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In this paper, we show in detail a picture of the effects of neighborhood type and size on cooperation promotion in the framework of spatial public goods game. First, we explore the role of learning and interaction neighborhood via the information flow rate and the cooperator-cluster stability. Extensive simulation results indicate that learning neighbors at the rising stage is to facilitate the information exchange and to promote cooperation among agents; at the gliding stage, learning neighborhood destroys cooperative clusters and accelerates the extinction of cooperators. Opposite to learning neighbors, interaction neighbors at the rising stage pull down the cooperation fraction; at the gliding stage, they help to maintain cooperative cluster and prohibit a further decrease in F c . Then we review this issue on a microscopic level — snapshot pattern. We find several interesting results, through intermediate states, on the pattern formation towards the final state. Cooperators in a larger interaction size case will squeeze defectors and make their existence as a form of thin line; while the cooperative cluster in a larger learning neighborhood displays more ‘blurry burs’ at the boundaries, indicating an instability of cooperative clusters. Current results are of interest for us to further understand the cooperator persistence in many natural, social and economic systems.

To optimize the concentrate process of alkaloid from Leonurus japonicus by nanofiltration-ultrafiltration coupling technology with response surface methodology. The experiment showed that after ultrafiltration pre-treatment, the total protein removal rate was 94.38% in aqueous extract from L. japonicus, and the nanofiltration technology had obvious advantages over the conventional concentrate process. The optimal concentrate conditions were as follows：molecular weight cut-off 450, pH 3.07, concentration of stachydrine hydrochloride 80.15 mg•L⁻¹, and concentration of the total alkaloid 285.73 mg•L⁻¹. The cut-off rate was 93.37% and 95.85% respectively for stachydrine hydrochloride and the total alkaloid under the optimum conditions, with a relative error of 0.79% and 1.16% respectively. The combination of Box-Behnken design and response surface analysis can well optimize the concentrate process of L. japonicus by nanofiltration, and the results provide the basis for nanofiltration concentrate for heat-sensitive traditional Chinese medicine.

PURPOSE To identify the differently expressed micro (mi) RNAs in pterygium compared with normal conjunctiva and investigate the potential role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of pterygium. METHODS With microRNA microarray and quantitative RT-PCR, we identified that microRNA-122 (miR-122) was significantly decreased in pterygium tissue. We detected the expression of Bcl-w, a predicted target of miR-122, in both pterygium and normal conjunctiva, as well as its correlation with the expression of miR-122. Pterygium epithelial cells were isolated and cultured, and transfected with miR-122 mimic or miR-122 inhibitor to change the miR-122 levels. The regulation of Bcl-w expression by miR-122 was examined with luciferase activity assay, quantitative (q) RT-PCR, and Western blot. The effect of the miR-122 on the apoptosis of cultured pterygium epithelial cells was investigated with TUNEL staining and caspase activity assay. RESULTS We found the expression of Bcl-w, with an inverse correlation with the expression of miR-122, was significantly increased in pterygium, especially in the superficial layer of epithelium. In cultured pterygium epithelial cells, miR-122 could specifically combine with Bcl-w mRNA, and negatively regulated the expression of Bcl-w. Suppression of miR-122 could reduce apoptosis and caspase activity in pterygium epithelial cell treated with TNFα/cycloheximide (CHX), and this effect was abolished by inhibition of the expression of Bcl-w with specific siRNA. CONCLUSIONS Decreased expression of miR-122 in pterygium might result in abnormal cell apoptosis via its regulation of the expression of Bcl-w, and subsequently contribute to the development of pterygium.

Rice sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhnis increasingly threatening rice production in China. DNA fingerprints of 220 R. solani strains isolated in 11 provinces of China were established by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR. Cluster analysis of strains isolated from the same region showed high similarity, indicating that the genetic diversity of R. solani strains is significantly related to geographical origin. We assessed potential bio-control abilities of bio-control agents (BCAs) by values according to inhibition zones against R. solani, extracellular hydrolytic enzymes activity and siderophores production in vitro. Fourteen strains with diverse expected bio-control potential were tested for their bio-control efficacy against rice sheath blight caused by 11 pathogenic exemplars and for growth promoting ability, separately. Bio-control efficacy of single bacterium against various R. solani strains differed significantly (-36.23%∼88.24%), while Pseudomonas fluorescens 4aYN11 achieved a relatively stable control efficacy of 32.26%-78.79% and growth promotion of 18.43%. Pearson correlation coefficient between bio-control efficacy of each BCAs and their assessment is 0.717. In the present study, we established an improved strategy for screening stable bio-control agents based on an assessment system, their growth promotion potential and phylogenetic diversity of pathogen R. solani, and the result provides us not only one promising bio-control strain 4aYN11 with an average bio-control efficacy of 56.50%, but also a practical way for future screen of novel BCAs.

A new compound, 6-methylsulfinylthieno [3,2-g]-2,4(1H,3H)-pteridinedione, was isolated from the water extract of Whitmania pigra Whitman. Its structure was elucidated on the basis of NMR and ESIMS spectra.

In order to measure refrigerator practical capacity, this paper presents a system of measuring refrigerator practical capacity based on multi-sensor data fusion. In the system, the data of pressure, temperature and humidity comes from a group of pressure, temperature and humidity sensors. Then, after data fusion, it gives an accurate description of the environment. Based on the data, the system controls the heating system and cooling system. Results show that the system of measuring refrigerator practical capacity can get the refrigerator practical capacity.

Real-time computational simulations on cavity filling process by cold gas dynamic spray and powder jet deposition process with covering from micro to macroscale were carried out in order to give an insight for their advanced applications to joining, crack repair and dental treatment. It was made clear that shock wave appears in front of the substrate due to under-expansion of jet, even in a micro nozzle-substrate distance in the powder jet deposition process. By clarifying the relation between shock wave, cavity configuration and particle in-flight behavior in supersonic jet in detail, optimum cavity configuration for cavity filling process has been proposed both numerically and experimentally. When the the shock wave covers up the cylindrical cavity, cavity cannot be filled at all. Under the condition of shock wave appearing inside the cylindrical cavity, cone-shape deposition was formed due to the back flow jet near the cavity side wall. By adopting cone-shape cavity, cavity can be filled completely resulting from the suppression of the back flow jet near the cavity side wall.Copyright © 2008 by ASME

To study whether apoptin gene induces apoptosis in human melanoma cells A375 via the activation of caspase-3.The human melanoma cells A375 were transiently transfected with recombinant pcDNAA3 plasmid, which contained apoptin gene, and the apoptosis was measured by DNA agarose electrophoresis, RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Caspase-3 relative activity was analyzed by colorimetric assay at various time.At 48 h after transfection, the apoptin gene could induce apoptosis of human melanoma cells A375 in vitro and the mRNA of apoptin gene could be detected by RT-PCR. Caspase-3 activity began to rise at 24 h after transfection and reached the peak at 72 h.Apoptin gene can induce apoptosis in human melanoma cells A375 via active caspase-3 and the activity of caspase-3 is time-dependent.

To study the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the apoptosis induced by apoptin gene in human lymphoma cell U937.The U937 cells were transiently transfected by pcDNAA3 plasmids containing apoptin gene. Apoptosis of U937 cells was measured by flow-cytometry. Activation of JNK signal pathway was detected by Western blot.Apoptin could induce apoptosis of U937 cells in vitro at 48 h after transfection. The level of phosphorylated JNK was increased at 24 h and reached the peak level at 48 h after transfection.Apoptin gene can induce apoptosis of U937 cells in which JNK signal pathway plays an important role.

Trace element and REE concentrations of ores and wallrocks have been determined for the Tangziwa tin — polymetallic deposi, Gejiu, Yunnan province, China. Analyses of trace element contents of the metamorphosed mafic volcanic host rocks has revealed an elevated average tin content of 117ppm. This implies that the volcanic wallrocks could have been an important source of tin mineralization, in addition to copper, nickel and zinc, which are also present in high concentrations.

To study the effect of mold temperature on the accuracy of titanium castings invested in the ZrP99 investment.30 artificial stone dies simulated the post-tooth and their corresponding complete crown wax patterns were made with a truncated cone-shape standard brass model with round sleeves. They were divided randomly into five groups and each group had six samples. Four group wax patterns were invested in ZrP99 investment as test groups and one group was invested in Titavest-CB investment as control. The test group moulds were cast at the mould temperature 600 degrees centigrade, 450 degrees centigrade, 300 degrees centigrade, 150 degrees centigrade, respectively. Measure the distance separating the gingival margin of the crown and the shoulder of the die in the same way as for the wax pattern. The casting accuracy was represented by the discrepancies derived from the space distance measurements made with wax patterns and cast crowns. t test and one-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis.Measurement of the casting accuracy indicated that the casting accuracy of the control group was higher than all the test groups. When the mold temperature was lower than 450 degrees centigrade, the accuracy of the castings invested in ZrP99 investment was improved significantly with the mold temperature raised.To satisfy the requirement of the clinical practice in the point of the casting accuracy, the mold temperature of ZrP99 investment must be chosen higher than 300 degrees centigrade.

An efficient one-pot synthesis process for preparing 2-imidazolines from aldehydes and ethylenediamine using molecular iodine and potassium carbonate in absolute ethanol at 25–30°C under ultrasound irradiation is described. The synthetic strategy has the following advantages: mild conditions and low costs requirements, readily available catalyst, short reaction times, simplicity of operation, and good-to-excellent yields.