inhabitants, has been affected by recent decades’ procedures and policies, in terms of their physical body, economies and culture. This has led to the threatening of rural life as well as environmental and human instability. This study has considered the yard and other open spaces of rural housing as important parts of life, in order to then explore the role of yards in the sustainability of rural housing. A survey is conducted in the villages around the city of Garmsar, collecting information through field observations and questionnaires, which is then described and analysed, with findings and analysed data going through factor analysis and one-way analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA). The results show that out of the nine identified factors, six are more influential. Livelihood and production, the physical factor in terms of area and percentage of unbuilt space, social adaptation factor and the yard function in interactions between residents and neighbours, environmental stability and adaptation factor in rural housing, are found to be most influential, both in traditional and rebuilt houses. On the other hand, the biological and residential factors of the yards in terms of constant life functions and fulfilling basic needs, and the service-comfort factors concerning daylighting and parking etc. have been most influential in contemporary houses.

Unusual levels of agricultural product waste are becoming one of the issues and dangers that human societies face in their efforts to achieve food security. Therefore, reducing agricultural product waste is one of the main strategies for the optimal use of production resources and support food security. In this study, a multilevel Bayesian technique was used to examine the characteristics of customers and the effects of marketing mix on the waste of selected agricultural products—a subgroup of fruits and vegetables in Mashhad, Iran. Based on this, 368 consumers (at the first level), 53 fruit and vegetable markets (at the second level), and 3 main supply centers of fruit and vegetables in the city (at the third level) were evaluated using the Bayesian multilevel model. The results showed that approximately 56% of food waste variance was caused by differences between consumers, 29% is due to the differences between fruit and vegetable markets, and almost 14% is due to the differences between the main supply centers of Mashhad. Also, the effects of the marketing mix showed that the place of distribution of agricultural products always has an increasing effect on the waste of agricultural products. Moreover, increasing the price of agricultural products reduces waste by consumers and keeps the consumer away from unnecessary purchases. The product factor also has an increasing effect on the waste of agricultural products, and consumers are encouraged to consume more and create more waste. A good way to reduce agricultural product waste is to use solutions that slow down the spoilage process and extend the shelf life of fruit and vegetables. Using an appropriate marketing mix and considering the characteristics of consumers can also control the waste of agricultural products.

In this article published in Cell J, Vol 17, No 1, 2015, on pages 159-162, the authors found that the affiliation of secondauthor in address 2 was missed during the formatting of the paper. Therefore, we corrected it.The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience.

Among the educational levels, high school is of special importance, because at this point in time, in addition to entering a new level, students are at a new stage in terms of emotional, moral and social development. Among high school courses, Persian literature course is of special importance; Because literature is the spectrum of all our learning and through it ideas are nurtured and people can have a good understanding of social issues and also get acquainted with the culture of the present and the past;Therefore, compiling the curriculum of Persian books in the framework of the goals that lead the audience to them is of special importance. One type of curriculum is the absurd curriculum, which shows how successful the curriculum authors have been in developing it.When the curriculum planning system does not intentionally present or teach certain concepts and issues, or the content presented in the textbook is not commensurate with the intellectual age of the students, or what the students read but cannot put into practice, it means The curriculum has been absurd. At the same time, there are cases in various textbooks that, according to some experts in the field of curriculum, may not be compatible with the needs and social, cultural, etc. developments of society and are obsolete, which is called redundant curriculum.Considering the importance of these two types of curricula and the special place of Persian literature in high school, in the present

In this study relation between average minimum and maximum of temperature and rainfall as independent variables of 223 synoptic meteorological stations in Iran and wheat yield as dependent variable in 223 regions during the statistical period of 2017-2017 in the monthly time scale of the growing season and the total growth period was investigated. In data analysis, spatial statistics analysis methods in Arc/GIS 10.4.1 software were used, using Moran autocorrelation test, and geographic weighted regression their spatial relationships were tested. The result of Moran index showed that spatial distribution of wheat yield follows cluster pattern. Analysis Geographic weighted regression has showed rainfall has remarkable effect on wheat yield. In addition, analysis showed rainfall has positive effects on wheat yield especially in dry and warm regions of Central, and Southeastern. The results showed the positive effect of temperature increase on wheat yield, which gradually decreased toward the southern parts in proportion to the decrease in altitude and increase in temperature. So that the effect of increasing daily temperatures (maximum) in cold mountainous areas is positive, while in east, central and southern parts of Iran negative effects of temperature over wheat yield were seen due to heat stress. Therefore, in hot and semi-warm regions of the country, increasing the temperature along with increasing rainfall can have a positive effect on wheat yield. In these areas, it is better to cultivate wheat in the highlands or in cold weather and used irrigation systems to reduce drought stress at critical stages of wheat growth.

The depths required for drilling in different types of soil vary according to the type of load applied. The possibility of dynamic loading from a blast during a military or terrorist attack or by exploding gas pipelines. along with other types of loading, is essential for the construction of safe structures. It is necessary to consider dynamic loading from a possible explosion when determining the depth of the boreholes. The present study numerically modeled sandy and clay soils under dry and saturated conditions that experience 50 to 300 kg of TNT explosive loading on the surface and at a depth of four meters from the soil surface. For this purpose, Abacus software, Eulerian-Lagrangian coupling, and three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic analysis using the finite element method have been used. Case studies were examined by initially determining the net vertical stress created in the soil under the blast load then, after obtaining the range of impact of the blast for each case, the percentage of increase in the borehole depth was calculated by considering the effect of the blast load. The values calculated for sandy soil was 5% to 92.5%, for clay soil was 7.5% to 185%, for saturated sandy soil was 2.5% to 179% and for saturated clay soil was 4.5% to 113%.

Abstract As antibiotic resistance is becoming a major public health problem worldwide, one of the approaches for novel antibiotic discovery is re-purposing drugs available on the market for treating antibiotic resistant bacteria. The main economic advantage of this approach is that since these drugs have already passed all the safety tests, it vastly reduces the overall cost of clinical trials. Recently, several machine learning approaches have been developed for predicting promising antibiotics by training on bioactivity data collected on a set of small molecules. However, these methods report hundreds/thousands of bioactive molecules, and it remains unclear which of these molecules possess a novel mechanism of action. While the cost of high-throughput bioactivity testing has dropped dramatically in recent years, determining the mechanism of action of small molecules remains a costly and time-consuming step, and therefore computational methods for prioritizing molecules with novel mechanisms of action are needed. The existing approaches for predicting bioactivity of small molecules are based on uninterpretable machine learning, and therefore are not capable of determining known mechanism of action of small molecules and prioritizing novel mechanisms. We introduce InterPred, an interpretable technique for predicting bioactivity of small molecules and their mechanism of action. InterPred has the same accuracy as the state of the art in bioactivity prediction, and it enables assigning chemical moieties that are responsible for bioactivity. After analyzing bioactivity data of several thousand molecules against bacterial and fungal pathogens available from Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery and a US Food and Drug Association-approved drug library, InterPred identified five known links between moieties and mechanism of action.

Cultural, social, and economic changes and the compulsion of government institutions to create a new way of life and improve the conditions of villagers have brought about changes in rural housing. Thus, yard, which is an integral part of a rural house, undergoes fundamental changes in its body and function. Considering the role of the yard in rural life and with the aim of finding the factors affecting its physical and functional changes, the research studies and examines the rural settlements of Garmsar city. The study is applied research and the method is descriptive-analytical. Data have been collected through field observation, surveying, documents, and library resources. The villages have been selected purposefully and non-randomly, and the sample size is 5% of the statistical population in a random way. Data analysis was done with SPSS and factor analysis to classify the physical and functional factors of the yard. Then, using the one-way analysis of variance (One-Way Anova) it described and analyzed the information. The results show that among the 4 factors identified in the physical changes of the yard, 2 factors, i.e., diversity and flexibility and open space have a significant connection with traditional and contemporary buildings and are most effective in traditional and renovated houses. In other words, there is a hierarchy in the construction of the yard in the rural housing, and in the new rural housing, diversity and open space are also reduced. In this research, open space is a part of yard that includes the essentials of rural life and does not include only unbuilt spaces. Furthermore, the results of functional change analysis also show that, among the 3 identified components, only the factor related to livelihood function has a significant connection and the function of spaces such as: toilets, equipment storages, kitchens, entrances, and terraces in the yards of old houses and reconstruction plays a more effective role than in the yards of contemporary houses.

IntroductionTeachers face a high workload and pressure due to working conditions. One of the major issues that is usually seen as a reaction to job and organizational pressures among teachers is the phenomenon of burnout. Burnout refers to teachers' severe reactions to their inabilities to successfully adapt to their job stresses and pressures. Discovering the causes of burnout helps to understand how it is motivated. Teacher burnout depends on several factors. The quality of management and leadership in schools is one of the most prominent factors. Not all school leaders are necessarily effective and have the right qualities. This is where the dark edge of leadership (toxic leadership) comes into play as a hidden and strict dimension of leadership. Another factor that causes teachers' burnout is organizational silence. Teachers have information, ideas, and perspectives that can be useful for work and organization. They sometimes express their information and ideas and sometimes remain silent. Organizational silence is a new term that refers to employees' refusal of commenting on organizational and management problems. Another factor that increases the rate of teachers’ burnout is organizational obstruction. Comprehensive materials and emotional supports provided by the Organization of Education increase teachers' desire to stay and work harder in the system of education. However, this organization sometimes shows itself on the other side and diminishes teachers’ morale and hope for the future by creating obstacles in the way of achieving their goals. Such a phenomenon is called organizational obstruction in the organizational studies. A review of the research literature shows that no research at home and abroad has examined the simultaneous relationship of toxic leadership, silence, and organizational obstruction with teachers' burnout so far. Given the research gap mentioned in this study, we aimed to investigate the causes of teachers’ burnout by determining how toxic leaders provide the grounds for teachers' burnout in schools through mediation of organizational obstruction and silence. Materials & MethodsThe present study pursued an applied purpose by using a descriptive-correlation method. The study population included all the teachers (2140 people), who were teaching in the schools of District 3 in Shiraz City in the academic year of 2020-2021. The sample size of 324 teachers was determined based on Systematic Random Sampling (SRS) and Cochran's formula. To collect the data, Schmidt’s toxic leadership questionnaire (2008) with 28 items and 5 subscales (offensive leadership, authoritarian leadership, narcissism, ambition, and unpredictability), organizational Obstruction described by Gibney et al. (2009) with 16 items and 4 subscales (interference in job performance, obstruction of personal goals, obstruction of career goals, and inattention to employee well-being), organizational silence described by Dimitres and Vakola (2005) with 13 items and 3 subscales (defensive silence, obedient silence, and friendly silence), and burnout described by Maslash & Jackson (1981) with 22 items and 3 subscales (emotional fatigue, depersonalization, and lack of personal success), were used in the 5-point Likert scale. Data analysis was performed by using structural equation modeling and SPSS and LISREL software. Discussion of Results & ConclusionsThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between toxic leadership and teachers' burnout due to the mediating role of organizational obstruction and silence.The results showed that toxic leadership had a direct, positive, and significant relationship with the variables of burnout, organizational obstruction, and organizational silence at the level of 0.05. Organizational obstruction was directly, positively, and significantly related to burnout. Also, organizational silence had a direct, positive, and significant relationship with burnout. Toxic leadership caused by organizational obstruction had an indirect, positive, and significant relationship with burnout at the level of 0.05. Moreover, toxic leadership caused by organizational silence had an indirect, positive, and significant relationship with burnout at the level of 0.05. Therefore, it could be said that organizational obstruction and silence played a mediating role in the relationship between toxic leadership and burnout.Finally, to reduce teachers’ burnout, it is suggested that the education officials of the 3rd district of Shiraz City choose ethical principals, who are aware of positive and negative aspects and characteristics of different styles. Leadership is concerned with a firm belief in the core mission of education and schools. Managers, who value teachers' opinions, suggestions, and well-being and provide suitable conditions for their success in various fields, must be considered for managing the schools.

Human capital is one of the most effective and important factors that affect economic growth. Efficient manpower makes it possible to increase production and added value, and ignoring this important factor can be one of the reasons for underdevelopment in some developing countries. Also, investing in human capital and increasing its share in the total investment of the country, causes better utilization of physical capital and is an important factor in the process of economic growth and development. Therefore, studying the effect of each of these factors on economic growth can help economists in appropriate policy-making. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of demographic change and human capital on economic growth in Iran to examine the relationship between demographic change, human capital and economic growth in Iran. The study period was (2019-2010) and ARDL technique was used to estimate the study model. According to the results of the long-term dynamic model, it was observed that there is a significant relationship between demographic change and human capital with economic growth. In other words, increasing population change through the dependence of young people and adults has a negative effect on economic growth, but population growth also has a positive effect on economic growth. However, the effect of population changes on economic growth with respect to the coefficients of population change variables reveals its negative effect on economic growth in Iran. It was also found that the life expectancy index of human capital indicators has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in Iran during the study period. In other words, investing in the labor force and increasing their welfare and security in order to improve the life expectancy index, will lead to better economic growth.

We present a 33-year-old male case who underwent pathologic oral surgery. The mydriasis was completely resolved approximately 7 h after the end of the operation without any medical or surgical interventions. Neuro-ophthalmic exam showed that there was no ptosis or ophthalmoplegia. There was no clinical evidence for a Horner syndrome. Meticulous ophthalmological examination, especially pupillary examination, plays an important role in diagnosis and management of neurological disease.

BackgroundThe health system was challenged during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nurses, as part of the health system, were expected to manage themselves in a situation where everyone was in crisis and to be able to do their work quietly and calmly. This study was conducted to show how Iranian nurses faced the COVID-19 crisis.MethodsIn a qualitative content analysis study, 16 participants, including eight nurses, five supervisors, and three head nurses of a university hospital in Tehran, Iran, were interviewed between February and December 2020. Using purposive sampling, nurses who were working with patients with COVID-19 were selected to be involved. Data were analyzed using MAXQDA 10 software, and codes were categorized based on similarities and differences.FindingData analysis revealed 212 codes. These codes were classified based on similarities and differences in 16 categories, and four main themes emerged: unpreparedness, positive adaptation, negative coping, and reorganization.ConclusionSince nurses are on the frontline in times of biological disaster, the COVID-19 pandemic provided an opportunity to demonstrate the role of nurses in reducing the burden of disease, identifying problems and opportunities, and planning appropriate interventions.

In this article, the vibration and buckling of a double-layer Graphene sheet (DLGS) coupled with a piezoelectric nanoplate through an elastic medium (Pasternak and Winkler models) are investigated. DLGS are subjected to biaxial in-plane forces and van der Waals force existing between each layer. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric nanoplate is subjected to an external electric potential. For the sake of this study, sinusoidal shear deformation theory of orthotropic plate expanded with Eringen’s nonlocal theory is selected. The results indicate that nondimensional frequency and nondimensional critical buckling load rise when the ratio of width to thickness increases. Furthermore, incrementing the effect of elastic medium parameter results in increasing the stiffness of the system and, consequently, rising nondimensional frequency and critical buckling load.

IntroductionEducational organizations play an important role in moving underdeveloped communities towards development. Having efficient and balanced educational organizations can help produce and expand other indicators of development. The undeniable impact of educational organizations, especially schools, on the development and political, economic, cultural and social integration, and improving the quality and effectiveness of these organizations has become an important issue for countries. Attention is paid to the quality of the global movement, and organizations that fail to do so are in danger of being destroyed. Organizational excellence is a strategic tool that helps organizations to achieve quality and competitive advantage in achieving their goals by identifying strengths and improvements to design and implement an ideal model for the growth and development of organizations. Educational organizations, especially schools, which are the major scientific institutions in the production of knowledge, skills, technology, and training of the future builders of the society should step forward as much as possible in the path of growth and excellence to become an organization. Leading companies move ahead of the competitive environment. Leadership styles are one of the factors affecting the organizational excellence of schools. Among the leadership styles, Level 5 leadership as a new perspective for 21st-century organizations can be the newest and at the same time the most practical model that puts organizations in an optimised position. Another prerequisite for the organizational excellence of schools is excellence in human resources. Teachers, as the most important human resource, provide the necessary ground for the progress, development, and in a more precise sense, excellence in schools. Comparing the current situation with the desired situation, as well as the success and continuous improvement of the country's schools with the schools of developed countries, indicate the lack of effectiveness and quality in our country's schools. Therefore, in order to improve the quality and compare the current situation with the optimal (ideal) situation of schools, the use of an organizational excellence model seems necessary. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the question of how level five leadership and structural empowerment through the mediating role of teachers' psychological empowerment could lead to organizational excellence in schools. Materials and MethodsThe present descriptive-correlational study is based on an applied purpose. The statistical population of the study was 16264 primary school teachers in Fars province. Considering the research population, the random sampling method of relative classes and Cochran's formula (at alpha level 0.05; error value 0.05 and p and q ratio equal to 0.5) was used, so the statistical sample size of 375 teachers was selected. To collect the data, four questionnaires of Cham Asmani (2007), Structural Empowerment of Kordanij, Bakhshizadeh and Fatholahi (2015), Psychological Empowerment of Spritzer and Mishra (1995), and Organizational Excellence of Amarloo (2017) were used. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the questionnaires were 0.96, 0.93, 0.94, and 0.91, respectively. Discussion of Results and ConclusionsIn today's world, despite the rapid pace of change and transformation in various fields of education, economic, social, political, etc., every organization needs to move and adapt to changes and gradual improvement for survival and stability. Education, along with other institutions, according to its important and valuable mission, needs measures to be added to its agenda including the organization's attention to the organizational excellence of schools. In this regard, the results showed that Level Five Leadership has a direct, positive, and significant relationship at the level of 0.05 with psychological empowerment and organizational excellence of schools. Level 5 leadership has an indirect, positive, and significant relationship with the organizational excellence of schools through psychological empowerment at the level of 0.05. The structural empowerment variable has a direct, positive, and significant relationship at the level of 0.05 with psychological empowerment and organizational excellence of schools. Structural empowerment through psychological empowerment has an indirect, positive, and significant relationship at the level of 0.05 with the organizational excellence of schools. In order to continuously improve the organizational excellence of schools, it is suggested that education officials, in addition to selecting level five leaders for school management, provide teachers with a sense of competence, independence, and influence school affairs by delegating authority and empowering teachers in the formal school structure.

Background and Objectives: Medicinal plants are one of the most important natural resources in each country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-biofilm effect of ethanol and methanol extracts of Ziziphus spina-christi leaves, Peganum harmala, Salvia officinalis, and Querqus brantii on the growth and formation of biofilm by Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: Following evaluation of the susceptibility of the studied Staphylococcus aureus strain to various antibiotics, the growth inhibitory effect of extracts on the bacterium was investigated by disc diffusion method and then the inhibitory effect of the extracts on biofilm formation was evaluated in 96 well micro-titer plates. The means were compared with ANOVA test. Results: The results from antibacterial effect of the extracts showed that the methanol extract of Peganum harmala and Querqus brantii seeds at 350 and 450 mg/ml concentrations had a greater inhibitory effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus than other extracts as well as synthetic antibiotics. The results from anti-biofilm formation effect of the extracts showed that methanol extract of Salvia officinalis leaves and Querqus brantii seeds at 350 mg/ml concentration, and ethanol extract of Salvia officinalis leaves at 350 mg/ml concentration were the lowest concentrations that showed the greatest inhibitory effect on biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus. Other extracts inhibited biofilm formation by this bacterium in higher concentrations. The lowest anti-biofilm effect on Staphylococcus aureus was observed by ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Ziziphus spina-christi leaf. Conclusion: The studied extracts in this study, especially the methanol extracts of Salvia officinalis leaves and Peganum harmala seeds, and ethanol extract of Salvia officinalis leaves are good solutions for S. aureus infection and biofilms formation control and are suggested that be evaluated in In vivo experiments and clinical applications.

Background: The community participation concept has different implications for various individuals. Methods: This research was Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR), which was done in Yazd. The settlement area with a population of 16,000 people is located on the western outskirts of Yazd. With the implementation of health transformation programs in the 11th government, first, the health base in 2016 and then, Dr. Malekafzali Comprehensive Health Services Center in this area have been set up and started to work in 2016 to provide various health services to the residents of this area. Considering the potentials of this neighborhood, including high social cohesion and the existence of a dynamic and popular non-governmental organization, since 2017, this place has been a candidate for the implementation of empowerment and optimal development of neighborhood health (Tabassom project). The steps of implementing the optimal Health development plan (Tabasaom) involved five steps of the area identification, organizing, empowerment, requirement assessment, and intervention and action. The stage of intervention and action was covered in this article. Results: Most of the problems that appeared in this study were non-health issues, encompassing a wide range of issues in other social, cultural, and economic fields. Conclusion: Identified issues consisted of a wide variety of problems that were needed to be resolved through interdisciplinary activities, the support of managers and officials, and the active participation of the community.

Introduction Service and educational organizations as the basis and foundation of cultural, social, economic, and political developments of any society are considered as one of the important pillars of growth and development in all countries, while their employees are under constant pressure to satisfy stakeholders. The improvement of organizational productivity is often faced with stress and other difficult conditions that affect employees’ well-being. One of the major issues that is usually seen as a reaction to job and organizational pressures among employees is the phenomenon of burnout. Considering the role of teacher burnout in reducing the productivity and effectiveness of schools, it is necessary to be aware of this phenomenon and identify its areas of occurrence, as well as its consequences in schools, so as to prevent them. The teacher burnout depends on several factors. The quality of management and leadership in schools is one of the most prominent issues. Not all school leaders are necessarily effective and have the right qualities. This is where the dark edge of leadership, that is destructive leadership, comes into play as its hidden, rigid, and negative dimension. Another factor affecting teacher burnout is procrastination. According to Simpson and Pichel (2009), procrastination is an important factor influencing the teacher burnout. Perceived injustice is another factor that causes teacher burnout. Considering the importance of burnout among teachers, especially elementary teachers and lack of indepth research in this area, an attempt was made in this study to identify the factors affecting teacher burnout and investigate how it happens. Materials & Methods The present research was based on a descriptive-correlation method with an applied purpose. The statistical population of this study included all the primary school teachers in District 3 of Shiraz in 2000. A sample of 322 people was determined based on Morgan’s table by using a random sampling method. Standard questionnaires were utilized to collect the required data. The destructive leadership questionnaire of Lou et al. (2012) with 20 items and 4 subscales (leadership corruption, over-strictness of subordinates, abuse of subordinates, and lack of professional ethics), organizational justice questionnaire of Niehoff & Morman (1993) with 20 items and 3 subscales (distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactive justice), procrastination questionnaire of Saffarinia and Amirkhani Razligi (1390) with 25 items and 3 subscales (inefficiency, anxiety, and disgust with homework), and Maslach burnout questionnaire (1981) with 22 items and 3 subscales (emotional fatigue, depersonalization, and lack of personal success) were employed in the 5-, 5-, 5-, and 7-point Likert scales, respectively. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The aim of this research was to investigate the role of destructive leadership in burnout mediated by organizational justice and procrastination. The results showed that the variable of destructive leadership had a direct, positive, and significant relationship with burnout and negligence of teachers and a direct, negative, and significant relationship with organizational justice at the level of 0.05; organizational justice had a direct, negative, and significant relationship with burnout and negligence of teachers at the level of 0.05; procrastination had a direct, positive, and significant relationship with teacher burnout at the level of 0.05; due to organizational justice and procrastination, destructive leadership had an indirect and significant relationship with teacher burnout at the level of 0.05; and organizational justice had an indirect and significant relationship with teacher burnout due to negligence at the level of 0.05. In terms of implications, to reduce teacher burnout, it is suggested that education officials and school principals reduce the levels of negligence and burnout by being aware of the dark and hidden angles and unfortunate consequences of destructive leadership and observing justice among teachers.