Search

22. Pratylenchus sp. Majd Taheri, Tanha Maafi, Subbotin, Pourjam & Eskandari 2013 (Majd Taheri et al. 2013) 6 ♀: L= 416 (371–473) µm; a = 24.9 (21.7–29.2); b = 5 (4.1–6); b' = 3.7 (3–4.6); c = 18.4 (15.2–20.6); c' = 2.1 (1.8–2.4); St = 14.7 (14–15) µm; V = 75.1 (72.6–76.9) Associated plant and locality. Plum (Gilan). Reference. Majd Taheri et al. 2013 [F, M]. Remarks. The Iranian population of Pratylenchus sp. resembles P. z e a e, sharing most morphological and morphometric characters, but has some differences in tail shape (conoid and terminating in a bluntly rounded end vs narrowly rounded to subacute and bluntly pointed terminus) and lower value of c´(2 vs 2.1–3) (Hashim 1983), (2 vs 3–3.5) (Ryss 1988), (2 vs 2–4) (Van den Berg & Quénéhervé 2000). However, the anal body diameter in Pratylenchus sp. is wider than P. z e a e and the tail is not tapered abruptly at anus level.

5. P. crassi Das & Sultana 1979 (Azimi & Mahdikhani–Moghadam 2013) 8 ♀: L = 437 (420–450) µm; a = 21.4 (20–25); b = 7.9 (7.4–8.5); b´ = 3.5 (3.4–3.6) c = 20.2 (18.6–22); c´ = 2.1 (2–2.4) St = 17.3 (17–18) µm; V = 73.4 (72–77.2); V´ = 78.2 (75–81) Associated plant and locality. Faba bean (Khuzestan). Reference. Azimi & Mahdikhani–Moghadam 2013 [F]. Remarks. The Iranian population of P. crassi closely corresponds to the original description (Das & Sultana 1979). It is characterised by having a flattened lip region with two annuli, lateral fields with four lines, the outer ones being crenate, spherical spermatheca filled with sperm, and cylindrical tail with rounded smooth terminus (there are 12–16 annuli on the ventral side of the tail). The Iranian population is morphologically similar to P. loosi and P. coffeae, in having two labial annuli and four lines in lateral fields. They differ from P. loosi in body length, having an anteriorly located vulva, tail terminus (rounded smooth vs conical) and absence of males. From P. coffeae, they differ in body length, anteriorly located vulva, tail shape (cylindrical vs truncate or hemispherical) and absence of males.

7. P. cruciferus Bajaj &Bhatti 1984 Associated plant and locality. Thuja orientalis L. (Kohgiluyeh and Boyer���Ahmad). Reference. Palashi, N. et al., Yasouj University, Yasouj, 2012, pers. com. Remarks. Description not included in above reference., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on page 186, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

3. P. brachyurus (Godfrey, 1929) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven 1941 Syn: P. leiocephalus Steiner 1949 P. steineri Lordello, Zamith & Boock 1954 (present study) 7 ♀: L= 582.2 (472���729) ��m; a = 26.4 (22.4���30.3); b = 6.1 (5.7���6.7); b�� = 4.9 (4.3���5.6); c = 22.2 (17.4���27.9); c' = 2.1 (1.9���2.4); St = 19.2 (17���21) ��m; V = 83 (81.4���84.5); V�� = 87 (85.8���87.7) Associated plants and localities. Crocus sativus (South Khorasan), olive (Sistan and Baluchestan), potato (Tehran), rapeseed (North Khorasan), sugar beet (West Azerbaijan), tea (Gilan and Mazandaran) and wheat (Kohgiluyeh and Boyer���Ahmad). References. Barooti, S. et al., Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 2002, pers. com; Khezrinejad, N. & Niknam, Gh, Islamic Azad University of Mahabad, Uremia, 2004, pers. com; Tanha Maafi et al. 2004, 2005; Khezrinejad, N. et al., Islamic Azad University of Mahabad, Uremia, 2006, pers. com; Baadl, S. et al., Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 2010, pers. com; Abdollahi 2010; Mirghasemi, S.N. et al., Gilan University, Rasht, 2014, pers. com; present study. Remarks. The Iranian population of P. brachyurus (present study), closely corresponds to the original description (Godfrey 1929). It is characterized by having a labial region with two annuli, the anterior one being angular, lateral fields with four lines, stylet with well���developed basal knobs, vulva at 81.4���84.5 % of body length, postvulval uterine sac less than one body diameter long, spermatheca inconspicuous, non functional, and tail broadly conoid, truncate or spathulate at tip (present study)., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on pages 184-185, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

20. P. scribneri Steiner, in Sherbakoff & Stanley 1943 Syn: P. agilis (Thorne & Malek 1968) Hern��ndez, Jordana, Goldaracena & Pinochet 2000 P. crossandrae Subramaniyan & Sivakumar 1991 (present study) 7 ♀: L= 494.3 (456.5���531) ��m; a = 23.7 (22.8���24.8); b = 5.2 (4.8���5.5); b' = 3.9 (3.9���4); c = 20.3 (19.2���21.3); c' = 2 (1.7���2.5); St = 14.7 (13.5���16) ��m; V = 79 (77.7���79.5); V�� = 83.1 (81.6���83.7) Associated plants and localities. Alfalfa (East Azerbaijan), bean (Ardabil), Berberis vulgaris (South Khorasan), citrus (Fars), field crops (Boshehr), potato (Ardabil and West Azerbaijan) and sugar beet (Lorestan and West Azerbaijan). References. Abivardi et al. 1970; Barooti 1998; Saidi Nayini, F. et al., Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 2000, pers. com; Khezrinejad, N. & Niknam, Gh, Islamic Azad University of Mahabad, Uremia, 2004, pers. com; Tanha Maafi et al. 2004; Tanha Maafi, Z. et al., Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 2006, pers. com; Khezrinejad, N. et al., Islamic Azad University of Mahabad, Uremia, 2006, pers. com; Hatami, B. & Asghari, R, Zanjan University, Zanjan, 2014, pers. com; Eskandari et al. 2015; present study. Remarks. The Iranian population of P. scribneri (present study) closely corresponds to the original description. Thorne & Malek 1968 described P. agilis as being very close to P. scribneri. Hern��ndez et al. (2000) compared both species by non���morphological techniques, and found strong evidence that they are one species. They proposed P. agilis as a junior synonym of P. scribneri. Subramaniyan & Sivakumar 1991 also described P. crossandrae as a new species based on minor differences in b and c values and body annulation, therefore P. crossandrae was also considered as a new junior synonym of P. scribneri (Castillo & Vovlas 2007)., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on page 191, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

23. P. teres Khan & Singh 1975 (Azimi & Mahdikhani���Moghadam 2013) 10 ♀: L = 531 (490���615) ��m; a = 26.9 (25.1���32.2); b = 4.6 (4.1���5.6); b�� = 3.7 (3.2���4.6) c = 16.5 (16.4���19.2); c' = 2.3 (1.5���3); St = 17 (16���18) ��m; V = 73.6 (70���77); V�� = 77.6 (75.2���79.3) Associated plants and localities. Faba bean (Khuzestan), Pistacia atlantica (Fars) and Thuja orientalis (Kohgiluyeh and Boyer���Ahmad). References. Palashi, N. et al., Yasouj University, Yasouj, 2012, pers. com; Azimi & Mahdikhani ��� Moghadam 2013 [F]; Bahrehbar, A. et al., Yasouj University, Yasouj, 2014, pers. com. Remarks. There is no difference between the Iranian population of P. t e re s (Azimi & Mahdikhani���Moghadam 2013) and the original description (Khan & Singh 1975). It is characterized by having a labial region with three annuli, lateral fields with six lines; outer ones being crenate, their number six in vulval region reducing to one at middle of the tail, stylet 16���18 ��m long, spermatheca indistinct and empty, and a conoid tail with annulated tip (there are 22���30 annuli on the ventral side of the tail). It is morphologically close to P. crenatus from which it differs by the fine body annulations, the anterior location of the vulva and presence of six lines in lateral fields., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on page 192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

12. P. jaehni Inserra, Duncan, Troccoli, Dunn, Dos Santos, Kaplan & Vovlas 2001 ( Divsalar et al. 2011) 9 ♀: L= 470 (403���533) ��m; a = 24.2 (22.8���26.6); b = 5.7 (5���6.5); b�� = 3.9 (3.2���4.4); c = 21.6 (16.8���23.8); c�� = 2.3 (1.8���3.3); St = 14.5 (14���15) ��m; V = 79.4 (78.6���80.1) 4 ♂: L = 505 (500���510) ��m; a = 28.8 (27���30.4); b = 5.7 (5.6���5.9); b' = 4 (3.9���4.1); c = 19 (18.7���20.4); c' = 2.5 (2.3���2.6); St = 14.5 (14���15) ��m; Spicules = 17.3 (17���17.6) ��m Associated plant and locality. Orange (Mazandaran). References. Divsalar et al. 2011 [F], 2012. Remarks. The Iranian population of P. jaehni (Divsalar et al. 2011) closely corresponds to the original description (Inserra et al. 2001). It is characterized by having a labial region with two annuli, lateral fields with four lines, longitudinal and interrupted striations present in central band, stylet��� 15 ��m, oval spermatheca filled with sperm, hemispherical tail with rounded terminus and precence of males. One slide collected from Mazandaran (Noshahr and Chalus city) was kindly sent by the authors and examined in present study. The Iranian population was determined to be close to P. l oo s i and P. coffeae. It differs from these two species by the length of the stylet and stylet knobs (less than 15 and 2.7 ��m respectively vs more than 15 and 2.7 ��m), V factor (less than 79 vs more than 79), shorter overlapping of oesophageal glands vs longer in others and tail terminus rounded vs smooth in P. coffeae and pointed in P. loosi., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on page 187, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid, Mohammadi, Abbas (2016): A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran. Zootaxa 4079 (2): 179-204, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2

6. P. crenatus Loof 1960 Syn: P. pratensis apud Thorne 1949 P. clavicaudatus Baranovskaya & Haque 1968 Associated plants and localities. Tea (Golestan) and wheat (Kohgiluyeh and Boyer���Ahmad). References. Pourjam, E. et al., Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1998, pers. com; Abdollahi 2010. Remarks. The Iranian population of Pratylenchus crenatus (Abdollahi 2010) closely corresponds to the original description (Loof 1960). It is characterized by having a labial region with three annuli, lateral fields with six lines; outer ones strongly crenate, inner lines interrupted, long postvulval uterine sac, small spermatheca, and a conoid tail with distinctly annulated tip., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on page 186, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

13. P. kasari Ryss 1982 Associated plant and locality. Pistacia atlantica (Fars). Reference. Bahrehbar, A. et al., Yasouj University, Yasouj, 2014, pers. com. Remarks. Description not included in above reference., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on page 187, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

1. R. similis (Cobb 1893) Thorne 1949 Syn: R. granulosus (Cobb) Siddiqi 1986 R. acutocaudatus (Zimmermann) Siddiqi 1986 R. biformis (Cobb) Siddiqi 1986 R. similis similis Cobb 1893 (Siddiqi 1986) R. citrophilus Huettel, Dickson & Kaplan 1984 R. similis citrophilus Huettel, Dickson & Kaplan 1984 (Siddiqi 1986) ( Pourjam & Nassaj Hosseini 2005) 10 ♀: L = 675 (605���740) ��m; a = 29.5 (25.3���33.6); b = 7.6 (7���8.4); b' = 4.5 (4.1���5); c = 9.8 (9���10.5); c' = 4.1 (3.5���4.8); St = 16.9 (16���17.5) ��m; V = 57.4 (54.5���59) 1 ♂: L= 600 ��m; a = 33.3; b = 7.5; b' = 5.5; c = 9.2; c' = 5; St = 12 ��m; Spicule = 20 ��m Associated plants and localities. Apple (East Azerbaijan) and banana (Gilan). References. Barooti 1998; Pourjam & Nassaj Hosseini 2005 [F]. Remarks. This is a very important species recorded from northwestern and northern Iran. There is no difference between Iranian population and original description. The Iranian population of R. similis (Pourjam & Nassaj Hosseini 2005) is characterized by having a labial region with four annuli, long pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine dorsally, rounded spermatheca and elongate���conoid tail (Phasmids in anterior region of the tail). Two host races were recognised but later split into two separate species based on morphological, biochemical and cytological differences: R. similis that does not infect citrus and R. citrophilus that can (Huettel & Yaegashi 1988). However, these two species are again respectively classified as the ���banana race��� and ���citrus race��� within R. similis. Thus, R. citrophilus has become a junior synonym of R. similis., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on page 195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

11. P. gibbicaudatus Minagawa 1982 Associated plant and locality. Sugarcane (Khuzestan). Reference. Nasiri, M. et al., Shiraz University, Shiraz, 2012, pers. com. Remarks. Description not included in above reference., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on page 187, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

17. P. penetrans (Cobb 1917) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven 1941 Syn: P. gulosus (K��hn) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven 1941 (Mohammad Deimi et al. 2008 b) 14 ♀: L= 602 (504���700) ��m; a = 33.7 (27.8���41.1); b' = 4.7 (3.9���5.6); c = 25.9 (18.5���41.3); c' = 2 (1.4���2.4); St = 16 (15���17) ��m; V = 79.2 (72���87) 3 ♂: L = 519 (504���539) ��m; b' = 4.6 (4.5���4.7); c = 23.2 (21.3���25.8); c' = 1.9 (1.6���2.4); St = 15 ��m; Spicules = 15.7 (15���17) ��m Associated plants and localities. Bean (Markazi), cereals (Esfahan), Crocus sativus (South Khorasan), field crops (Kerman), potato (Alborz), rapeseed (North Khorasan), soybean (Alborz), sunflower (Alborz), tea (Gilan and Mazandaran), tobacco (Gilan), turnip (Kohgiluyeh and Boyer���Ahmad), walnut (north and central provinces) and wheat (Kohgiluyeh and Boyer���Ahmad). References. Omidvar, M, Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, 1968, pers. com; Kheiri 1972; Jamali, S. et al., Gilan University, Rasht, 2002, pers. com; Barooti, S, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 2006, pers. com; Aliramaji, F. et al., Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 2006, pers. com; Naseri et al. 2008; Mohammad Deimi, A. et al., Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 2008, pers. com; Mohammad Deimi et al. 2008 b; Majd Taheri, Z. et al., Islamic Azad University of Damghan, Damghan, 2010, pers. com [M]; Miraki, K. et al., Yasouj University, Yasouj, 2010, pers. com; Abdollahi 2010; Ghorbanzadeh, H. et al., Tehran University, Karaj, 2012, pers. com; Mahdikhani���Moghadam & Alvani 2013; Mirghasemi, S.N. et al., Gilan University, Rasht, 2014, pers. com. Remarks. Description not included in above references., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on page 190, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

14. P. loosi Loof 1960 Syn: P. coffeae apud Loos 1953 (Pourjam et al. 1997) 15 ♀: L = 530 (420���645) ��m; a = 31 (24���38); b = 6 (4.7���7.6); b' = 3.9 (2.9���4.7); c = 18.3 (15.8���24); c' = 2.9 (2.3���3.6); St = 16.5 (15���18) ��m; V = 82 (80���83) 3 ♂: L= 440 (435���450) ��m; a = 41 (37���48); b = 5.3 (5.1���5.8); b' = 3.7 (3.5���3.9); c = 19.3 (18���20); c' = 2.5; St = 13.3 (12���14) ��m; Spicules = 39 (34���43) ��m Associated plants and localities. Citrus (Gilan and Mazandaran), Crocus sativus (South Khorasan), fruit trees (Ardabil), millet (Gilan) and tea (Gilan and Mazandaran). References. Tanha Maafi 1992 [P]; Pourjam et al. 1997 [F], 1999 b [F, M]; Nassaj Hosseini, S.M. et al., Jahad Daneshgahi Institute of Gilan, Rasht, 2004, pers. com; Hajieghrari, B. et al., Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardabil, 2004, pers. com; Hajieghrari et al. 2004 [M], 2005, 2006a, b [M]; Seraji, A. & Mirghasemi, S.T, Tea Research Center of Iran, Lahijan, 2006, pers. com; Hajieghrari et al. 2007 [M]; Ghahramaninejad Mianeji, A. et al., Tabriz University, Tabriz, 2010, pers. com; Majd Taheri, Z. et al., Islamic Azad University of Damghan, Damghan, 2010, pers. com [P; M]; Divsalar et al. 2011 [P], 2012; Seraji, A. et al., Tea Research Center of Iran, Lahijan, 2012, pers. com; Mahdikhani���Moghadam & Alvani 2013; Majd Taheri et al. 2013 [F, M]; Mirghasemi, S.N. et al., Gilan University, Rasht, 2014, pers. com; Shariat, K, Islamic Azad University of Damghan, Damghan, 2014, pers. com. Remarks. The Iranian specimens of P. l oo s i (Pourjam et al. 1997) closely correspond to the original description (Loof 1960), but the lateral fields are more or less areolated on the posterior part of body, and the inner lines of the fields mostly fuse after the vulva (vs after anus). It is characterized by having a labial region with two annuli, abundance of males, females with long, oval or quadrangular spermatheca filled with rounded sperm, and tail terminus smooth and varying in shape from finely pointed to somewhat conoid or intended. The Iranian population of P. loosi is similar to the Iranian population of P. coffeae (Pourjam et al. 1997). There is no significant difference in a, c, V ratios (a = 24���38, c = 16.5���22, V = 80���83 in P. loosi and a = 22���32, c = 15.8���24 and V = 80��� 82.5 in P. coffeae) and most other morphometric data. Distinct differences, however, are observed in c' ratio (2.3��� 3.6 in P. loosi and 1.9���2.3 in P. co f f e ae) and in the tail shape (narrowly rounded, sometimes with slight indentation in P. loosi and bluntly rounded, truncate or indented in P. co f f e ae). PBW (body width at the level of phasmid) is a good character for identification (6���7 ��m in P. l oo s i and 8���11 ��m in P. coffeae). Difference in tail shape, together with the mean values of the morphometrics mentioned may provide sufficient diagnostic characters to separate P. loosi and P. coffeae. Unfortunately, intraspecific variations (specially in P. coffeae) or morphological changes may occur, making identification of the two species difficult., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on page 187, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

24. P. thornei Sher & Allen 1953 Syn: P. peelari in Chawla & Prasad 1973 P. ranjani (Khan & Singh 1975) Pourjam, Kheiri, Geraert & Alizadeh 1999 a P. allius (Shahina & Maqbool 1996) Siddiqi 2000 n. syn. (Pourjam et al. 1999 a) 48 ♀: L= 550 (420���680) ��m; a = 31 (23���37); b = 6.5 (5.2���8); b' = 4.4 (3.3���5.4); c = 20 (15���26); c' = 2.6 (1.9���3.5); St = 16 (15���17.5) ��m; V = 77 (72���82) 1 ♂: L= 580 ��m; a = 36.3; b = 6.7; b' = 5.2; c = 19.3; c' = 2.7; St = 14.5 ��m; Spicule = 19 ��m Associated plants and localities. Alfalfa (Alborz, Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, Hamedan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Qazvin, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan, Yazd and Zanjan), almond (Fars and Hamedan), apple (Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, Hamedan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Qazvin, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), banana (Sistan and Baluchestan), barley (East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, Hamedan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Qazvin, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), bean (Alborz, Ardabil and East Azerbaijan), beet (East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, Hamedan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Qazvin, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), cereal (north and central provinces), cherry (Gilan, Kermanshah, Mazandaran and Qom), citrus (Hormozgan), corn (Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamedan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Qazvin, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), cotton (East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, Hamedan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Qazvin, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, Tehran, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), Crocus sativus (South Khorasan), cucumber (Kerman), date (Kerman), Fig (Gilan, Kerman and Mazandaran), grapevine (East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, Hamedan, Kermanshah, Kordestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Qazvin, Qom, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), hazelnut (Gilan and Mazandaran), nectarine (Gilan and Mazandaran), olive (Gilan, Golestan, Mazandaran and Zanjan), orange (Gilan and Mazandaran), pea (Fars, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Qom and Razavi Khorasan,), peach (Ardabil), peanut (Alborz), persimmon (Gilan and Mazandaran), pine (Markazi, Qom and Tehran), pistachio (Kerman, Qom, Semnan and Yazd), plum (Gilan, Kerman and Mazandaran), pomegranate (Lorestan), potato (Alborz, Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamedan, Kordestan, Lorestan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Qazvin, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, Tehran, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), quince (Gilan and Mazandaran), rapeseed (Esfahan, Fars, Lorestan, North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan and Tehran), rice (Khuzestan), soyben (Alborz, Ardabil, Fars, Golestan, Lorestan, Mazandaran and Razavi Khorasan), strawberry (Kordestan), sugar beet (Alborz, Ardabil, Esfahan, Fars, Hamedan, Lorestan, Razavi Khorasan and West Azerbaijan), sunflower (Alborz, East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, Hamedan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Qazvin, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), tea (Gilan), tomato (Alborz, East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, Hamedan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Qazvin, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), walnut (East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, Hamedan, Kordestan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Qazvin, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), watermelon (Boshehr), wheat (Alborz, Ardabil, Boshehr, East Azerbaijan, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamedan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer���Ahmad, Lorestan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Qazvin, Qom, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, Tehran, West Azerbaijan, and Zanjan) and Ziziphus zizyphus (South Khorasan). References. Kheiri 1972; Tanha Maafi, Z. & Kheiri, A, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 1990, pers. com; Akhyani, A. et al., Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Esfahan, Esfahan, 1994, pers. com; Teymoori, F. & Noori, P, Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute of Varamin, Varamin, 1994, pers. com; Mahdikhani���Moghadam & Kheiri 1995; Niknam & Kheiri 1996; Hosseininejad et al. 1997; Pourjam et al. 1997 [F]; Ghanbarnia, K. et al., Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1998, pers. com; Pourjam, E. et al., Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1998, pers. com; Tanha Maafi, Z, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 1998, pers. com; Barooti 1998; Pourjam et al. 1999 a; Giti, M. et al., Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Hamedan, Hamedan, 2000, pers. com; Norouzi & Barooti 2000; Barooti, S. et al., Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 2000, pers. com; Ghanbarnia et al. 2000; Mosavi, S.M.R. et al., Shahid���Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, 2000, pers. com; Saidi Nayini, F. et al., Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 2000, pers. com; Jamali, S. et al., Gilan University, Rasht, 2002, pers. com; Ghanbarnia, K. & Arabsalmani, M, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 2002, pers. com; Karegar, A. et al., Shiraz University, Shiraz, 2002, pers. com; Razaz Hashemi, S.R, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Qazvin, Qazvin, 2002, pers. com; Karimi Pourfard, H. et al., Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Esfahan, Esfahan, 2002, pers. com; Golmohammadzadeh Khiaban, N. & Barooti, S, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, 2002, pers. com; Kheiri et al. 2002 a; Khezrinejad, N. & Niknam, Gh, Islamic Azad University of Mahabad, Uremia, 2004, pers. com; Barooti, S. & Hosseininejad, S.A, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 2004, pers. com; Kashi Nahanji, L. et al., Bu���Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 2004, pers. com; Davarian, T. & Taheri, A, Gorgan University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 2004, pers. com; Tanha Maafi et al. 2004; Ebrahimi et al. 2004; Jamali et al. 2004; Tanha Maafi et al. 2005; Niknam et al. 2005; Giti et al. 2005; Shakeri, M. & Tanha Maafi, Z, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Yazd, Yazd, 2006, pers. com; Fatemy et al. 2006; Karegar 2006 [P]; Jahanshahi Afshar et al. 2006; Pakniyyat, M, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Fars, Shiraz, 2006, pers. com; Khezrinejad, N. et al., Islamic Azad University of Mahabad, Uremia, 2006, pers. com; Aliramaji et al. 2006 [F]; Tanha Maafi, Z. et al., Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 2008, pers. com; Pakniyyat, M, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Fars, Shiraz, 2008, pers. com; Naseri, B. et al., Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 2008, pers. com, b; Nasrollahzadeh, V. et al., Tabriz University, Tabriz, 2008, pers. com; Najafpour, A. et al., Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 2008, pers. com; Ghaderi, R. et al., Shiraz University, Shiraz, 2008, pers. com; Barooti, S. & Khozeini, H, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 2008, pers. com; Karimi Pourfard, H, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Esfahan, Esfahan, 2008, pers. com; Mohammad Deimi et al. 2008 b; Zarrinnia et al. 2008; Ghaderi et al. 2008 [P]; Gharekhani et al. 2008; Sedaghatfar & Mohammad Deimi 2009; Shahbazi et al. 2009; Kashi Nahanji et al. 2009; Tanha Maafi et al. 2009; Ahmadi, A. et al., Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, 2010, pers. com; Baadl, S. et al., Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 2010, pers. com; Rafiee, H.R. et al., Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 2010, pers. com; Salehi, F. et al., Gorgan University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 2010, pers. com; Fadavi Khalajlo, Gh. et al., Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 2010, pers. com; Rafiee et al. 2010; Ghahramaninejad Mianeji, A. et al., Tabriz University, Tabriz, 2010, pers. com; Majd Taheri, Z. et al., Islamic Azad University of Damghan, Damghan, 2010, pers. com [M]; Abdollahi 2010; Mohammad Deimi & Mitkowski 2010 [P]; Karimi Pourfard et al. 2010, Telezari et al. 2011; Fayyazi et al. 2012; Mosavi, S.E. et al., Zanjan University, Zanjan, 2012, pers. com; Ahmadiyan Yazdi, A. & Rastegar Peymani, A, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, 2012, pers. com; Ghorbanzadeh, H. et al., Tehran University, Karaj, 2012, pers. com; Ashrafi, M. et al., Tabriz University, Tabriz, 2012, pers. com; Rahimi, M. et al., Kordestan University, Kordestan, 2012, pers. com; Karimi Pourfard, H. et al., Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Esfahan, Esfahan, 2012, pers. com; Solouki, V. et al., Tabriz University, Tabriz, 2012, pers. com; Bahmani, J. et al., Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 2012, pers. com; Ghaderi, R. et al., Shiraz University, Shiraz, 2012, pers. com; Bahmani et al. 2013; Majd Taheri et al. 2013 [M]; Molayi et al. 2013; Mahdikhani���Moghadam & Alvani 2013 [P]; Alvani, S. et al., Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 2013, pers. com [P]; Hatami, B. & Asghari, R, Zanjan University, Zanjan, 2014, pers. com [P]; Namadipour, F. et al., Zanjan University, Zanjan, 2014, pers. com [P]; Ghorbanzadeh et al. 2014; Eskandari et al. 2015. Remarks. The Iranian population of P. t hornei (Pourjam et al. 1997) closely corresponds to the original description (Sher & Allen 1953). Loof (1991) and Handoo & Golden (1989) suggested that P. ranjani (Khan & Singh 1975) Pourjam, Kheiri, Geraert & Alizadeh 1999 a could possibly be conspecific with P. thornei. Subsequent SEM studies on specimens of both species revealed the presence of an incomplete annule on one side which falsely appeared as a fourth annule in light microscopy observations. Because of the similarity in measurements and other characters, both species were synonymized (Pourjam et al. 1997, 1999a)., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on pages 192-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

8. P. delattrei Luc 1958 Syn: P. singhi Das & Sultana 1979 P. graminis Subramaniyan & Sivakumar 1991 n. syn. P. portulacus Zarina & Maqbool 1998 (Majd Taheri et al. 2013) 7 ♀: L= 543 (467���616) ��m; a = 23.8 (21.2���26.9); b = 6.1 (5���7.2); b' = 4.3 (4���4.6); c = 20 (18.1���23.1); c' = 2.2 (1.9���2.6); St = 16.3 (15���17) ��m; V = 75.1 (71.4���77.1) Associated plants and localities. Eggplant (Hormozgan), potato (Zanjan), tomato (Hormozgan) and walnut (Kordestan). References. Majd Taheri et al. 2013 [F, M]; Bahmani et al. 2013; Namadipour, F. et al., Zanjan University, Zanjan, 2014, pers. com [P]. Remarks. The Iranian population of P. delattrei (Majd Taheri et al. 2013) is characterized by having a continuous lip region with body contour, having three annuli, lateral fields with four lines; outer ones being crenate, inner lines finely striated, an extra line often observed before vulval region and ending around vulval region, rounded empty spermatheca, subcylindrical tail with rounded smooth terminus and absence of males. Frederick & Tarjan (1989) pointed out that P. singhi is similar to P. delattrei except for the present of a spermatheca filled with sperm. So P. singhi is a synonym of P. delattrei (Castillo & Vovlas 2007). Similarly, P. portulacus Zarina & Maqbool 1998 was not specifically compared with P. delattrei, despite being almost identical in morphology and morphometry. Siddiqi (2000) considered P. portulacus to be a junior synonym of P. delattrei. Subramaniyan & Sivakumar (1991) described P. graminis as a new species differentiated from P. delattrei by absence of spermatheca, length of pharyngeal lobe, position of excretory pore and hemizonid, and stylet knob shape. These characters are of minor importance and therefore P. graminis is considered as a new junior synonym of P. delattrei (Castillo & Vovlas 2007)., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on page 186, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

10. P. flakkensis Seinhorst 1968 ( Pachenari Torghabe et al. 2014) 6 ♀: L = 430 (420���435) ��m; a = 22.9 (22.1���24); b = 5.3 (5���5.5); c = 18.4 (18.1��� 18.7); c' = 2 (1.9���2.2); St = 17 (16.8���17.5) ��m; V = 78.8 (78���80); V�� = 83.3 (82���84.6) Associated plants and locality. Vegetables (Razavi Khorasan). References. Pachenari Torghabe, M. et al., Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 2012, pers. com; Pachenari Torghabe et al. 2014 [F]. Remarks. The Iranian population of P. flakkensis closely corresponds to the original description (Seinhorst 1968). It is characterized by having a labial region with two annuli, lateral fields with four lines, rounded spermatheca filled with sperm, and subcylindrical tail with annulated tip (there are 18���19 annuli on ventral side of the tail). Three species, P. loosi Loof 1960, P. alleni Ferris 1961 and P. convallariae Seinhorst 1959 are close to P. flakkensis. Comparison of type materials of P. flakkensis with these three species was made. The Iranian population of P. flakkensis differs from P. loosi by having an annulated vs smooth tail tip and rounded vs rectangular spermatheca, from P. alleni by annulated vs smooth tail tip, length of the stylet (16.8���17.5 vs 13.5���15 ��m) and single row of oocytes vs double and from P. convallariae by two vs three lip annuli, long vs short postvulval uterine sac and annulations of the tail tip (regular vs irregular)., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on page 186, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

27. P. wescolagricus Corbett 1983 (present study) 9 ♀: L= 578.8 (463.5���646.5) ��m; a = 31.9 (29.3���35.7); b = 5.6 (4.8���6.5); b' = 4.4 (3.8���4.8); c = 19.7 (16.2���23.8); c' = 2.5 (2.2���2.9); St = 17.4 (16.5���19) ��m; V = 78.7 (73.5���82.2); V�� = 82.2 (77.3���87.3) Associated plant and locality. Ziziphus zizyphus (South Khorasan). Reference. Present study. Remarks. The Iranian population of P. wescolagricus closely corresponds to the original description (Corbett 1983). It is characterized by having a rounded lip region with four annuli, lateral fields with four lines, outer ones being areolated, nonfunctional spermatheca, and subhemispherical tail with rounded smooth (occasionally indented) tip., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on page 195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

Description of Pratylenchoides persicus n. sp. (Figures 1 & 4; Tables 1 & 2) Female. Body slightly curved ventrally after heat fixation. Cuticle with distinct annuli, 1.5–1.8 µm wide at midbody; lateral field with six longitudinal incisures at deirid and mid-body, and four incisures at post-phasmid, the outer bands areolated at posterior part of pharynx, 7.0–8.8 µm wide and occupying 31–38 % of the body width at mid-body. Lip region off-set by slight depression with body contour, rounded anteriorly or slightly flattened and bearing four or five distinct but fine annuli, 9.4–10.3 µm wide at base and 3.6–4.1 µm high (Fig. 1 B–D and 4 A & B). Stylet strong with rounded or posteriorly flattened basal knobs; the conus 9.0–11.2 µm long or half of the total stylet length. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice located 3–4 µm behind the stylet knobs. Median bulb oval, 13–19 µm long and 10.0–12.3 µm wide with refractive valves. Deirids at the level of hemizonid or slightly anterior to it. Secretory-excretory pore located in anterior half of the pharyngeal glands or 110–126 µm from the body anterior end; hemizonid 2–4 annuli anterior to secretory-excretory pore. Pharyngeal glands abutting or slightly overlapping intestine dorsally; all three nuclei of dorsal and subventral glands located anterior to the pharyngo-intestinal valve (Fig. 1 C–D and 4 F–H). Intestinal fasciculi visible in some specimens. Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic; spermatheca rounded, filled with globular sperm. Vagina 9–12 µm long and 40–50 % of the body width at vulva. Tail cylindrical, with truncate to low rounded and coarsely annulated terminus. Hyaline thickness 7–10 µm. Phasmids located 21–30 µm posterior to anus, in the posterior half of the tail (Fig. 1 J–L and 4 L–N). Male. Similar to female in general view. Body slightly curved ventrally. Lateral field with six incisures; outer band areolated. Lip region high, rounded or slightly flattened. Stylet slightly more slender than that of females (Fig. 1 E & F and 4 C & D). Spicules curved ventrally, gubernaculum simple. Tail conical, tapering gradually to a conoid or more or less subcylindrical terminus (Fig. 1 M–N and 4 O). Diagnosis and relationships. Pratylenchoides persicus n. sp. is characterized by a lip region rounded anteriorly or slight flattened and bearing four or five fine annuli, pharyngeal glands abutting or slightly overlapping intestine dorsally, all the three gland nuclei located anterior to the pharyngo-intestinal valve and tail cylindrical with truncate to low rounded terminus. This species comes closest to P. heathi Baldwin, Luc & Bell, 1983; P. sheri Robbins, 1985; P. arenicola Ryss & Sturhan, 2001; P. laticauda Braun & Loof, 1967 and P. erzurumensis Yüksel, 1977. In comparison with the original description of P. heathi (Baldwin et al. 1983), the new species can be separated by shorter body length (601–784 vs 820–1330 µm), smaller stylet (19.7–22 vs 23.5–27.5 µm), shorter tail (35–46 vs 44–69 µm) and different shape of tail terminus (truncate to low rounded vs rounded) in females, as well as a smaller stylet (19.8–20.9 vs 23.5–27 µm) in males. P. persicus n. sp. has a shorter body than P. sheri (601–784 vs 898–1173 µm), a shorter stylet (19.7–22 vs 22–25.5 µm), a shorter pharynx (154–194 vs 190–217 µm), and a shorter tail (35–46 vs 47–64 µm) in females. Furthermore, P. persicus n. sp. males have a shorter stylet (19.8–20.9 vs 21.5–24 µm) and spicules (21.7–27 vs 28–31 µm). P. persicus n. sp. differs from P. arenicola in the shape of tail terminus in males (usually conical vs cylindrical), as well as a shorter stylet (19.7–22 vs 25 µm in females and 19.8–20.9 vs 23–25 µm in males), also in body length (601–784 vs 980–1100 µm in females and 623–665 vs 800– 890 µm in males). The other two related species, P. laticauda and P. erzurumensis, have a longer overlap of the pharyngeal glands with the intestine (vs abutting or very short overlapping), posterior position of the subventral gland nuclei to the cardium (at least one of the subventral gland nuclei close to the cardium vs all the three nuclei distinctly anterior to the cardium), different glands shape (saccate vs elongate-cylindrical) and a smaller number of head annuli (usually 3 wide annuli vs 4 or 5 fine annuli). Furthermore, males of P. erzurumensis have a conoid lip region which is different from that of females (rounded or flattened, similar to that of females, in P. persicus n. sp.). Type material. Holotype female (slide number KA1100), eight paratype females and three males and five juveniles on slide numbers KA1101-KA1105 kept in the nematode collection of Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Iran; two female paratypes, two males and one juvenile on slide numbers WT3668 and WT 3669 in the Nematode Collection of Plantenziektenkundige Dienst, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Type habitat and locality. The specimens were collected by the second author (Ali Eskandari) from the rhizosphere of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) in Abr forest, Shahrud county, Semnan province, northern Iran (GPS coordinates: N 37° 45' 385"– E 55° 02' 287"), May 2014. Etymology. The species epithet refers to the Latin name of Iran, the country where it was recovered and identified., Published as part of Azizi, Kourosh, Eskandari, Ali, Karegar, Akbar, Ghaderi, Reza, Elsen, Sven Van Den, Holterman, Martijn & Helder, Johannes, 2016, Morphological and molecular characterization of Pratylenchoides persicus n. sp. (Nematoda: Merliniidae) and additional data on two other species of the genus from Iran, pp. 459-474 in Zootaxa 4205 (5) on page 461, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4205.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/198032, {"references":["Baldwin, G., Luc, M. & Bell, A. H. (1983) Contribution to the study of the genus Pratylenchoides Winslow (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Revue de Nematologie, 6, 111 - 125.","Robbins, R. T. (1985) Description of Pratylenchoides sheri n. sp. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae). Journal of Nematology, 17, 107 - 111.","Ryss, A. Y. & Sturhan, D. (2001) Three new species of the genus Pratylenchoides from Germany (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 10, 15 - 31."]}

Iranian population of Pratylenchoides cf. nevadensis Talavera & Tobar, 1996 (Figures: 3 & 6; Table 4) Female. Body slightly curved ventrally to C-shaped after heat fixation. Cuticular annuli 1.3–1.7 µm wide at midbody. Lateral field with four or six longitudinal incisures at mid-body, with always four at the deirid and in the post-phasmid portion of the body; occupying 34–41 % of the body width at mid-body. Lip region off-set by slight depression with the body contour, rounded anteriorly or slightly flattened and bearing three-four distinct annuli, 8.8–11.0 µm wide at base and 3.2–4.0 µm high (Fig. 3 C–E and 6 A & B). Stylet with rounded knobs. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice located 2–3 µm behind stylet knobs. Deirids at the level of hemizonid or slightly anterior to it. Secretory-excretory pore located 88–125 µm from the body anterior end; hemizonid 2–3 annuli anterior to the pore. Pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine dorsally for 30–56 µm, or about 1.5–2.0 times body width. The nuclei of the dorsal and subventral glands mostly located posterior to the pharyngo-intestinal valve, in some specimens the dorsal gland is anterior to or level with the valve. All gland nuclei hardly seen and glands cover about only half of the body width (Fig. 3 D & E and 6 F–H). Spermatheca rounded, filled with round sperm. Tail cylindrical to subcylindrical, ending to a coarsely striated terminus. Phasmids 19–29 µm posterior to the anus (Fig. 3: L–O and 6: K–M). Male. Similar to females in general view. Body slightly curved ventrally. Lateral field with four or six incisures; outer band areolated. Lip region conical and higher than that of females (Fig. 3 F & H and 6 C & D). Tail gradually tapering, ending to a conical terminus (Fig. 3 J & K and 6 N). Remark. Compared to the original description of P. nevadensis (Talavera & Tobar, 1996), the Iranian population has a slightly shorter stylet (18.8–21.8 vs 22–26 µm) and shorter pharynx (145–183 vs 178–254 µm). No other difference in morphologic or morphometric diagnostic characters was found. Our population also has affinities with P. ritteri and P. alkani, but differs in having narrow pharyngeal glands which do not fill the whole body cavity and in having different positions of the pharyngeal gland nuclei. During the present study, this population was recovered from the rhizosphere of walnut trees (Juglans regia) in Rashakan region, Urmia county, West Azerbaijan province, northwestern Iran (GPS coordinates: N 37° 19' 2" – E 45° 17'48")., Published as part of Azizi, Kourosh, Eskandari, Ali, Karegar, Akbar, Ghaderi, Reza, Elsen, Sven Van Den, Holterman, Martijn & Helder, Johannes, 2016, Morphological and molecular characterization of Pratylenchoides persicus n. sp. (Nematoda: Merliniidae) and additional data on two other species of the genus from Iran, pp. 459-474 in Zootaxa 4205 (5) on pages 466-471, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4205.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/198032, {"references":["Talavera, M. & Tobar, A. (1996) Description of Pratylenchoides nevadensis sp. n. from southern Spain (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae). Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology, 6, 46 - 49."]}

Iranian population of Pratylenchoides laticauda Braun & Loof, 1966 (Figures: 2 & 5; Table 3) Female. Body slightly curved ventrally to C-shaped after heat fixation. Cuticle with distinct annuli, 1.3–1.6 µm wide at mid-body. Lateral field with six longitudinal incisures, occupying 29–37 % of the body width at mid-body; the number of incisures reduce to four in the post-phasmid level. Lip region off-set by slight depression with the body contour, rounded anteriorly or slightly flattened and bearing three or four distinct annuli, 9.9–11.0 µm wide at base and 3.2–4.4 µm high. Stylet strong with rounded to slightly posteriorly directed knobs, the conus 9.6–11.5 µm long and slightly longer than the shaft (Fig. 2 C–E and 5 A & B). Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice located 2–4 µm behind stylet knobs. Deirids at the level of hemizonid or slightly anterior to it. Secretory-excretory pore 103–127 µm from the body anterior end; hemizonid 2–3 annuli anterior to the pore. Pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine dorsally, about 9–27 µm, the nucleus of the dorsal and one of the subventral glands located anterior to the pharyngo-intestinal valve and the nucleus of the other subventral gland with variable position relative to the oesophago-intestinal valve (level or slightly anterior or posterior to the valve) (Fig. 2 D & E and 5 F–I). Spermatheca rounded, filled with round sperm. Tail cylindrical, with rounded and coarsely striated terminus. Phasmids 16–30 µm posterior to the anus (Fig. 2 H–I and 5 O–R). Male. Similar to females in general view. Body slightly curved ventral to C-shape. Lateral field with six incisures, oblique striae and areolation may be observed. Lip region rounded, higher and narrower than that of female. Stylet slightly more slender than that of female (Fig. 2 F & G and 5 C & D). Spicules and gubernaculum typical of the genus. Tail conical, tapering gradually to a conoid or somewhat subcylindrical terminus (Fig. 2 L & M and 5 S). Remarks. Compared to the Dutch population of P. laticauda (Braun & Loof 1966), the Iranian population has a slightly shorter stylet (19.2–22.8 vs 22–23 µm). During the present study, this species was recovered from the rhizosphere of apricot trees (Prunus armeniaca) in Ilvang region, Khalkhal county, Ardebil province, northwestern Iran (GPS coordinates: N 37° 42' 17" – E 48°27'44") as a new record for Iranian nematofauna.

Twelve species of nematodes belonging to orders Tylenchida (6 sp.) and Dorylaimda (6 sp.). Under nine genera of nine familes; were reported as.new record from India.Samples were collected from agriculture fields, surrondigs of lakes of Udaipur and Sitamata Wild Life Sanctuary, Rajasthan.

Talezari, Atefeh, Pourjam, Ebrahim, Kheiri, Ahmad, Liébanas, Gracia, Aliramaji, Farzad, Pedram, Majid, Rezaee, Saeed, Atighi, Mohammad Reza (2015): Rotylenchus castilloi n. sp. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae), a new species with long stylet from northern Iran. Zootaxa 3931 (1): 88-100, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3931.1.6

Rotylenchus castilloi n. sp. (Figs 1–4) Measurements. See Table 1. Female: Body habitus open- to closed-C in shape, varying to closed-J or spiral after heat relaxation. Cuticle without longitudinal striations, annuli 2.6–3.3 (2.0± 0.3) wide at mid-body. Lateral field with four smooth equidistant lines, beginning anteriorly at annuli 8–10 as three lines (forming two bands), after 8–11 annuli, central line dividing to form a third band, three bands 11–14 (14.0± 1.5) wide at mid-body, approximately one-fifth as wide as body diameter, external bands regularly areolated in pharynx region, but not on rest of the body. Lip region hemispherical, continuous with body contour, with 7–8 annuli under LM and irregular corncob-like appearance under SEM, 13–16 (14.6 ±1.0) Μm wide, 10–12 (10.8 ± 0.9) Μm high. Labial disc distinct, rounded to somewhat rectangular, separated from rest of lip region, but not elevated. Labial framework strong, outer margin extending 2–3 annuli posteriorly into the body. Stylet well developed, 4–5 times longer than labial region diameter, conus 51.5 –54.0% of total length, basal knobs rounded, slightly flattened anteriorly, 9–11 Μm wide. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice at ca. one tenth stylet length behind the knobs. Procorpus cylindrical, 51–68 (58.7 ± 5.4) Μm long, median pharyngeal bulb well developed, oval, 22–30 Μm long and 17–20 Μm diameter, located at 69.1–76.3 (71.6 ± 2.2)% of pharynx length, pharyngeal glands sacciform, overlapping intestine dorsally. Nerve ring enveloping isthmus at mid-point, 152–184 (165.5 ± 8.3) Μm from anterior end. Excretory pore distinct. Hemizonid 1.5 –2.0 annuli long, 1–3 annuli anterior to excretory pore. Reproductive system with two genital branches equally developed, anterior branch 450–660 (576 ± 91.5) Μm long, posterior branch 475–700 (569 ± 84.2) Μm long, ovaries with single row of oocytes, spermatheca rounded, 22–33 Μm in diameter, functional, with spherical sperm. Vulva slightly posterior to mid-body, with protruding double epiptygma. Phasmid pore-like, its location varying from 2–12 Μm anterior, to 2–10 Μm posterior to anus or at the level of anus (1-6 annuli anterior to anus or 1-4 annuli posterior to it). Tail short, variable in shape from rounded to dorsally convex-conoid, rarely bi-lobed, with 8–12 annuli, 0.5–0.7 anal body diameter long, terminus annulated. Male: Common, approximately as abundant as females. Morphology similar to that of female except for sexual dimorphism. Body habitus slightly curved ventrally after heat relaxation. Lip region 11–13 (12.0± 0.7) Μm in diameter, 8–11 (9.4 ± 0.8) Μm high. Lateral field 8–12 (10.2 ±1.0) Μm wide at mid-body, ca one-fifth as wide as body diameter. Stylet and stylet knobs less developed compared to those of female, knobs 6–9 Μm wide. Pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine dorsally. Testis single, anteriorly outstretched, 467–849 (713 ± 127) Μm long. Phasmid distinct, its location varying from 4 Μm anterior to cloaca to 11 Μm posterior to it. Spicules slightly cephalated, ventrally arcuate. Gubernaculum non-protrusible, distal part bent backward. Tail conoid, nearly 1.3–1.8 times cloacal region diameter with hyaline terminus. Bursa well developed, 74–90 Μm long, crenate, enveloping tail terminus. Type locality and habitat. The typel population of Rotylenchus castilloi n. sp. was recovered from a soil sample collected around the rhizosphere of oriental beech tree (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in Asalem forests, Ardebil province, northwestern Iran (GPS coordinates: N: 37 ° 42 ' 37.373 ", E: 48 ° 53 ' 44.363 ") by Farzad Aliramaji in November, 2013. A second population was recovered from soil samples collected from the rhizosphere of forest trees in Golestan province, northern Iran, during 2014 by Atefeh Talezari. Type specimens. Holotype female, four female, and six male paratypes deposited in the Nematode Collection of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Two female and two male paratypes deposited at each of the following collections: CABI Europe-UK, Egham, Surrey, UK; USDA Nematode Collection, Beltsville, MD, USA; and WANECO collection, Wageningen (http://www.waneco.eu/). Etymology. The new species is named after Prof. Pablo Castillo for his contribution to the taxonomy of the genus Rotylenchus. Diagnosis and relationships. Rotylenchus castilloi n. sp. is a bisexual species assigned to the species group having a hemispherical lip region, lateral field areolated only in pharynx region, stylet longer than 41 µm and rounded female tail (Castillo & Vovlas 2005). The new species is characterised by having a hemispherical and continuous lip region with irregular corncob-like appearance in SEM, very long stylet (62–68 Μm) vulva located at 49.7–62.2 % with a protruding double epiptygma, rounded to convex-conoid, rarely bi-lobed tail with 8–12 annuli and specific sequences of D 2 -D 3 segments of 28 S and ITS 1 -rRNA genes. Table 1. Morphometrics of Rotylenchus castilloi n. sp. from Iran. All measurements are in μm and in the form: mean ± s.d. (range) a. Abbreviations are defined in Siddiqi (2000). Morphologically, Rotylenchus castilloi n. sp. can be distinguished from all similar species within the genus by its matrix code (as described by Castillo & Vovlas 2005) as follows: A 6, B 1, C 1, D 4, E 4, F 2, G 5, H 2, I 2, J 1, K 2. The new species is morphologically similar to four known species of the genus: R. mesorobustus Zancada, 1985; R. magnus Zancada 1985; R. cazorlaensis Castillo & Gómez Barcina, 1987 and R. jaeni (Castillo, Vovlas, Gómez Barcina & Lamberti, 1993) Vovlas, Subbotin, Troccoli, Liébanas & Castillo, 2008. It differs from R. mesorobustus by its longer body (2258–2919 vs 1300–1480 Μm), shape of the lip region (hemispherical and irregular corncob-like appearance in SEM vs rounded with regular blocks), longer stylet (62–68 vs 47.5–49.5 Μm) and tail (18–30 vs 9.0– 15.5 Μm) and the location of phasmid (varying from anterior to posterior of anus vs 5–8 annuli anterior to anus). The new species differs from R. magnus by its body length (2258–2919 vs 1520–2140 Μm), continuous lip region (vs set off), location of phasmid (varying from anterior to posterior to to anus vs always anterior to anus) and presence of male (vs absence). R. castilloi n. sp. differs from R. cazorlaensis by its body length (2258–2919 vs 1440–2280 Μm), shape of labial region (hemispherical vs truncate), stylet length (62–68 vs 46.5–56.5 Μm), distance of dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice from stylet base (6–8 vs 8.5–11.5 Μm) and location of phasmid (varying from anterior to posterior to anus vs at the level of anus to posterior). When compared with R. jaeni, the new species differs by its body length (2258–2919 vs 1500–2200 Μm), lip region characters (continuous vs set off) and location of phasmid (varying from anterior to posterior to anus vs 0–6 annuli anterior to anus). Molecular phylogenetic relationships. Amplification of the partial D 2 -D 3 expansion segments of 28 S and ITS 1 -rRNA genes for the new species yielded two fragments of 721 and 750 bp long, respectively. The D 2 -D 3 dataset consisted of 33 species/isolates with 577 total characters (after trimming); of these 320 characters were conserved and 253 characters were variable. The average nucleotide composition was as follows: 15.3 % A, 26.2 % C, 36.8 % G and 21.7 % T. The results (number and percentage of similarity and gaps) of pairwise alignment of the new species with the morphologically compared species using D 2 -D 3 region are presented in Table 2. Fig. 5 presents the phylogenetic tree inferred using the D 2 -D 3 dataset. Using Tylenchorhynchus claytoni (EU 368589) as outgroup, two major clades 1 and 2 were inferred. The major clade 1 consisted of several species of Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 in a highly supported clade (1.00/ 99) and the major clade 2 (with weak support 0.66 / -) which is divided into two subclades, A and B. The subclade 2 A includes several Rotylenchus spp. and the new species. The species R. striaticeps (Vovlas, Castillo & Lamberti, 1993) Siddiqi, 2000 occupies the most basal position (supported only by Bayesian analysis), but the second most basal species within subgroup 2 A cannot be inferred due to polytomy. In other words, we cannot determine which species is the most closely related to R. striaticeps. This observation can be compared to the phylogenetic relationship of the latter species in our ITS 1 tree (Fig. 6), in which the phylogenetic relation with Helicotylenchus spp. is well supported (1.00/ 96). The subclade 2 B includes five species/isolates of Helicotylenchus, as a sister clade to Rotylenchus dalikhaniensi s. Although the new species and the three morphologically similar species (R. cazorlaensis, R. jaeni and R. magnus) are part of subclade 2 A, the relationships among these four species are not fully resolved due to polytomy. Currently there are no molecular data for R. mesorobustus. Future sequencing of other morphologically similar species (for example, species with long stylet) may provide more insights on phylogenetic relationships of this group of species. The close relationship of the new species with R. eximius Siddiqi, 1964 (although with low branch supports) is surprising as these species differ in some morphological characters such as stylet length and lip region conformation. New species Morphologically compared species/ Similarity Gaps isolates Rotylenchus castilloi n. sp. (KM 251416) Rotylenchus cazorlaensis (EU 373669) 408 / 682 (59.8 %) 193 / 682 (28.3 %) Rotylenchus castilloi n. sp. (KM 251416) Rotylenchus cazorlaensis (EU 373670) 412 / 682 (60.4 %) 191 / 682 (28.0%) Rotylenchus castilloi n. sp. (KM 251416) Rotylenchus cazorlaensis (EU 373671) 415 / 682 (60.9 %) 191 / 682 (28.0%) Rotylenchus castilloi n. sp. (KM 251416) Rotylenchus magnus (EU 373676) 376 / 675 (55.7 %) 236 / 675 (35.0%) Rotylenchus castilloi n. sp. (KM 251416) Rotylenchus magnus (EU 373659) 376 / 675 (55.7 %) 236 / 675 (35.0%) Rotylenchus castilloi n. sp. (KM 251416) Rotylenchus magnus (EU 373659) 392 / 671 (58.4 %) 210 / 671 (31.3 %) Rotylenchus castilloi n. sp. (KM 251416) Rotylenchus magnus (EU 373660) 391 / 670 (58.4 %) 209 / 670 (31.2 %) Rotylenchus castilloi n. sp. (KM 251416) Rotylenchus magnus (EU 373665) 391 / 670 (58.4 %) 209 / 670 (31.2 %) Rotylenchus castilloi n. sp. (KM 251416) Rotylenchus jaeni (EU 373661) 379 / 687 (55.2 %) 250 / 687 (36.4 %) Rotylenchus castilloi n. sp. (KM 251416) Rotylenchus jaeni (EU 373662) 378 / 687 (55.0%) 250 / 687 (36.4 %) The ITS 1 dataset consisted of 43 species/isolates of Rotylenchus, three species of Helicotylenchus and one belonolaim outgroup taxon. The dataset had 836 total characters (after manually trimming) of which 138 characters were conserved and 693 characters were variable. The average nucleotide composition was as follows: 19.6 % A, 26.6 % C, 30.3 % G and 23.8 % T. The results (number and percent of similarity and gaps) of pairwise alignment of the new species with the morphologically compared species using ITS 1 region are presented in Table 3. Fig. 6 presents the phylogenetic tree inferred using the above mentioned dataset. Using Tylenchorhynchus zeae (EF 519711) as outgroup, three major clades were inferred. Clades 1 and 2 include several species of Rotylenchus spp., including the new species in major clade 1, forming a monophyletic group with R. unisexus Sher, 1965 with high (1.00/ 95) support. There are some common morphological characters like shape of lip region, tail in female and presence of double epiptygma which might support affinity of these two species, while both species have basic differences in some key characters like the length of the stylet. Based on current molecular knowledge, the paraphyly of the family Hoplolaimidae and the genus Rotylenchus is well documented (Atighi et al. 2011, 2014; Vo v l a s et al. 2008; Cantalapiedra-Navarrete et al. 2013). Accordingly, we believe more species of the genus need to be sequenced before we can resolve the phylogenetic relationships among the species of the genus Rotylenchus and between the genera Rotylenchus and Helicotylenchus.

{null=Two new amphimictic species, Rotylenchus iranicus n. sp. and R. conicaudatus n. sp., are described. Rotylenchus iranicus n. sp. is characterised mainly by an offset hemispherical lip region with 5-6, rarely 7, annuli, stylet 39-44 μm long, vulva located at 53-65% and rounded tail with 4-9 annuli and typical smooth tip. Morphologically this species is related to R. montanus, R. provincialis and R. aqualamus. Rotylenchus conicaudatus n. sp. is characterised mainly by a slightly offset conoid-rounded lip region with four or five, rarely six annuli, stylet 27-32 μm long, vulva located at 52-63% and conoid-rounded tail with 10-16 annuli and a typical annulated tip. Morphologically this species is related to R. pumilus, R. abnormecaudatus, R. acuspicaudatus and R. provincialis. The results of the phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the D2-D3 expansion regions of 28S and ITS1-rRNA genes confirmed the species differentiation. Phylogenetic relationships with other species were difficult to assign using D2-D3 expansion regions of 28S. However, using ITS1-rRNA, R. conicaudatus n. sp. presented a close relationship with R. unisexus, whilst R. iranicus n. sp. was closely related to R. conicaudatus n. sp., R. unisexus, R. incultus and R. laurentinus., en= Two new amphimictic species, Rotylenchus iranicus n. sp. and R. conicaudatus n. sp., are described. Rotylenchus iranicus n. sp. is characterised mainly by an offset hemispherical lip region with 5-6, rarely 7, annuli, stylet 39-44 μm long, vulva located at 53-65% and rounded tail with 4-9 annuli and typical smooth tip. Morphologically this species is related to R. montanus, R. provincialis and R. aqualamus. Rotylenchus conicaudatus n. sp. is characterised mainly by a slightly offset conoid-rounded lip region with four or five, rarely six annuli, stylet 27-32 μm long, vulva located at 52-63% and conoid-rounded tail with 10-16 annuli and a typical annulated tip. Morphologically this species is related to R. pumilus, R. abnormecaudatus, R. acuspicaudatus and R. provincialis. The results of the phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the D2-D3 expansion regions of 28S and ITS1-rRNA genes confirmed the species differentiation. Phylogenetic relationships with other species were difficult to assign using D2-D3 expansion regions of 28S. However, using ITS1-rRNA, R. conicaudatus n. sp. presented a close relationship with R. unisexus, whilst R. iranicus n. sp. was closely related to R. conicaudatus n. sp., R. unisexus, R. incultus and R. laurentinus. }

Bohra, P., Sanyal, A.K., Hussain, A., Mitra, B. (2010): Five new records of nematodes from East Antarctica. Journal of Threatened Taxa 2 (6): 974-977, DOI: 10.11609/JoTT.o2342.974-7, URL: http://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/511

The genus Hoplolaimus Daday, 1905 belongs to the subfamily Hoplolaimine Filipiev, 1934 of family Hoplolaimidae Filipiev, 1934 (Krall 1990). Daday established this genus on a single female of H. tylenchiformis recovered from a mud hole on Banco Island, Paraguay in 1905 (Sher 1963, Krall 1990). Hoplolaimus species are distributed worldwide and cause damage on numerous agricultural crops (Luc et al. 1990 Robbins et al. 1998). In 1992, Handoo and Golden reviewed 29 valid species of genus Hoplolaimus Dayday, 1905 (Handoo and Golden 1992). Siddiqi (2000) recognised three subgenera in Hoplolaimus: Hoplolaimus (Hoplolaimus) with ten species, is characterized by lateral field distinct, with four incisures, excretory pore behind hemizonid; Hoplolaimus (Basirolaimus) with 18 species, is characterized by lateral field with one to three incisures, obliterated, excretory pore anterior to hemizonid, dorsal oesophageal gland quadrinucleate; and Hoplolaimus (Ethiolaimus) with four species is characterized by lateral field with one to three incisures, obliterated; excretory pore anterior to hemizonid, dorsal oesophageal gland uninucleate (Siddiqi 2000). Since then, Hoplolaimus puriensis Ali, Shaheen & Pervez, 2009 has been described (Ali et al. 2009). Up to now, there have been two species of genus Hoplolaimus reported in Vietnam, viz H. seinhorsti and H. chambus (Nguyen and Nguyen 2000). Hoplolaimus bachlongviensis sp. n. was isolated from banana soil in Bach Long Vi Island, Vietnam. The female of this species is described and illustrated below. Some diagnostic characters of this species include body slightly curved ventrally, offset lip region exhibiting three to four annules, lateral field reduced, pharyngeal glands with six nuclei, excretory pore anterior to hemizonid, epiptygma absent, intestine not overlapping rectum and male was not found.

Hodda, Mike, Collins, Sarah J., Vanstone, Vivien A., Hartley, Diana, Wanjura, Wolfgang, Kehoe, Monica (2014): Pratylenchus quasitereoides n. sp. from cereals in Western Australia. Zootaxa 3866 (2): 277-288, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.6

Helicotylenchus abunaamai Siddiqi 1972 (Fig. 2) Measurement (Table 3). Female. Habitus spiral when relaxed. Cuticle usually coarsely annulated, annules 1.5 �� 0.2 (1.1���1.9) ��m wide at mid-body. Lateral fields about 5.9 �� 0.8 (4.6���7.2) ��m wide (20���30 % of body width), without areolation after pharyngeal region. Head usually rounded, slightly obtuse, continuous with body contour, marked with usually four, sometimes three or five distinct annules, 6.8 �� 0.5 (6.1���7.5) ��m wide at base and 3.7 �� 0.2 (3.3 ���4.0) ��m high. Cephalic framework sclerotized, its outer margins extending posteriorly 2���3 annules from basal plate. The anterior and posterior cephalids are located 6���7 and 14���15 annules from the anterior end, respectively, not observed in some specimens. Stylet length about 4.0 �� 0.4 (3.2���4.4) times as long as head diameter; conus is 47.0 �� 2.6 (44.2���53.1) % of stylet length. Stylet knobs rounded with usually (approximately 62.5 % of specimens) flattened, sometimes (approximately 25 %) rounded or (approximately 12.5 %) concave anterior surfaces, 5.3 �� 0.6 (4.5���6.3) ��m across. Orifice of dorsal pharyngeal gland located about one half to less than one stylet length from its base. Median bulb oval, 7.64 �� 0.9 (7.6���10.6) ��m wide, distance from anterior end to its center 81.9 �� 4.7 (70.7 ���87.0) ��m. Hemizonid 1���2 body annules anterior to excretory pore. Two ovaries, both functional; length of anterior branch (n = 6) 156 �� 14.9 (137���180) ��m and posterior branch 154 �� 17.5 (135���177) ��m; length of posterior branch 98.9 �� 5.2 (91.8���106) % of the anterior branch, oocytes arranged in a single row, vagina less than one half of the corresponding body diameter. Spermatheca small, rounded, slightly dorsally demarcated from reproductive tubes and without sperm. Tail dorsally curved, almost ventrally straight, variously shape from trapezoid to conical, sometimes with small rounded projection; tail terminus without annules. Phasmids at level of anus or up to six annules anterior and asymmetrical in placement relative to anus in some specimens. Internal incisures of lateral fields at the tail end fused and Y shaped. Caudalids can be seen on some specimens, located at 3���5 annules anterior to anus. Male. Not found. The Iranian population was identified as H. abunaamai Siddiqi 1972 because of the very small ventral projection on the tail terminus (less than two annules in length), hemispherical lip region, usually anteriorly flattened or sometimes rounded to concave stylet knobs, position of phasmids (0���6 annules anterior to anus) and fused (Y shaped) internal incisures of lateral fields at the tail end. Measurements agree with those published for H. abunaamai, except for a slightly longer stylet (23.3���26.8 vs. 21.0���22.0 ��m) There are no other notable differences between the current population data and those of other populations from Pakistan (Firoza & Maqbool 1991), Thailand (Mizukubo et al. 1992) and Malaysia (Sauer & Winoto 1975) (Table 4). In the some morphological characters (head shape and the small projection at the tail end), this population also comes close to H. exallus Sher, 1966, H. egyptiensis Tarjan, 1964, H. elegans Roman, 1965, H. curvatus Rom��n, 1965, H. zeidani Elbadri, Moon, Wani, Bukhari, Lee & Choo, 2009 and H. dihysteroides Siddiqi, 1972. Sharafat-Ali and his colleagues (1973) synonymized H. abunaamai with H. exallus Sher, 1966 but Sauer and Winoto (1975) considered the monosexuality of H. abunaamai, in contrast to the bisexuality of H. exallus, sufficient justification to maintain these as separate species. Our population also differs from H. exallus in absence of males, smaller c ratio (24.2���33.7 vs. 30���52), higher c��ratio (1.4���1.98 vs. 0.7���1.2), tail shape (more curved ventrally, with Y-shaped termini of the inner lines of the lateral field on the tail vs. usually straight ventrally, with V- or U-shaped termini of internal incisures). It can be separated from H. egyptiensis in tail shape (trapezoid to conical with non-annulated tip, sometimes with small, rounded projection vs. rounded and bearing a sharp projection, usually longer than two annules in length), Y-shaped termini of the lateral field internal incisures on the tail vs. both Y- and V-shaped incisure termini, head shape (mostly rounded vs. mostly obtuse) (Tarjan 1964); from H. elegans in tail shape (more ventrally curved vs. more straight), longer body (600���779 vs. 430���450 ��m) and higher b ratio (5.2���6.1 vs. 4.4���4.6 (Rom��n 1965); and from H. curvatus in tail shape (less curved ventrally, with Yshaped lateral field internal incisure termini vs. more curved and U- or V-shaped lateral field termini) and smaller c ratio (24.2���33.7 vs. 38���44) (Rom��n 1965). It also differs from H. zeidani in absence of sperm (vs. presence), annulated head (vs. smooth), usually non-annulated tail tip (vs. annulated), and smaller b ratio 5.8 (5.2���6.1) vs. 8.1 (5.4���10.6)) (Elbadri et al. 2009); and from H. dihysteroides in the lip region (rounded to slightly obtuse, with distinct annules vs. always rounded and with indistinct annules), smaller body length (695 [600���779] ��m vs. 740 [670���840] ��m), b ratio (5.2���6.1 vs. 6.1���7.2), b' ratio (3.9���4.6 vs. 4.7���5.8), c ratio (24.2���33.7 vs. 39���55), c' ratio (1.7 [1.4 ���2.0] vs. 1.2 [1.1���1.4]), tail annules (12 [10���15] vs. 9 [6���11]), phasmid position (3 (0���6) vs. 6���13 annules anterior to anus) and tail terminus shape (usually without annules vs. usually annulated) (Siddiqi 1972). This population was collected from a sugarcane farm in Haft-Tappeh, Karoon region, Khuzestan province, soutwestern Iran, where sugarcane has been cultured for more than 40 years. This is the first report of H. abunaamai from Iran., Published as part of Kashi, Leila & Karegar, Akbar, 2014, Description of Helicotylenchus persiaensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) from Iran, pp. 575-588 in Zootaxa 3785 (4) on pages 579-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/228466, {"references":["Siddiqi, M. R. (1972) On the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Tylenchida), with descriptions of nine new species. Nematologica, 18, 74 - 91. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529272 x 00278","Firoza, K. & Maqbool, M. A. (1991) Description of Rotylenchus capsicum n. sp. and morphometric data on five known species of the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) recorded from Pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 9, 71 - 78.","Mizukubo, T., Toida, Y. & Keereewan, S. (1992) A survey of nematodes attacking crops in Thailand. I. Genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. Japanese Journal of Nematology, 22, 26 - 36.","Sauer, M. R. & Winoto, R. (1975) The genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 in West Malaysia. Nematologica, 21, 341 - 350. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529275 x 00077","Sher, S. A. (1966) Revision of the Hoplolaiminae (Nematoda). VI. Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. Nematologica, 12, 1 - 56. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529266 x 00013","Tarjan, A. C. (1964) Two new mucronate-tailed spiral nematodes (Helicotylenchus: Hoplolaiminae). Nematologica, 10, 185 - 191. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529264 x 00015","Roman, J. (1965) Nematodes of Puerto Rico, the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Hoplolaiminae). Technical Paper, University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, 41, 1 - 23.","Elbadri, G. A. A., Moon, I. - S., Wani, P., Bukhari, K., Lee, D. - W. & Choo, H. - Y. (2009) Description of Helicotylenchus zeidani sp. nov., a new species of nematode from Guneid sugarcane, Sudan. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 12, 155 - 157. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. aspen. 2009.02.007"]}

Helicotylenchus crenacauda Sher 1966 (Fig. 3) Helicotylenchus pteracercus Singh, 1971 (by Baqri & Ahmad, 1983) Helicotylenchus indenticaudatus Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1975 (by Lal & Khan, 1993) Helicotylenchus indentatus Chaturvedi & Khera, 1979 (by Baqri & Ahmad, 1983) Helicotylenchus paracrenacauda Phukan & Sanwal, 1981 (by Siddiqi, 1986) Helicotylenchus parapteracercus Sultan, 1981 (by Siddiqi, 1986) Helicotylenchus pteracercusoides Fotedar & Kaul, 1985 (by Siddiqi, 1986) Measurements (Table 3). Female. Habitus C-, G- or double-helix shaped when relaxed. Cuticle with coarse annules, 1.6 �� 0.2 (1.0��� 1.9) ��m wide at mid-body. Lateral fields 5.4���8.7 ��m wide, 20���30 % of body diameter. Lip region continuous with body contour, usually hemispherical, sometimes slightly obtuse, marked with 4���5 distinct annules, 7.2 �� 0.5 (6.0��� 8.4) ��m wide at base and 3.9 �� 0.4 (3.3���4.6) ��m high. Cephalic framework strongly sclerotized, outer margins extending posteriorly 2���3 annules from basal plate. Cephalids usually obscure, but when observed, the anterior and posterior ones located 8���9 and 15���16 annules from the anterior end (including lip anniules), respectively. Stylet about 3.6 �� 0.3 (3.0���4.0) times as long as head diameter. Stylet knobs usually rounded, with anterior faces flattened or sloping backward and 5.2 �� 0.3 (4.2���5.9) ��m in width. Orifice of dorsal pharyngeal gland located about 31.6 %��� 50.3 % of stylet length from stylet base. Median bulb oval, gradually expanding to a width of 11.3 �� 0.9 (9.6���12.7) ��m, with moderate valve, distance from anterior end to its center 79.1 �� 5.5 (70.8���97.3) ��m. Hemizonid usually indistinct. Two ovaries both functional, length of anterior branch (n = 7) 200 �� 32.6 (167���253) ��m and posterior branch 174 �� 23.7 (146���220) ��m, length of posterior branch 84.7 �� 0.9 (71.3���95.2)% of anterior branch,, ovaries in single row, spermatheca rounded, in line, and without sperm. Vagina 9.4���12.6 ��m long, about 33 %��� 45 % of corresponding body diameter. Tail indented terminally, with short to long, variously-shaped ventral projection, in some specimens with cuticular fold. The terminal indentation of the female tail is usually filled with debris. (Fig. 3 A). Termini of the inner incisures of lateral field on tail usually fused and Yshaped, not observed in some specimens. Caudalid not observed. Phasmids very small, pore-like, located from level with anus to six annules anterior to anus, in some specimens difficult to observe or indistinct. Male. Not found. This population, in having an indented terminus, usually with a long ventral projection (two or more annules in length) on the tail end is identified as H. crenacauda Sher 1966, but differs in the flat to backward-sloping stylet knobs and the presence of a cuticular fold at the tail tip of some specimens. Some nominal species of Helicotylenchus including H. pteracercus Singh 1971, H. indenticaudatus Mulk & Jairajpuri 1975, H. paracrenacauda Phukan & Sanwal 1981, H. pteracercusoides Fotedar & Kaul 1985 and H. indentatus Chaturvedi & Khera 1979 already have been synonymized with H. crenacauda (Siddiqi 2000, Andr��ssy 2007). Baqri & Ahmad (1983) synonymized H. indentatus Chaturvedi & Khera 1979 with H. crenacauda after comparison to its paratypes. Because of the similarity in stylet knob shape and the cuticular fold at the tail end, our population is similar to H. indentatus, and was thus designated as H. crenacauda. H. crenacauda already has been reported from Iran (Kheiri & Barooti 1985, Pedramfar et al. 2002, Mohammad Deimi & Mitkowski, 2010). In this paper, some new data such as the presence of a cuticular fold at the tail terminus, phasmid position relative to anus (0���5 annules vs. 5���9 annules anterior to anus, respectively, in the present population and in the previous report) were added. Also, the ranges of V and o ratios were extended (Table 3, Fig. 3) and the present population is compared with two other populations from South Africa (Marais 1993) and Thailand (Mizukubo et al. 1992 ) (Table 5, Fig. 3). Locality: This population of H. crenacauda was collected from the rhizosphere of rice in Chabok-Sar, Gilan Province, northern Iran., Published as part of Kashi, Leila & Karegar, Akbar, 2014, Description of Helicotylenchus persiaensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) from Iran, pp. 575-588 in Zootaxa 3785 (4) on page 584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/228466, {"references":["Sher, S. A. (1966) Revision of the Hoplolaiminae (Nematoda). VI. Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. Nematologica, 12, 1 - 56. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529266 x 00013","Baqri, Q. H. & Ahmad, N. (1983) Nematodes from West Bengal (India) XVI. On the species of genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Hoplolaimidae: Tylenchida). Journal of the Zoological Society of India, 35, 29 - 48.","Mulk, M. M. & Jairajpuri, M. S. (1975) Nematodes of leguminous crops in India. II. Five new species of Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Hoplolaimidae). Indian Journal Nematology, 4 (1974), 212 - 221.","Lal, M. & Khan, E. (1993) On the taxonomic status of species of Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. I. Having a digitative type tail terminus from India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 23, 110 - 117.","Chaturvedi, Y & Khera, S. (1979) Studies on taxonomy, biology and ecology of nematodes associated with jute crop. Technical Monograph of the Zoological Survey of India, 2, 1 - 105.","Siddiqi, M. R. (1986) Tylenchida: Parasites of Plants and Insects. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Slough, 645 pp.","Sultan, M. S. (1981) Spiral nematodes of the subfamily Rotylenchinae Golden, 1971 (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) from India. Nematologia Mediterranea, 9, 35 - 47.","Siddiqi, M. R. (2000) Tylenchida Parasites of Plants and Insects, 2 nd edition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 833 pp.","Andrassy, I. (2007) Free-living Nematodes of Hungary (Nematoda errantia), II. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary, 496 pp.","Kheiri, A. & Barooti, S. (1985) Occurrence of Rotylenchulus parvus in Iran with a note on differences between immature females of this genus and Helicotylenchus. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Universiteit Gent, 50 / 3 a, 861 - 865.","Pedramfar, H., Pourjam, E. & Kheiri, A. (2002) Plant parasitic nematodes associated with rice in Gilan Province. Iranian Journal Plant Pathology, 37, 285 - 301. [in Persian with English Abstract]","Mohammad Deimi, A. & Mitkowski, N. (2010) Nematodes associated with vineyards throughout Markazi province (Arak), Iran. Australasian Plant Pathology, 39, 571 - 577. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / ap 10044","Marais, M. (1993) On some Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 from South Africa (Hoplolaimidae: Nematoda). Phytophylactica, 25, 21 - 38.","Mizukubo, T., Toida, Y. & Keereewan, S. (1992) A survey of nematodes attacking crops in Thailand. I. Genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. Japanese Journal of Nematology, 22, 26 - 36."]}

Helicotylenchus persiaensis sp. n. (Fig. 1) Measurements (Table 2). Female. Habitus spiral when relaxed. Cuticle coarsely annulated, annules 1.3 �� 0.2 (1.2��� 1.8) ��m wide at midbody. Lateral fields 5.0��� 6.2 ��m wide and 20���30 % of body diameter. Lip region almost conical, truncate, continuous with body contour, marked by four or five distinct annules, 6.7 �� 0.7 (5.6 ���8.0) ��m wide at base and 3.6 �� 0.5 (3.2���4.5) ��m high. Cephalic framework strongly sclerotized, its outer margins extending posteriorly 1���2 annules from basal plate. Cephalids were only observed in three specimens, the anterior and posterior ones 6���7 and 14���15 annules from the anterior end, respectively. Stylet robust, its length 3.7 �� 0.4 (3.1��� 4.6) times as long as head diameter. Stylet knobs well developed, with flattened anterior surfaces, 4.4 �� 0.4 (3.9��� 5.1) ��m across. Orifice of dorsal pharyngeal gland located less than one half of stylet length from knobs. Median bulb oval, gradually enlarging to a width of 8.9 ���10.0 ��m with moderately developed valve; distance from anterior end to its center 76.4 �� 4.2 (67.2���80.4) ��m, (82 ��m in holotype). Nerve ring 92.4 �� 7.0 (78.4���105.5) ��m from anterior end of body. Hemizonid generally distinct, one to three body annules anterior to excretory pore. Hemizonion 7���12 annules posterior to excretory pore, not seen in some specimens. Ventro-lateral overlap of pharyngeal lobe 40.6 �� 7.3 (31.8���50.8) ��m long. Two ovaries equally developed and functional, oocytes arranged in a single row. Length of anterior branch (n= 12) 158 �� 19.4 (126���192) ��m and posterior branch 144 �� 12.0 (127���167) ��m; length of posterior branch 92.6 �� 9.2 (70.7���104)% of anterior branch, Spermatheca rounded, 14.9 �� 1.5 (11.8���17.1) ��m in diameter, markedly set off dorsally, empty. Vagina with uniformly thin wall, 8.0��� 10.8 ��m long and about 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 of the corresponding body diameter. Tail short, dorsally convex-conoid, terminus broadly rounded, smooth or bearing 1���3 very coarse annules; in some specimens with minor projection in ventral, dorsal or lateral side (Fig. 1 C). Inner incisures of lateral fields terminating in V- or U-shaped pattern on tail. Phasmids conspicuous, one to three annules (two in holotype) anterior to level of anus. Caudalid located three annules anterior to anus in some specimens. Male. Not known. Etymology. From ��� Persia ��� (former name of Iran) and ���ensis (a Latin adjectival suffix, meaning ���originating in���). Habitat and locality. Collected from the rhizosphere of zelkova, (Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) C. Koch) and maple (Acer sp.) trees in the forest of Ali-Abad Katool, Golestan province, northern Iran. Type material. Holotype (code number: ShUNC 001) and eight paratypes (four slides, code numbers ShUNC 0 0 2 - ShUNC 005) deposited in the nematode collection of the Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University (Shiraz, Iran), three paratypes (two slides, code numbers INC 0 0 1, INC 002)) at the National Nematode Collection of the Nematology Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP, Tehran, Iran) and three paratypes (two slides, code numbers WT 3621, WT 3622) at the Wageningen Nematode Collection, Plant Protection Organization (Wageningen, The Netherlands). Diagnosis. H. persiaensis sp. n. is characterized by its short tail (tail length = 8���11 ��m, anal body diameter = 12���16 ��m, c = 54.2 ���79.0, c ��� = 0.6���1.2) with usually smooth terminus or with 1���3 very coarse annules, rarely with minor ventral, dorsal or lateral projection, conical, truncate head with 4���5 distinct annules, stylet 22���26 ��m long with anteriorly flattened knobs, relatively short body length (570���730 ��m), inner incisures of lateral fields terminating in V- or U-shaped pattern on tail, and absence of males. Relationships. H. persiaensis sp. n., in most morphometric characters including body length, a, b and V ratios and tail shape, is similar in some respects to H. caipora Monteiro & Mendonca, 1972, H. martini Sher, 1966, H. truncatus Rom��n, 1965, H. lemoni Firoza & Maqbool, 1996, H. astriatus Khan & Nanjappa, 1972, H. aquili Khan & Nanjappa, 1972, H. arachisi Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1975, H. bihari Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1975 and H. wajihi Sultan, 1981 (see remarks, below, concerning these last three species). However, H. persiaensis sp. n. can be differentiated from these closely related species by a number of characters (Table 3). H. persiaensis sp. n. differs from H. caipora in its truncate and conical head (vs. hemispherical), higher c and lower c��ratios (Monteiro & de Mendonca 1972) and absence (vs. presence) of males; from H. martini by having greater body length, 4���5 distinct annules on head (vs. smooth), higher c and lower c��ratios and absence of males (vs. presence) (Sher 1966); from H. truncatus by having smooth terminus or with 1���3 very coarse annules and sometimes with minor projection (vs. equal-sized annules and without any projection), longer body and higher c and b ratios (Rom��n 1965); from H. lemoni by having longer stylet, higher c ratio and smooth terminus or with 1��� 3 very coarse annules and sometimes with minor projection (vs. partly non- annulated and without any projection) (Firoza & Maqbool 1996); from H. astriatus in its distinctly annulated lip region (vs. smooth), longer stylet with anteriorly flattened knobs (vs. cupped), internal incisures of lateral fields distally fused at the end of tail (U or V vs. Y shaped) and higher c ratio (Khan & Nanjappa 1972). H. persiaensis sp. n. differs from H. aquili in its truncate lip region (vs. hemispherical), having anteriorly flattened stylet knobs (vs. concave), fused internal incisures of lateral fields at tail end (U or V vs. Y shaped), position of phasmids relative to anus (0���2 annules anterior vs. 8���11) and offset spermatheca (vs. inline) (Khan & Nanjappa 1972); from H. arachisi in its truncate and distinctly annulated lip region (vs. hemispherical and indistinctly annulated), having anteriorly flattened stylet knobs (vs. concave), with or without very coarse annules at tail end (vs. striated and sometimes with notch), lower c��and higher c ratios (Mulk & Jairajpuri 1975); from H. bihari in having 4���5 distinct lip annules (vs. 5���6 indistinct), longer stylet, smooth tail terminus or with very coarse annules (vs. with fine annules), position of phasmids relative to anus (0���2 annules anterior vs. 3���9), and hemispherical tail (vs. convex to sub-cylindrical) (Mulk & Jairajpuri 1975); from H. wajihi in its truncate head with 4���5 distinct annules (vs. hemispherical, smooth or with 5���6 indistinct annules), greater body length, and higher c and o ratios (Sultan 1981) (Table 3). Remarks. Lal and Khan (1997) synonymized H. arachisi, H. bihari and H. wajihi with H. aquili (without studying the type materials for these species), based upon comparison of descriptions, illustrations and their shared common characters: body size, spear length, shape of spear knobs, tail shape and position of phasmids. However, in addition to the characters used to differentiate these taxa when described (Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1975; Sultan, 1981) there are numerous differences that can still be used to distinguish these species: H. aquili and H. wajihi have smooth tail termini (vs. striated in H. arachisi and H. bihari), and the dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice is located more posteriorly in H. aquili (O> 33 vs. O = 22���35 in H. wajihi). Moreover, the head of H. bihari is truncate (vs. hemispherical in H. arachisi, H. wajihi and H. aquili) (Table 3). Accordingly, the synonymization of these species is not accepted here and we propose the reinstatement of H. arachisi, H. bihari and H. wajihi as valid species., Published as part of Kashi, Leila & Karegar, Akbar, 2014, Description of Helicotylenchus persiaensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) from Iran, pp. 575-588 in Zootaxa 3785 (4) on pages 576-579, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/228466, {"references":["Monteiro, A. R. & de Mendonca, M. M. (1972) Helicotylenchus caipora n. sp. (Nematoda, Hoplolaimidae) de solo de mata do Brasil, Revista de Agricultura Piracicaba, 47, 199 - 204.","Sher, S. A. (1966) Revision of the Hoplolaiminae (Nematoda). VI. Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. Nematologica, 12, 1 - 56. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529266 x 00013","Roman, J. (1965) Nematodes of Puerto Rico, the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Hoplolaiminae). Technical Paper, University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, 41, 1 - 23.","Firoza, K. & Maqbool, M. A. (1996) Description of Helicotylenchus meloni n. sp. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) with a key to species of Pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 14, 83 - 88.","Khan, E. & Nanjappa, C. K. (1972) Four new species in the superfamily Hoplolaimoidea (Tylenchida: Nematoda) from India. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 11 (1970), 143 - 149.","Mulk, M. M. & Jairajpuri, M. S. (1975) Nematodes of leguminous crops in India. II. Five new species of Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Hoplolaimidae). Indian Journal Nematology, 4 (1974), 212 - 221.","Sultan, M. S. (1981) Spiral nematodes of the subfamily Rotylenchinae Golden, 1971 (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) from India. Nematologia Mediterranea, 9, 35 - 47.","Lal, M. & Khan, E. (1997) On the taxonomic status of species of Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. II. Having a round tail terminus from India. Indian Journal Nematol ogy, 27, 12 - 17."]}

Kashi, Leila, Karegar, Akbar (2014): Description of Helicotylenchus persiaensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) from Iran. Zootaxa 3785 (4): 575-588, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3785.4.6

Pratylenchus quasitereoides n. sp. (Table 1, Fig. 1) Measurements and morphometrics of the holotype female and paratypes are presented in Table 1. Adult female: Body vermiform, tapering to anterior and posterior ends, maximum diameter at about oesophago-intestinal junction, with slight reduction in diameter near vulva. Cuticle thin (about 0.5 ���1.0 ��m), with external transverse striae spaced about 1 ��m apart, lacking internal transverse striae, radial striation, punctation and longitudinal markings. Lateral field conspicuous, with three incisures from posterior end of stylet to about level of median oesophageal bulb, four incisures over most of body then two incisures at the phasmids; outer incisures straight, inner incisures straight and continuous; inner field without markings; outer fields of equal width to inner. Cuticular pores absent. Anterior cephalid just anterior to junction of conus and shaft, posterior cephalid just anterior to posterior end of shaft. Excretory pore just anterior to nerve ring, duct prominent, sclerotized. Hemizonid visible anterior to excretory pore, in similar longitudinal position to oesophago-intestinal junction. Hemizonion just posterior to excretory pore. Head 8 ��m long (0.28 times head diameter), tapering little anteriorly, flat, angular, not dorsoventrally flattened, lacking longitudinal division, consisting of three annules of which the middle is widest. A shallow, rounded constriction about 0.5 ��m deep located behind head, 2���2.5 ��m from anterior extremity. Cephalic framework thick, sclerotized, extending anteriorly to anterior-most annule. Stoma very thin walled, with stylet. Stylet 18���19 ��m long, straight. Conus and shaft lengths equal. Knobs at posterior of shaft large, rounded, with anterior face at slightly obtuse angle to shaft (105���115 ��), posterior face at slightly greater angle to shaft (120���130 ��), creating indentation at posterior end of stylet. Dorsal oesophageal gland orifice 3���4 ��m from posterior end of stylet. Median expansion of oesophagus spindle-shaped, diameter 11 ��m (50���60 % of body diameter), with sclerotized hemispheroid valves of diameter about 3 ��m (20���30 % of the oesophagus diameter), located 55���61 ��m from anterior of body (65���85 % of the distance to the oesophago-intestinal junction). Oesophageal glands large, free in body cavity, offset to ventral side, with three nuclei, dorsal cell and nucleus larger than subventrals. Circumoesophageal nerve ring located 15���20 ��m behind valves (80���90 % of distance between anterior of body and oesophago-intestinal junction). Intestinal fasciculi absent. Anus clearly visible. Post-anal sac absent. Anterior genital branch outstretched, located ventrally to the intestine, spermatheca not strongly differentiated, round, without constrictions, without sperm. Posterior genital branch short, 0.5���1.8 body diameters long, consisting of uterine sac and a small amount of incomplete or non-functional ovarial tissue. Vulva without cuticular thickening, indented from a small protuberance on the ventral body surface. Vaginal cuticle thickened, sclerotized over most of length, smooth, directed radially, lumen narrow over entire length. Tail cylindroid-ellipsoid, tapering very little in anterior half, more rapidly in posterior half, slightly concave ventrally, with slightly thickened cuticle on posterior surface only, with 20 to 28 external transverse striae extending around the rounded terminus. Phasmids pore-like, located nearly opposite each other, posterior to anus, in middle of lateral field. Adult male: Not found. Juvenile: Similar to adult female but lacking reproductive structures. Type locality and host. Katanning, Western Australia (33 �� 17 ���S 117 �� 35 ���E), cultivated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Collectors: I Riley & S Kelly. Collected on 0 1 October 1998. Type designations. Holotype adult female: specimen no 89, Australian National Insect Collection Nematode Collection, Canberra, Australia. Paratypes: 16 adult females: specimen nos 90-105, ANIC Nematode Collection, Canberra, Australia. a���in ��m. b���abbreviations follow Hooper (1986 b). c���diam at 50 % tail length / diam at anus. d���diam at 75 % tail length / diam at anus. TABLE 2. Tabular compendium of diagnostic features of P. quasitereoides n. sp. differing from other species or species populations from the genus Pratylenchus. Only species differing from P. quasitereoides in less than 4 primary characters are listed a. species or population head incisures Stylet length b lateral incisures V PUS length b Tail terminus Other differences c. quasitereoides 3 17���19 4 75���82 0.5���1.8 annulated . teres sensu Loof (1992) 3 16���18 6 69���78 1 annulated. teres Amritsar pop (Khan and 3 16���18 6 69���78 1.1���1.4 d annulated Singh, 1974) . flakkensis 2 17 4 73���77 1.3���1.6 annulated SF,OG. alleni 2 13���15 77 ��� 84 1���3 smooth ���annulated SF. loosi 2 14���18 79 ���85 0.8���1.3 smooth SF. wescolagricus 4 17���20 78 ���82 1 smooth ��� ���continued on the next page shaded cells represent differences from P. quasitereoides n. sp.; b in ��m; c SF=spermatheca full (of sperm), males common; OG=length of oesophageal gland overlap of intestine; SL=spermatheca length relative to diameter; TA=number of tail annules; LLC=lateral lines crenate; d calculated from diagram in original description; e Diagnosis. Pratylenchus quasitereoides n. sp. is characterized by having three annules (two external incisures) in the head cuticle, four lateral incisures at mid body, stylet 17���19 ��m long, morphometric index V greater than 75 %, PUS less than 2 body diameters long and tail terminus crenate. Morphological relationships. P. quasitereoides n. sp. differs from all other species in the genus by at least two morphological characters, except for the Amritsar population of P. t ere s (as documented by Khan and Singh 1974) and Loof���s (1992) concept of P. t e re s (Table 2). The main difference between P. quasitereoides n. sp. and these taxa is that P. quasitereoides n. sp. has 4 rather than 6 lateral lines. P. quasitereoides n. sp. differs from the Amritsar population of P. teres in the following characteristics additional to those presented in Table 2: ��� mean position of vulva relative to total body length (morphometric index V = 78 for P. quasitereoides n. sp. vs V = 70 for the Amritsar population of P. teres); and ��� mean body length (L = 656 ��m for P. quasitereoides n. sp. vs L = 550 ��m for the Amritsar population of P. teres). There is some small overlap in the ranges of the two characters, but the differences are based on 16 and 17 adult female specimens of the two species, so there is a high probability that the differences are real, particularly in the case of the morphometric index V (Geraert 1968). The species concept of P. t e re s implicit in the key of Loof (1992) encompasses a very broad range of characteristics. Not all characters were used in the key, so additional differences between the species concepts may exist, most notably in the mean position of the vulva and body size. The species concept of P. t eres was further expanded by Carta et al. (2002). The biological basis for such gradual expansion of species definitions and its implications for the taxonomy of the genus Pratylenchus will be discussed at length in a forthcoming publication. More general considerations of the relationships between morphological, biological, genetic and ecological species concepts in nematodes will also be discussed elsewhere. For identification at low magnifications, two species may be confused with P. quasitereoides n. sp.: P. thornei has the ventral side of the body indented between the vulva and anus, a longer PUS and a wider tail than P. quasitereoides n. sp.; P. crenatus is generally smaller (although there is some overlap), has a shorter oesophageal gland lobe, and a longer PUS. Pratylenchus quasitereoides n. sp. shares a very prominent excretory pore with P. crenatus (Karssen & Bolk 2000). Molecular relationships. Cladistic analyses of the sequences for P. quasitereoides n. sp. and 29 sequences from nine other species in the genus for which the same section of the genome was available used 180 positions in the final data set. All species were in separate, well-supported clades (Fig. 2). Identical consensus tree topologies were obtained from all methods, with support levels for the species clades only differing slightly (86���100 % for NJ- ND, 80���100 % for NJ - CML, 75���99 % for ML, and 86���100 % for ME). To put the genetic differences in context, P. quasitereoides n.sp. differed by 0���10 bp among 4 populations, which was similar to the differences among 8 populations of P. thornei and slightly less than the differences among 5 populations of P. penetrans (0���12 bp). Similar variation in this gene region has been observed in other species of Pratylenchus (Hodda pers. comm.). Ecological relationships. P. quasitereoides n. sp. has been found in Western Australia from Carnamah (29 �� 41 'S 115 �� 53 'E) to Tambellup (34 ��02'S 117 �� 38 'E) (Collins et al. 2013, Riley & Kelly 2002, Riley & Wouts 2001, Vanstone 2007), as well as in South Australia (J. Nobbs, SARDI, personal communication). All populations recorded previously as P. t ere s in Western Australia seem to be the new species P. quasitereoides. No known specimens from Western Australia or anywhere else in Australia should be called ��� P. t ere s ��� now that P. quasitereoides n. sp. has been described. P. t e re s has been found in widely separated locations elsewhere in the world (Carta et al. 2002, Khan & Singh 1974; van den Berg & Queneherve, 2000). No endemic species in the genus Pratylenchus are known in Australia other than P. quasitereoides n.sp (Hodda & Nobbs 2008). The genus Pratylenchus contains a few apparently widespread species and many species with geographic distributions apparently restricted to various small regions of the world (Ryss 2002, Siddiqi 2000). The restricted distribution is not unusual. P. quasitereoides n. sp. has been found on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) (Collins et al. 2013, Riley & Kelly 2002, Riley & Wouts 2001, Vanstone 2007). By contrast, P. teres has never been found on these hosts (Table 3). The sympatric congeners P. neglectus, P. thornei and P. penetrans have many of the same plant species as hosts as P. quasitereoides n.sp, but all have been found on additional hosts (Table 3). Multiplication factors for P. neglectus and P. t h or n e i on lupin and oats are generally less than 1, but generally greater than 1 for P. quasitereoides n. sp. (Vanstone et al. 2005). On the same varieties of lupin and oats, reproduction rates of P. quasitereoides n. sp. (1.6 and 8.1, respectively) were much greater than those of P. neglectus (1.0 and 1.6, repectively). However, different varieties have different host status to P. quasitereoides n.sp. as well as for P. n e gl e ct us and P. t h or n e i (Collins et al. 2013, Vanstone 2007, Vanstone et al. 2005). Etymology. The name indicates the similarity of the new species with P. t e re s from the suffix ���oides���, and that the species has been known as P. t e re s ���quasi���. The species epithet is mostly Latin neuter, but the suffix is Greek (as with the generic name), and chosen for euphony above the Latin ���similis���. Braun, A.L. & Loof, P.A.A. (1966) Pratylenchoides laticuada n. sp., a new endoparasitic phytonematode. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 72, 241 ��� 245. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007 /BF02650210 Cadet, P., van den Berg, E., Delatte, A. & Fiard, J.-P. (1994) Comparaison de quelques peuplements nematologiques des Petites Antilles. Biogeographica, 70, 125 ��� 138. Carta, L.K., Handoo, Z.A., Skantar, A.M., van Biljon, J. & Botha, M. (2002) Redescription of Pratylenchus teres Khan & Singh, 1974 (Nemata: Pratylenchidae), with the description of a new subspecies from South Africa, and a phylogenetic analysis of related species. African Plant Protection, 8, 13��� 24. Cobb, N.A. (1917) A new parasitic nema found infesting cotton and potatoes. Journal of Agricultural Research, 11, 27��� 33. Collins, S.J., Kelly, S., Hunter, H., MacLeod, B., Debrincat, L., Teasdale, J., Versteeg, C. & Zhang, Z. (2013) P. teres ���WA���s home grown Root Lesion Nematode (RLN) and its unique impacts on broadacre crops. 2013 WA Crop Updates, GRDC & DAFWA, Perth., 4 pp. Department of Agriculture Western Australia (2005) Annual Report 2003���2004. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Perth, 121 pp. Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence-limits on phylogenies���an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution, 39, 783 ��� 791. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.2307 / 2408678 Filipjev, I.N. & Schuurmans Stekhoven, J.H. (1941) A manual of agricultural helminthology. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 878 pp. Geraert, E. (1968) Morphometric relations in nematodes. Nematologica, 14, 171 ��� 182. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1163 / 187529268 X00390 Hodda, M. & Nobbs, J.M. (2008) A review of current knowledge on particular taxonomic features of the Australasian nematode fauna, with special emphasis on plant feeders. Australasian Plant Pathology, 37, 308 ��� 317. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1071 /AP08024 Hooper, D.J. (1986 a) Extraction of free-living stages from soil. In: Southey, J.F. (Ed.), Laboratory methods for work with plant and soil nematodes. 6 th ed. Her Majesty���s Stationery Office, London, pp. 5���30. Hooper, D.J. (1986 b) Drawing and measuring nematodes. In: Southey, J.F. (Ed.), Laboratory methods for work with plant and soil nematodes. 6 th ed. Her Majesty���s Stationery Office, London, pp. 87���94. Karssen, G. & Bolk, R.J. (2000) An additional character useful for the identification of Pratylenchus crenatus Loof 1960 (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae). Nematology, 2, 695 ��� 697. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1163 / 156854100509556 Khan, E. & Singh, D.B. (1974) Five new species of Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) from India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 4, 199 ��� 211. Loof, P.A.A. (1992) The family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949. In: Nickle, W.R. (Ed.), Manual of Agricultural Nematology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 363���421. Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2000) Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. Oxford University Press, New York, 333 pp. Nunn, G.B., Theisen, B.F., Christensen, B. & Arctander, P. (1996) Simplicity-correlated size growth of the nuclear 28 S ribosomal RNA D 3 expansion segment in the crustacean order Isopoda. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 42, 211 ��� 223. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007 /BF02198847 Palomares-Rius, J.E., Castillo, P., Liebanas, G., Vovlas, N., Landa, B.B., Navas-Cortes, J.A. & Subbotin, S.A. (2010) Description of Pratylenchus hispaniensis n. sp from Spain and considerations on the phylogenetic relationship among selected genera in the family Pratylenchidae. Nematology, 12, 429 ��� 451. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1163 / 138855409 X 12559479585043 Rensch, B. (1924) Aphelenchus neglectus sp. n., eine neue parasitare Nematodenart. Zoologischer Anzeiger Leipzig, 59, 277 ��� 280. Riley, I.T. & Kelly, S.J. (2002) Endoparasitic nematodes in cropping soils of Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 42, 49��� 56. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1071 /EA01054 Riley, I.T. & Wouts, W.M. (2001) Pratylenchus and Radopholus species in agricultural soils and native vegetation in Southern Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 125, 147 ��� 153. Ryss, A. Y. (1982) [New phyto nematode species of the genus Pratylenchus in the Estonian SSR, USSR.] Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised Bioloogia, 31, 22��� 29. Ryss, A. Y. (2002) Genus Pratylenchus Filipjev: multientry and monoentry keys and diagnostic relationships (Nematoda: Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 10, 241 ��� 255. Rzhetsky, A. & Nei M. (1992) A simple method for estimating and testing minimum-evolution trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 9, 945 ��� 967. Saitou, N. & Nei, M. (1987) The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4, 406 ��� 425. Seinhorst, J. W. (1959) A rapid method for the transfer of nematodes from fixative to anhydrous glycerine. Nematologica, 4, 67��� 69. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1163 / 187529259 X00381 Sher, S.A., Allen M.W. (1953) Revision of the genus Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). University of California Publications in Zoology, 57, 441 ��� 470. Siddiqi, M.R. (2000) Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects. CABI, New York, 833 pp. Subbotin, S.A., Ragsdale, E.J., Mullens, T., Roberts, P.A., Mundo-Ocampo, M. & Baldwin, J.G. (2008) A phylogenetic framework for root lesion nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus (Nematoda): Evidence from 18 S and D 2 -D 3 expansion segments of 28 S ribosomal RNA genes and morphological characters. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48, 491 ��� 505. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016 /j.ympev.2008.04.028 Taheri, Z.M., Maafi, Z.T., Subbotin, S.A., Pourjam, E. & Eskandari, A. (2013) Molecular and phylogenetic studies on Pratylenchidae from Iran with additional data on Pratylenchus delattrei, Pratylenchoides alkani and two unknown species of Hirschmanniella and Pratylenchus. Nematology, 15, 633 ��� 651. Tamura, K., Nei M. & Kumar, S. (2004) Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 1, Published as part of Hodda, Mike, Collins, Sarah J., Vanstone, Vivien A., Hartley, Diana, Wanjura, Wolfgang & Kehoe, Monica, 2014, Pratylenchus quasitereoides n. sp. from cereals in Western Australia, pp. 277-288 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on pages 279-288, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/230849, {"references":["Hooper, D. J. (1986 b) Drawing and measuring nematodes. In: Southey, J. F. (Ed.), Laboratory methods for work with plant and soil nematodes. 6 th ed. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, pp. 87 - 94.","Loof, P. A. A. (1992) The family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949. In: Nickle, W. R. (Ed.), Manual of Agricultural Nematology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 363 - 421.","Khan, E. & Singh, D. B. (1974) Five new species of Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) from India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 4, 199 - 211.","Ryss, A. Y. (1982) [New phyto nematode species of the genus Pratylenchus in the Estonian SSR, USSR.] Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised Bioloogia, 31, 22 - 29.","Ryss, A. Y. (2002) Genus Pratylenchus Filipjev: multientry and monoentry keys and diagnostic relationships (Nematoda: Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 10, 241 - 255.","Geraert, E. (1968) Morphometric relations in nematodes. Nematologica, 14, 171 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529268 X 00390","Carta, L. K., Handoo, Z. A., Skantar, A. M., van Biljon, J. & Botha, M. (2002) Redescription of Pratylenchus teres Khan & Singh, 1974 (Nemata: Pratylenchidae), with the description of a new subspecies from South Africa, and a phylogenetic analysis of related species. African Plant Protection, 8, 13 - 24.","Karssen, G. & Bolk, R. J. (2000) An additional character useful for the identification of Pratylenchus crenatus Loof 1960 (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae). Nematology, 2, 695 - 697. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854100509556","Collins, S. J., Kelly, S., Hunter, H., MacLeod, B., Debrincat, L., Teasdale, J., Versteeg, C. & Zhang, Z. (2013) P. teres - WA's home grown Root Lesion Nematode (RLN) and its unique impacts on broadacre crops. 2013 WA Crop Updates, GRDC & DAFWA, Perth., 4 pp.","Riley, I. T. & Kelly, S. J. (2002) Endoparasitic nematodes in cropping soils of Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 42, 49 - 56. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / EA 01054","Riley, I. T. & Wouts, W. M. (2001) Pratylenchus and Radopholus species in agricultural soils and native vegetation in Southern Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 125, 147 - 153.","Vanstone, V. A. (2007) Root Lesion and Burrowing Nematodes in Western Australian cropping systems. DAFWA Bulletin, 4698, 1 - 19.","van den Berg, E. & Queneherve, P. (2000) Hirschmanniella caribbeana sp. n. and new records of Pratylenchus spp. (Pratylenchidae: Nematoda) from Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Nematology, 2, 179 - 190. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854100509079","Hodda, M. & Nobbs, J. M. (2008) A review of current knowledge on particular taxonomic features of the Australasian nematode fauna, with special emphasis on plant feeders. Australasian Plant Pathology, 37, 308 - 317. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / AP 08024","Siddiqi, M. R. (2000) Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects. CABI, New York, 833 pp.","Vanstone, V. A., Kelly, S. J., Hunter, H. F. & Gilchrist, M. C. (2005) Rotations for nematode management. 2005 WA Crop Updates, GRDC & DAFWA, Perth, 7 pp."]}

Also published on the Featured Creatures website at http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/NEMATODE/spiral_nematode.htm Includes: Introduction - Distribution - Life Cycle and Biology - Hosts - Symptoms - Identification - Economic Importance - Management - Selected References Original EDIS publication: Crow, William. 2013. “Spiral Nematode, Helicotylenchus Pseudorobustus (Steiner, 1941) Golden, 1956 (Nematoda: Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae)”. EDIS 2013 (1). https://journals.flvc.org/edis/article/view/120478.

Rotylenchus arasbaranensis n. sp., a new monosexual species is described and illustrated based on morphological, morphometric and molecular studies. The new species is characterised by having an offset and hemispherical lip region with 5-6 annuli, 32-36 μm long stylet, vulva located at 43.9-59.2% with a single epiptygma and rounded tail, rarely bilobed, with 6-8 annuli. The species R. striaticeps and the male of R. buxophilus are reported for the first time from Iran and R. fragaricus is reported and studied for the second time after its original description. The results of the phylogenetic analyses based on the sequences of the D2- D3 expansion region of the 28S, ITS1-rRNA and the partial 18S rRNA genes were provided for the studied species, confirming their differences from each other and determining the position of them and their relationships with closely related taxa. Also, the validity of Plesiorotylenchus is discussed on the basis of molecular data and its synonymisation (with only one sequence) with Rotylenchus is accepted., The first four authors acknowledge the Iranian National Science Foundation (INSF) and Tarbiat Modares University (Iran) for the financial support; while the sixth to eighth authors acknowledge the financial support by grant AGR-136 from ‘Consejería de Economía, Innvovación y Ciencia’ from Junta de Andalucía, and Union Europea, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo regional, ‘Una manera de hacer Europa’. SEM pictures were obtained with the assistance of technical staff and the equipment of ‘Centro de Instrumentación Científico-Técnica (CICT)’, University of Jaén.

Summary The area of vineyards in Poland is about 350 ha and it is increasing every year. The main viticulture regions are located in southern and western Poland. Most of them are home-garden vineyards and grapes are used for non-commercial produce of vine. Among plant parasitic nematodes there are several species that can be harmful to grapevine. Despite that, up to date there were no studies carried out on the occurrence of those nematodes in Polish vineyards. However, as the popularity of viticulture production in Poland has been increasing, it would be worthwhile to conduct studies on this group of parasitic nematodes. Here we present preliminary results on the occurrence of species from the plant parasitic nematodes families: Criconematidae, Hoplolaimidae, Longidoridae, Paratylenchidae, Telotylenchidae, Trichodoridae and Xiphinematidae. Study was based on 22 soil samples from 8 vinyards located in malopolskie, podkarpackie and świetokrzyskie provinces. Twenty-two species of plant parasitic nematodes were detected: 7 from the family Hoplolaimidae, 6 from both Criconematidae and Telotylenchidae, 2 from Paratylenchidae and 1 from Xiphinematidae. No species from families Longidoridae and Trichodoridae were found.

Summary - Description of four new species and four populations of Rotylenchus (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae). Proposal a tabular key - Four new species from France are described and figured: Rotylenchus ascalpi sp. n., characterised by an annulated, rounded and set off lip region; R. corsicus sp. n., characterised by a rounded, annulated lip region; R. echelimae sp. n., characterised by a truncated, smooth lip region; R. provincialis sp. n., characterised by a conoïd rounded, annulated lip region and an unannulated tail terminus. The measurements, figures and main morphological differences in relation to the original descriptions of four other populations are given: Rotylenchus capensis , R. eximius, R. magnus jaeni and R. magnus magnus. An emended diagnosis of the genus, a list of valid species and species inquirendae vel dubiae and a tabular key to species are proposed. Quatre nouvelles espèces de Rotylenchus sont décrites et figurées: Rotylenchus ascalpi sp. n., caractérisé par une région céphalique arrondie, comportant de cinq à sept anneaux; R. corsicus sp. n. caractérisé par une région céphalique arrondie, annelée; R. echelimae sp. n., caractérisé par une région céphalique tronconique non annelée; R. provincialis sp. n., caractérisé par une région céphalique annelée, conoïde-arrondie et par l'extrémité caudale lisse. Pour des populations de quatre autres espèces, Rotylenchus capensis, R. eximius, R. magnus jaeni, R. magnus magnus, les mensurations, les figures et les différences morphologiques majeures par rapport aux descriptions originales sont données. Une diagnose amendée du genre, la liste des espèces valides et des species inquirendae vel dubiae ainsi qu'une clé tabulaire pour les espèces sont proposées.

A study was done on the taxonomy and morphology of plant parasitic nematodes (Tylenchida) found in a Guneid sugarcane factory field of Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane), in Gezira state, Sudan. The samples were collected from around the root zone of sugarcane stools at a depth of 10 to 15 cm. One new species belonging to Hoplolaimidae was identified and studied. Helicotylenchus zeidani sp. nov. is characterized by a smooth head and a conical tail with a projection. It is 0.72 mm (0.62 to 0.81 mm) long, a = 32.4 (25.6 to 36.6), c = 36.9 (29.2 to 53.1) with a medium sized body and shorter stylet.

Four Rotylenchus species are known from New Zealand: R. labiodiscus sp. n., R. buxophilus, R. robustus, and R. uniformis. R. labiodiscus has been found at one site only, and is the only species so far found associated with native vegetation. R. labiodiscus is characterised by the presence of males; both the female and the male have a flat lip cap, which is distinctly set off in the male; the female has a body length of 0.6–0.7 mm, a stylet length of 33–37 μm, a tail length of 14.5–29.5 μm, 7–9 lip annules, an almost hemispherical tail, and no longitudinal striation on the oesophageal part of the body. Illustrations, key features, and measurements of representative populations are given for each species.

The genus Pararotylenchus is synonymised with Rotylenchus and the species previously in the former are transferred to the latter. This transfer requires the change of specific epithet of R. brevicaudatus Colbran, 1962, which is preoccupied by R. brevicaudatus (Hopper, 1959) comb. n., for which R. colbrani nom. n. is proposed.

Helicotylenchus dihystera (Fig. 2 I, J) Measurements. See Table 3. Remarks. Helicotylenchus dihystera was described from soil around sugarcane roots (Saccharum officinarum) in Harwood, Australia. It is a cosmopolitan species with a wide geographical distribution, occurring in 17 countries in Europe, 28 in Asia, 30 in Africa, three in North America, 18 in Central America and Caribbean, eight in South America, and eight in Oceania (CABI 2010). In the USA, it occurs in Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, NC, South Dakota and Texas (CABI 2010). This species has a wide host range including sugarcane, potato, banana, rice, tea, avocado, coffee, maize, beans, wheat, rye, oat, sorghum, and turfgrass (Kinloch 1971; Siddiqi 1972; Lucas et al. 1974). There was a significant correlation between numbers of H. dihystera and reduced growth of Kentucky bluegrass in a landscape setting in Lincoln, Nebraska (Sumner 1967) and of turf in bowling greens in Adelaide, Australia (Wallace 1971). In this study, H. dihystera was found in 34 counties in both NC and SC. It had high prevalence in all three management zones (green, fairway and tee) and two grass species (bentgrass and zoysiagrass). Both morphology and morphometrics fit the description of other populations (Sher 1966; Siddiqi 1972)., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Kinloch, R. A. (1971) Florida field crops as hosts of Helicotylenchus dihystera. Nematropica, 1, 38 - 39.","Lucas, L. T., Blake, C. T. & Barker, K. R. (1974) Nematodes associated with bentgrass and bermudagrass golf greens in North Carolina. Plant Disease Reporter, 58, 822 - 824.","Sumner, D. R. (1967) Nematodes in bluegrass. Plant Disease Reporter, 51, 457 - 460.","Wallace, H. R. (1971) The influence of the density of nematode populations on plants. Nematologica, 17, 154 - 166.","Sher, S. A. (1966) Revision of the Hoplolaiminae (Nematoda). VI. Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. Nematologica, 12, 1 - 56."]}

Belonolaimus longicaudatus (Fig. 4 A���E) Measurements. See Table 8. Remarks. Belonolaimus longicaudatus was described from soil around the roots of Zea mays in Sanford, Florida, by Rau (1958). It is a major plant parasite in the southeastern USA, with widespread distribution throughout the Atlantic Coastal Plain from Virginia to Florida (Orton Williams 1974 a). It has been recorded from NC (Lucas et al. 1974, 1978), Connecticut, Louisiana, Texas (Christie 1959), New Jersey (Myers 1979), Oklahoma (Russell et al. 1969), Arkansas (Riggs 1961), Kansas (Dickerson et al. 1972) and California (Mundo-Ocampo et al. 1994). Holdeman (1955) reported B. longicaudatus in Florida, Georgia, NC, SC and Virginia. It has a wide host range including citrus (Duncan et al. 1996), soybean (Handoo et al. 2010), corn (Rhoades 1986), cotton (Koenning et al. 2004), carrot (Rhoades 1975) and turfgrasses (Robbins & Barker 1973). It is considered the most important pest of turf and pasture grasses (Heald & Perry 1970; Crow 2005 b). This species has been documented in association with many grass species, including bermudagrass, creeping bentgrass, zoysiagrass, crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), pangolagrass (D. decumbens), Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), sudangrass (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense), limpograss (Hemarthria altissima) and St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) (Johnson 1970; Orton Williams 1974 a; Busey et al. 1991; Giblin-Davis et al. 1992). In this survey, B. longicaudatus was found in 131 turfgrass samples in three turf management zones (green, fairway and tee) in both NC and SC and three grass species (bermudagrass, creeping bentgrass, zoysiagrass) from 24 counties. There was no difference in morphology and morphometrics compared to the original and other descriptions of the species (Rau 1958; Han et al. 2006)., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on page 16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Rau, J. G. (1958) A new species of sting nematode. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 25, 95 - 98.","Orton Williams, K. J. (1974 a) Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology Descriptions of Plant- Parasitic Nematodes, set 3, no. 40. St. Albans, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.","Lucas, L. T., Blake, C. T. & Barker, K. R. (1974) Nematodes associated with bentgrass and bermudagrass golf greens in North Carolina. Plant Disease Reporter, 58, 822 - 824.","Lucas, L. T., Barker, K. R. & Blake, C. T. (1978) Seasonal changes in nematode densities on bentgrass golf greens in North Carolina. Plant Disease Reporter, 62, 373 - 376.","Christie, J. R. (1959) Plant Nematodes: their bionomics and control. Gainesville, Fla: University of Florida, 256 pp.","Myers, R. F. (1979) The sting nematode, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, from New Jersey. Plant Disease Reporter, 63, 756 - 757.","Russell, C. C. & Sturgeon, R. V. (1969) Occurrence of Belonolaimus longicaudatus and Ditylenchus dipsaci in Oklahoma. Phytopathology, 59, 118.","Riggs, R. D. (1961) Sting nematode in Arkansas. Plant Disease Reporter, 45, 392.","Dickerson, O. J., Willis, W. G., Dainello, F. J. & Pair, J. C. (1972) The sting nematode, Belonlaimus longicaudatus, in Kansas. Plant Disease Reporter, 56, 957.","Mundo-Ocampo, M. J., Becker, J. O. & Baldwin, J. (1994) Occurrence of Belonolaimus longicaudatus on bermudagrass in the Coachella Valley. Plant Disease, 78, 529.","Holdeman, Q. L. (1955) The present known distribution of the sting nematode, Belonolaimus gracilis in the coastal plain of the southeastern United States. Plant Disease Reporter, 39, 58.","Duncan, L. W., Noling, J. W., Inserra, R. N. & Dunn, D. (1996) Spatial patterns of Belonolaimus spp. among and within citrus orchards on Florida's central ridge. Journal of Nematology, 28, 352 - 359.","Handoo, Z. A., Skantar, A. M. & Mulrooney, R. P. (2010) First report of the sting nematode Belonolaimus longicaudatus on soybean in Delaware. Plant Disease, 94, 133.","Rhoades, H. L. (1986) The sting nematode, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, a serious pest of corn in Florida. Nematology Circular, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service, (131), 2 pp.","Koenning, S. R., Kirkpatrick, T. L., Starr, J. L., Wrather, J. A., Walker, N. R. & Mueller, J. D. (2004) Plant-parasitic nematodes attacking cotton in the United States: old and emerging production challenges. Plant Disease, 88, 100 - 113.","Rhoades, H. L. (1975) Pathogenicity and control of the sting nematode, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, on carrot. Plant Disease Reporter, 59, 1021 - 1024.","Robbins, R. T. & Barker, K. R. (1973) Comparisons of host range and reproduction among populations of Belonolaimus longicaudatus from North Carolina and Georgia. Plant Disease Reporter, 57, 750 - 754.","Heald, C. M. & Perry, V. G. (1970) Nematodes and other pests. Turfgrass Science, Agronomy, (14), 358 - 369.","Crow, W. T. (2005 b) Plant parasitic nematodes on golf course turf. Outlooks on Pest Management. February, 10 - 15.","Johnson, A. W. (1970) Pathogenicity and interactions of three nematode species on six bermudagrasses. Journal of Nematology, 2, 36 - 41.","Busey, P., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Riger, C. W. & Zaenker, E. I. (1991) Susceptibility of diploid St. Augustinegrasses to Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Supplement to the Journal of Nematology, 23, 604 - 610.","Giblin-Davis, R. M., Cisar, J. L., Blitz, F. G. & Williams, K. E. (1992) Host status of different bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.) for the sting nematode, Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Journal of Nematology, 24, 749 - 756.","Han H. R., Jeyaprakash, A., Weingartner, D. P. & Dickson, D. W. (2006) Morphological and molecular biological characterization of Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Nematropica, 36, 37 - 52."]}

Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel, Martin, Matt (2012): Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA. Zootaxa 3452: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165

Hoplolaimus galeatus (Fig. 2 A���E) Measurements. See Table 2. Remarks. Hoplolaimus galeatus was described from soil at Arlington Farms, Arlington, Virginia, USA (Cobb 1913). It has been reported from SC (Lewis et al. 1993; Martin et al. 1994; Koenning & Barker 1998), NC (Lucas et al. 1974), Florida (Crow 2005 b), Kansas (Todd & Tisserat 1990), Arkansas (Robbins et al. 1987), Tennessee (Ponchillia 1975), Alabama (Rodriguez-Kabana & Thurlow 1980), Minnesota (Wallace & MacDonald 1979), Virginia (Niles et al. 1985), Maryland (Feldmesser & Golden 1972), Indiana (Alby et al. 1983), Mississippi (Bost 1985), Kentucky (Chapman 1976), Louisiana (McGawley et al. 1984), Illinois (Allen et al. 2005), Michigan (Olsen 1983), Texas (Heald et al. 1991), Missouri (Wrather et al. 1992) and Iowa (Norton & Hinz 1976) in USA. This species has been reported in Trinidad (Singh 1973), Costa Rica (Tarjan & Jimenez 1973), Argentina (Doucet 1980), Peru (Ciancio et al. 1998), Brazil (Torres et al. 2007), Turkey (Kepenekci & ��kten 2000), Pakistan (Goswami et al. 2008) and Australia (Nambiar et al. 2008). Hoplolaimus galeatus feeds and reproduces on a wide range of plant hosts. It can cause serious damage to cotton (Krusberg & Sasser 1956; Wrather et al. 1992; Martin et al. 1994; Gazaway & Mclean 2003), soybean (Lewis et al. 1993; Koenning & Barker 1998), banana (Torres et al. 2007) and corn (Norton & Hinz 1976). It is also considered to be an economically important pest of turfgrasses such as St. Augustine grass (Sternotaphrum secundatum) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) (Henn & Dunn 1989; Giblin- Davis et al. 1990, 1995). In this survey, this species was found in 22 counties in NC and SC. It was found with high prevalence in all three management zones (green, fairway and tee) and two grass species (bentgrass and zoysiagrass). The morphological characteristics agreed well with the population described by Sher (1963)., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Cobb, N. A. (1913) New nematode genera found inhabiting fresh water and non-brackish soils. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 3, 438.","Lewis, S. A., Drye, C. E., Saunders, J. A., Shipe, E. R. & Halbrendt, J. M. (1993) Plant-parasite nematodes on soybean in South Carolina. Supplement to Journal of Nematology, 25, 890 - 894.","Martin, S. B., Mueller, J. D., Saunders, J. A. & Jones, W. I. (1994) A survey of South Carolina cotton fields for plant parasitic nematodes. Plant Disease, 78, 717 - 719.","Koenning, S. R. & Barker, K. R. (1998) Survey of Heterodera glycines races and other plant-parasitic nematodes on soybean in North Carolina. Supplement to Journal of Nematology, 30, 569 - 576.","Lucas, L. T., Blake, C. T. & Barker, K. R. (1974) Nematodes associated with bentgrass and bermudagrass golf greens in North Carolina. Plant Disease Reporter, 58, 822 - 824.","Crow, W. T. (2005 b) Plant parasitic nematodes on golf course turf. Outlooks on Pest Management. February, 10 - 15.","Todd, T. C. & Tisserat, N. A. (1990) Occurrence, spatial distribution, and pathogenicity of some phytoparasitic nematodes on creeping bentgrass putting greens in Kansas. Plant Disease, 74, 660 - 663.","Robbins, R. T., Riggs, R. D. & Von Steen, D. (1987) Results of annual phytoparasitic nematode surveys of Arkansas soybean fields, 1978 - 1986. Annals of Applied Nematology, 1, 50 - 55.","Ponchillia, P. E. (1975) Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with burley tobacco in Tennessee. Plant Disease Reporter, 59, 219 - 220.","Rodriguez-Kabana, R. & Thurlow, D. L. (1980) Effect of Hoplolaimus galeatus and other nematodes on yield of selected soybean cultivars. Nematropica, 10, 130 - 138.","Wallace, M. K. & MacDonald, D. H. (1979) Plant-parasitic nematodes in Minnesota apple orchards. Plant Disease Reporter, 63, 1063 - 1067.","Niles, R. K., Yoder, K. S. & Elliott, A. P. (1985) The effect of nematicide treatment on nematodes associated with non-bearing apple, 1981 - 1982. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests, 40, 93 - 94.","Feldmesser, J. & Golden, A. M. (1972) Control of nematodes damaging home lawngrasses in two counties in Maryland. Plant Disease Reporter, 56, 476 - 480.","Alby, T., Ferris, J. M. & Ferris, V. R. (1983) Dispersion and distribution of Pratylenchus scribneri and Hoplolaimus galeatus in soybean fields. Journal of Nematology, 15, 418 - 426.","Bost, S. C. (1985) Evaluation of nematicides for control of lesion and lance nematodes on grain sorghum, 1984. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests, 40, 98.","Chapman, R. A. (1976) Population dynamics of Hoplolaimus galeatus in sod. Journal of Nematology, 8, 282.","McGawley, E. C., Winchell, K. L. & Berggren, G. T. (1984) Possible involvement of Hoplolaimus galeatus in a disease complex of ' centennial' soybean. Phytopathology, 74, 831.","Allen, J. B., Bond, J. P. & Schmidt, M. E. (2005) Incidence of Meloidogyne incognita and development of resistant soybean germplasm in Illinois. Plant Health Progress, 1 - 9.","Olsen, L. G. (1983) Nematode control in concord grapes in Michigan, 1983. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests, 39, 91 - 92.","Heald, C. M., Starr, J. L. & Robinson, A. F. (1991) Incidence of plant parasitic nematodes in some cotton-growing areas of the Brazos River. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Production Conference, 1, 189.","Wrather, J. A., Niblack, T. L. & Milam, M. R. (1992) Survey of plant-parasitic nematodes in Missouri cotton fields. Journal of Nematology, 24, 779 - 782.","Norton, D. C. & Hinz, P. (1976) Relationships of Hoplolaimus galeatus and Pratylenchus hexincisus to reduction of corn yields in sandy soils in Iowa. Plant Disease Reporter, 60, 197 - 200.","Singh, N. D. (1973) Preliminary report of plant parasitic nematodes associated with important crops in Trinidad. Nematropica, 3, 56 - 61.","Tarjan, A. C. & Jimenez, M. F. (1973) Debilitation of cacao in Costa Rica by plant nematodes. Nematropica, 3, 25 - 28.","Doucet, M. E. (1980) Description of two new Peltamigratus species and of a Hoplolaimus galeatus population from Cordoba Province, Argentina. Nematologica, 26, 34 - 46.","Ciancio, A., Farfan, V. V., Torres, E. C. & Grasso, G. (1998) Observations on a Pasteuria isolate parasitic on Hoplolaimus galeatus in Peru. Journal of Nematology, 30, 206 - 210.","Torres, G. R. de C., Medeiros, H. A. de, Sales Junior, R. & Moura, R. M. de. (2007) Occurrence of Hoplolaimus galeatus associated to banana rhizosphere in the Brazil. Caatinga, 20, 113 - 117.","Kepenekci, I. & Okten, M. E. (2000) New species nematoda fauna of the Turkiye belonging to Tylenchoidea and Hoplolaimoidea (Tylenchida: Nematoda) superfamilies and Hoplolaimus galeatus (Cobb, 1913) Thorne. Bitki Koruma Bulteni, 40, 1 - 28.","Goswami, S. P., Pathan, M. A., Jiskani, M. M., Wagan, K. H. & Khaskheli, M. I. (2008) Occurrence, population fluctuation and distribution of plant parasitic nematodes in ornamental plants in Sindh. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering, Veterinary Sciences, 24, 33 - 39.","Nambiar, L., Quader, M. & Nobbs, J. M. (2008) First record of Hoplolaimus galeatus in Australia. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 3, 145 - 146.","Krusberg, L. R. & Sasser, J. N. (1956) Host-parasitic relationship of the lance nematode on cotton roots. Phytopathology, 46, 505 - 510.","Gazaway, W. S. & Mclean, K. S. (2003) A survey of plant parasitic nematodes associated with cotton in Alabama. The Journal of Cotton Science, 7, 1 - 7.","Henn, R. A. & Dunn, R. A. (1989) Reproduction of Hoplolaimus galeatus and growth of seven St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) cultivars. Nematropica, 19, 81 - 87.","Sher, S. A. (1963) Revision of the Hoplolaimidae (Nematoda). Il. Hoplolaimus Daday, 1905 and Aorolaimus n. gen. Nematologica, 9, 267 - 295."]}

(2003). A Reappraisal of Scutellonema Picea Gubina, 1973 (Nemata: Hoplolaimidae Filip’Ev, 1934) into Rotylenchus Robustus (De Man, 1876) Filip’Ev, 1936 and the Correction of the Lithuanian List of Nematodes. Acta Zoologica Lituanica: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 350-352.

Helicotylenchus densibullatus Siddiqi, 1972 (Fig. 1, E–F and Image 3 A–B) Material examined: Five females, 31.xii.2009, coll. P. Bohra, Reg.No. IV/2329. Measurements: Females: L = 0.43–0.44 mm; a = 22–24; b = 4.7–6.2; c = 42–44; c´ = 0.76–0.90; V = 65–67. Description: Female: Body spirally coiled upon fixation. Lip region hemispheroid and marked by three distinct annules. Labial sclerotization moderate. Lateral fields marked by four incisures, outer ones slightly crenate. Stylet 21–23 µm long. Median oesophageal bulb spheroidal in shape. Excretory pore opposite to oesophago–intestinal junction. Ovaries paired. Intestine not exceeding into rectum. Tail dorsally convex–conoid to a short usually acute ventral projection, with 7–10 annules. Annules becoming slightly coarser ventrally towards distal end. Habitat and locality: Collected from soil around roots of Banana (Musa balbisiana) from Kakarwa district, Rajasamand, Rajasthan, India. Remarks: H.densibullatus is characterized in having basal knobs of stylet appearing to be amalgamated with the shaft, not distinctly marked off individually (hence specific name); it comes closer to H. indicus Siddiqi, 1963 which has narrow truricurate lip region, indistinct labial annules, a more conspicuous labial sclerotization, from H. elegans Roman, 1965 has well separated anteriorly cupped stylet knobs. Lip region bearing five or six annules., Published as part of Bohra, Padma, 2012, Twelve species of nematodes: new records for India, pp. 2889-2899 in Journal of Threatened Taxa 4 (9) on page 2892, DOI: 10.11609/JoTT.o2703.2889-99, http://zenodo.org/record/4987130, {"references":["Siddiqi, M. R. (1972). On the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Tylenchida), with description of nine new species. Nematologica 18: 74 - 91."]}

Helicotylenchus talonus Siddiqi, 1972 (Fig. 1, I–J and Image 5 A–B) Material examined: 3 females, 31.xii.2009; coll. P. Bohra, Reg.No. IV/2344. Measurements: Females: L = 0.41–0.46 mm; a = 22–24; b = 5.8–6.5; c = 1.1–1.2; c´ = 0.8–0.9; V = 62–66. Description: Female: Body spirally curved upon fixation. Lateral fields marked by four incisures. Lip region hemispheroid, distinctly marked by 4–5 labial annules. Stylet 19–20µm long; basal knobs large with flattened to concave anterior surface–median oesophageal bulb oval. Ovaries paired. Tail dorsally convex–conoid, with 3–7 annules ventrally and a large, bluntly rounded, claw–like unstriated ventral projection. Habitat and locality: Collected from soil around roots of Lemon (Citrus reticulate) at Kakarwa, Rajasamand District, Rajasthan, India. Remarks: H. talonus Siddiqi, 1972 comes close to H. glissus Thorne & Malek, 1968; H. bradys Thorne & Malek, 1968 and H. borinquensis Roman, 1965. From H. glissus it differs in having a distinctly annulated lip region, a wider tail projection and inner incisures of the lateral fields usually fusing distally on tail. From H. bradys it can be differentiated by spear length (spear 29–33 µ long in H. bradys), finer body annules (3µ wide at mid– body in H. bradys) and fewer tail annules. From H. borinquensis it can be separated by its fewer tail annules, a large tail projection and phasmids which are closer to the anal level., Published as part of Bohra, Padma, 2012, Twelve species of nematodes: new records for India, pp. 2889-2899 in Journal of Threatened Taxa 4 (9) on page 2892, DOI: 10.11609/JoTT.o2703.2889-99, http://zenodo.org/record/4987130, {"references":["Siddiqi, M. R. (1972). On the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Tylenchida), with description of nine new species. Nematologica 18: 74 - 91."]}

The aim of this study was to evaluate the nematocidal effects of natural phytoregulators jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl-jasmonate (MJ) against plant parasitic nematodes Pratylenchus zeae (Graham) (Pratylenchidae) and Helicotylenchus spp. (Hoplolaimidae). Both JA and MJ promoted elevated percentages of mortality in P. zeae and Helicotylenchus spp. after 12 and 24 h of nematodes exposition at different concentrations of jasmonates. Considering the potential use of jasmonates as biofertiliser added now for their nematocidal effects, our results are of relevance in terms of biotechnological application.

Rotylenchus vitis n. sp., a new amphimictic species infesting soil and roots of commercial vineyards in southern Spain, is described. Rotylenchus vitis n. sp. is characterised by a truncate lip region with 7-9 annuli and continuous with the body contour, lateral fields areolated at pharyngeal region only, body without longitudinal striations, stylet length of 36-48 οm, vulva position at 47-57%, tail rounded to hemispherical with 13-21 annuli. Morphologically, this species is related to R. cazorlaensis, R. capitatus, R. elegans, R. fabalus, R. iranicus, R. labiodiscus, R. montanus and R. troncapitatus. The results of the phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of the D2-D3 expansion regions of the 28S and ITS1-rRNA genes confirmed the species differentiation and the close molecular relationship between R. eximius and R. montanus, respectively. © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands., This research was supported by grant AGL2009-06955 from ‘Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación’ of Spain and the European Social Fund.

Au cours de la culture de l'igname a la Martinique, Scutellonema bradys se developpe successivement dans le semenceau, puis dans les racines, qui constituent le foyer intermediaire, enfin dans le tubercule neo-forme, puis le tubercule. C'est dans le tubercule, apres la recolte, que la multiplication du nematode est la plus intense. Ce sont les femelles adultes qui vehiculent l'infestation du semenceau aux nouveaux organes. Dans le tubercule, il semble que le declenchement du processus de pullulation, qui correspond a l'apparition des zones de necrose, coincide avec son entree en dormance, donc avec l'arret du processus respiratoire.