Search

Motivated to explore the dynamical mechanism of multi-fragmentation phase transition and expand our knowledge on the deterministic chaos in nonlinear dynamic process, we study systematically the nonlinear dynamical behaviors of heavy ion collisions at intermediate energy. In order to highlight the general characteristics of the collision dynamics, in the present paper, we simulate a simple collision system, $Ca+Ca$, and obverse the performances of the typical nonlinear characteristic quantities such as the production of generalized entropy and the fractal structure of the semiclassical phase space during the reaction process. The multifragmentation entropy, information dimension and the dynamical fluctuations of fragment mass distribution in the final state of the reaction are also evaluated. Our results about the intermediate processes and the final products of the reaction are verified mutually so that confirm strongly the existence of nonlinear chaos in the heavy ion collisions at intermediate energy. Meanwhile, we find that the typical characteristics of the critical phase transition obtained in the analysis of the final production of the reaction are relatively more clear in the vicinity of the incident energies $E=100 MeV$., Nuclear Physics A

The transition of the geochemical signature in mafic rocks along the eastern Bangong–Nujiang suture in Tibet contains important information about geodynamic processes in the upper mantle. This study recognized two episodes of Early Jurassic gabbros from the Kaqiong terrane, a microblock within the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone. Early gabbros (ca. 197–191 Ma) appear as lenses in the basement complex and were overprinted by amphibolite/granulite-facies metamorphism at ca. 180 Ma. Later undeformed hornblende gabbros (ca. 177–175 Ma) occur as dikes intruding into the basement complex. The early metagabbros are characterized by arc-like geochemical features and enriched Nd-Hf isotopic compositions (whole rock ∑Nd(t) = –0.7 to +0.3; zircon ∑Hf(t) = –5.7 to –2.2), which suggests formation by partial melting of an enriched lithospheric mantle source. In contrast, the later hornblende gabbros have depleted Nd-Hf isotopic compositions (whole rock ∑Nd(t) = +6.1 to +7.1; zircon ∑Hf(t) = +10.7 to +16.8) and normal mid–oceanic–ridge basalt (N–MORB)-type rare earth element (REE) features. They also show variable enrichments of fluid mobile elements (e.g., Rb, U, Pb), indicative of the input of slab-derived fluids in their mantle source. Thus, the hornblende gabbros were most likely originated from the asthenospheric mantle metasomatized by subducted oceanic slab-derived fluids. The transition in geochemical and isotopic compositions of these mantle-derived magmas reveals a long-lasting lithosphere extension and thinning along the southern margin of the Qiangtang terrane in the Early Jurassic. Combined with geological observations, we propose that this transition has resulted from the southward rollback of the subducting Bangong–Nujiang Tethyan oceanic slab. The slab rollback could have initiated the overriding plate extension and the asthenosphere upwelling. Wider implications of this study are that an onset of slab rollback could be an important trigger for the transition of magmatic geochemistry in subduction zones.

The coronavirus disease 2019, named COVID-19 officially by the World Health Organization (Geneva, Switzerland) on February 12, 2020, has spread at unprecedented speed. After the first outbreak in Wuhan, China, Chinese anesthesiologists encountered increasing numbers of infected patients since December 2019. Because the main route of transmission is via respiratory droplets and close contact, anesthesia providers are at a high risk when responding to the devastating mass emergency. So far, actions have been taken including but not limited to nationwide actions and online education regarding special procedures of airway management, oxygen therapy, ventilation support, hemodynamic management, sedation, and analgesia. As the epidemic situation has lasted for months (thus far), special platforms have also been set up to provide free mental health care to all anesthesia providers participating in acute and critical caring for COVID-19 patients. The current article documents the actions taken, lesson learned, and future work needed., During the COVID-19 outbreak, international and Chinese anesthesiologists have been making efforts and taking speedy actions, which are gathering lessons and inspirations in response to devastating contagious diseases nationwide.

Multinucleon transfer reactions are currently a powerful way to synthesize neutron-rich nuclei. To explore the effect of nucleus deformation and mirror nucleus shell correction energy in the nucleus mass model on the calculation of multinucleon transfer reaction cross sections in the dinuclear system (DNS) model, three macroscopic microscopic mass models are selected and the transfer reaction cross sections are calculated for 136Xe+208Pb and 64Ni+238U by improved DNS model+GEMINI++, respectively. The mirror nucleus shell correction energy does not improve the accuracy of the cross section of the transfer reaction. The introduction of a different dependence of the Coulomb and surface energy on the deformation can improve the calculation of the transfer reaction cross section when the projectile and target nuclei are deformed nuclei.

A combination of U-Pb zircon ages and geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic data are presented for the Early Paleozoic granodiorites from the Haoquangou and Baimawa plutons in order to probe the crustal thickness variation of the eastern North Qilian and the diachronous evolution of the North Qilian orogen. The granodiorites formed at 436–435 Ma and have high Sr/Y ratios (63–117). Elemental and isotopic data combined with geochemical modeling and comparisons with experimental data suggest that they were produced from the melting of relatively juvenile mafic rocks in the thickened lower crust. Together with other petrological and geochemical data and the calculation of variation in crustal thickness, this indicates that the eastern North Qilian experienced clear crustal thickening and thinning from the Late Ordovician to Late Silurian. Based on available data, we suggest that diachronous collision from east to west, which probably resulted in the distinct intensity of orogenesis between eastern and western North Qilian, can well account for the differential distribution of Early Paleozoic high Sr/Y magmatism and other geological differences between the eastern and western parts of the North Qilian. Our study also implies that diachronous collision may lead to, apart from distinct metamorphic, structural and sedimentary responses, the large differences in magmatism and deep crustal processes along the orogenic strike.

Ischaemic stroke is a severe disease worldwide. Restoration of blood flow after ischaemic stroke leads to cerebral ischaemia–reperfusion injury (CIRI). Various operations, such as cardiac surgery with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, predictably cause cerebral ischaemia. Diabetes is related to the occurrence of perioperative stroke and exacerbates neurological impairment after stroke. Therefore, the choice of anaesthetic drugs has certain clinical significance for patients with diabetes. Isoflurane (ISO) exerts neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects in patients without diabetes. However, the role of ISO in cerebral ischaemia in the context of diabetes is still unknown. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation play important roles in microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory injury. In this study, we treated a diabetic middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model with ISO. We found that diabetes exacerbated cerebral ischaemia damage and that ISO exerted neuroprotective effects in diabetic mice. Then, we found that ISO decreased TLR4-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia and the excessive autophagy induced by CIRI in diabetic mice. The TLR4-specific agonist CRX-527 reversed the neuroprotective effects of ISO. In summary, our study indicated that ISO exerts neuroprotective effects against the neuroinflammation and autophagy observed during diabetic stroke via the TLR4-NLRP3 signalling pathway.

Background Mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) have greatly improved our understanding of the backbone phylogeny of Lepidoptera, but few studies on comparative mitogenomics below the family level have been conducted. Here, we generated 13 mitogenomes of eight tortricid species, reannotated 27 previously reported mitogenomes, and systematically performed a comparative analysis of nucleotide composition, gene variation and phylogenetic performance. Results The lengths of completely sequenced mitogenomes ranged from 15,440 bp to 15,778 bp, and the gene content and organization were conserved in Tortricidae and typical for Lepidoptera. Analyses of AT-skew and GC-skew, the effective number of codons and the codon bias index all show a base bias in Tortricidae, with little heterogeneity among the major tortricid groups. Variations in the divergence rates among 13 protein-coding genes of the same tortricid subgroup and of the same PCG among tortricid subgroups were detected. The secondary structures of 22 transfer RNA genes and two ribosomal RNA genes were predicted and comparatively illustrated, showing evolutionary heterogeneity among different RNAs or different regions of the same RNA. The phylogenetic uncertainty of Enarmoniini in Tortricidae was confirmed. The synonymy of Bactrini and Olethreutini was confirmed for the first time, with the representative Bactrini consistently nesting in the Olethreutini clade. Nad6 exhibits the highest phylogenetic informativeness from the root to the tip of the resulting tree, and the combination of the third coding positions of 13 protein-coding genes shows extremely high phylogenetic informativeness. Conclusions This study presents 13 mitogenomes of eight tortricid species and represents the first detailed comparative mitogenomics study of Tortricidae. The results further our understanding of the evolutionary architectures of tortricid mitogenomes and provide a basis for future studies of population genetics and phylogenetic investigations in this group.

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables secure key exchanges between two remote users. The ultimate goal of secure communication is to establish a global quantum network. The existing field tests suggest that quantum networks are feasible. To achieve a practical quantum network, we need to overcome several challenges, including realising versatile topologies for large scales, simple network maintenance, extendable configuration, and robustness to node failures. To this end, we present a field operation of a quantum metropolitan-area network with 46 nodes and show that all these challenges can be overcome with cutting-edge quantum technologies. In particular, we realise different topological structures and continuously run the network for 31 months, by employing standard equipment for network maintenance with an extendable configuration. We realise QKD pairing and key management with a sophisticated key control center. In this implementation, the final keys have been used for secure communication such as real-time voice telephone, text messaging, and file transmission with one-time pad encryption, which can support 11 pairs of users to make audio calls simultaneously. Combined with inter-city quantum backbone and ground-satellite links, our metropolitan implementation paves the way toward a global quantum network., Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures

The α decay and cluster radioactivity half-life of nuclei are calculated uniformly. The universal decay law (UDL) (Qi et al 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 072501) is refitted to include minimum angular momentum effect and unpaired nucleon effect. The UDL formula and neural network approach to describe α decay and cluster radioactivity half-life calculations were improved. We used the UDL formulas and neural network approach to predict the cluster radioactivity half-life of actinide nuclei and α decay half-life of superheavy nuclei Z = 117–120. We hope to contribute to the discovery of new atomic nucleus cluster radioactivity phenomena and theoretical studies of α decay of superheavy nuclei.

The center of the stability island of super-heavy nuclei (SHN) is the subject of intense experimental and theoretical investigations and has potential technological applications. $$^{298}_{114}$$ Fl lies in the $$Z=$$ 114 isotopic chain as a persuasive candidate of the spherical double-magic nucleus in SHN, and in this study, the calculations of nuclear binding energies, one-nucleon and two-nucleon separation energies, $$\alpha $$ -decay energies, and the corresponding half-lives provide strong evidence for this point. These calculations within an improved Weizsacker-Skyrme nuclear mass model (WS*) were performed and compared with the calculations of the finite-range droplet model (FRDM2012) and experimental data for $$Z=114$$ isotopes and $$N=184$$ isotones. Concurrently, the corresponding single-particle levels in a Woods-Saxon potential well with a spin-orbit term are calculated, which can be used as a powerful indicator to identify the shell effects existing in $$^{298}_{114}$$ Fl. Both the study of the properties of the isotopic chain and microphysical quantities provide a vital signal that $$^{298}_{114}$$ Fl is a spherical double-magic nucleus and also the center of the SHN.

In this article, a nonvacuum-cooling compact (NVCC) scientific charge-coupled device (CCD) camera is presented that includes low noise clocks, a bias driver circuit, a data acquisition circuit, and a temperature control circuit. Experiments are conducted to test the readout performance of the proposed imaging system. The scheme for generating the CCD clocks and the bias driver circuit through ultralow noise low-dropout regulators is designed. The entire design can operate from −40 °C to 40 °C. The test results of the camera show that the system can run at a maximum readout rate of 5 Mpixels/s. The readout noise of the camera is as low as $9.29\,\, {e}^{-}$ when the readout speed is 500 Kpixels/s. The designed camera is currently used in a 1.2-m telescope system at Delingha Observatory.

Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines are carcinogenic components in mainstream cigarette smoke. To explore tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine release levels in cigarettes, a magnetic solid-phase extraction procedure using magnetic graphene composite as sorbent for fast enrichment of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine was developed. Under optimal conditions, a tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine determination method was successfully proposed by combining magnetic solid-phase extraction procedure and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The method's limit of detection for tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in mainstream cigarette smoke ranged from 0.018 to 0.057 ng/cigarette. Good linearities were obtained with correlation coefficients above 0.9992. The accuracies of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in a spiked mainstream cigarette smoke sample were from 89.3 to 109.4%, with a relative standard deviation of less than 11.2%. The proposed method has the merits of rapidity and high sensitivity. Finally, the method was successfully applied to tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine analysis in real samples.

Background Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening trials indicated that LDCT is effective for the early detection of lung cancer, but the findings were accompanied by high false positive rates. Therefore, the detection of lung cancer needs complementary blood biomarker tests to reduce false positive rates. Methods In order to evaluate the potential of metabolite biomarkers for diagnosing lung cancer and increasing the effectiveness of clinical interventions, serum samples from subjects participating in a low-dose CT-scan screening were analyzed by using untargeted liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). Samples were acquired from 34 lung patients with ground glass opacity diagnosed lung cancer and 39 healthy controls. Results In total, we identified 9 metabolites in electron spray ionization (ESI)(+) mode and 7 metabolites in ESI(-) mode. L-(+)-gulose, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)(22:2(13Z,16Z)/15:0), cysteinyl-glutamine, S-japonin, threoninyl-glutamine, chlorate, 3-oxoadipic acid, dukunolide A, and malonic semialdehyde levels were observed to be elevated in serum samples of lung cancer cases when compared to those of healthy controls. By contrast, 1-(2-furanylmethyl)-1H-pyrrole, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, monoethyl carbonate, guanidinosuccinic acid, pseudouridine, DIMBOA-Glc, and 4-feruloyl-1,5-quinolactone levels were lower in serum samples of lung cancer cases compared with those of healthy controls. Conclusions This study demonstrates evidence of early metabolic alterations that can possibly distinguish malignant ground glass opacity from benign ground glass opacity. Further studies in larger pools of samples are warranted.

The near-infrared sky brightness monitor (NIRBM) aims to measure the near-infrared sky background in Antarctica. The NIRBM mainly consists of an InGaAs detector, a chopper, a reflector, a cooler, and a blackbody. Considering the environment is harsh for humans in Antarctica, a multilevel remote control software system, based on experimental physics and industrial control system (EPICS), and Web technology is implemented. A set of EPICS input–output controllers (IOCs) is developed to control each hardware module independently via serial port communication with the STM32 microcontroller. As a client toolkit of the EPICS, PyEpics is used to monitor or change the value of EPICS Process Variables. Tornado web framework is responsible for the specific operation process of interdevice collaboration, and expose a set of interfaces for users to make calls. The Tornado back-end is designed as a master–agent architecture. The master–agent nodes communicate with each other through the WebSocket protocol running on a low- bandwidth satellite link. The graphic user interface is implemented in the form of a single-page application using the Vue framework, which communicates with Tornado through WebSocket and AJAX request. The web page integrates the interfaces of device configuration, device control, data curve drawing, alarm display, and auto operations.

In this paper, a simulation and test system designed for a charge-coupled device (CCD) controller is presented. Multiple modules of a CCD controller such as power supply, temperature control module, shutter, and clock-bias generator can be tested by simulation and test system. In addition, a video signal of a CCD detector can be simulated and superimposed with random noise to evaluate the performance of the video sampling circuit of a CCD controller. The presented simulation and test system is successfully used for performance test and low-temperature reliability verification of the CCD controller which is designed for E2V CCD47-20 detector. The test results show that the performance of the CCD controller meets the requirements and can work stably at very low temperatures.

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Mahanta tanyae was sequenced and extensively compared with all seven additionally reported zygaenoid mitogenomes. The M. tanyae mitogenome is circular, double-stranded, and 15,323 bp long. Gene content, gene order, and orientation are all typical of Lepidoptera, despite the existence of gene rearrangements for some other zygaenoid mitogenomes. Comparative analyses further showed that the incomplete termination codon T is consistently recognized in the mitochondrial cox1, cox2 and nad4 genes of all zygaenoid species, as well as in the nad5 gene in two limacodid species. Among 13 protein-coding genes, nad6 exhibits the highest evolutionary rate. The structure for each tRNA is highly conserved, including loss of the dihydorouidine (DHU) arm in trnS1 (AGN), but remarkable nucleotide variation exists, primarily in the pseudouridine (TψC) loops. Interestingly, in four species of Zygaenidae, the anticodons for trnS1 (AGN) are consistently UCU, instead of the routinely used codon GCU, in all three species of Limacodidae. In the intergenic region between trnS2 and nad1, a short sequence before the motif “ATACTAA” is present in the M. tanyae mitogenome that is unique among reported zygaenoid mitogenomes. In the A + T-rich region between the motif “ATTTA” and the microsatellite (AT)n element, some nucleotides were present for most zygaenoid mitogenomes, which is, to our knowledge, rare even in reported lepidopteran mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined 37 mitochondrial genes confirmed the position of M. tanyae in Limacodidae of the Zygaenoidea.

High Ba-Sr granitoids occur in a number of tectonic settings, and variable petrogenetic models have been proposed. Those from post-collisional settings are rarely studied and are the focus of this study. Zircon U-Pb geochronology and whole-rock elemental and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic data are presented for a suite of high Ba-Sr granitoids from the southern margin of the Alxa block, NW China. U-Pb zircon dating shows that the Xijing high Ba-Sr granitoids were emplaced in two periods at ~440 Ma and ~410 Ma, and they are characterized by elevated Ba and Sr contents. The older ~440 Ma high Ba-Sr granitoids range from monzodiorite to quartz monzonite, and the younger ~410 Ma high Ba-Sr granites tend to be more evolved. Both suites have similar enriched Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic ratios, low Ba/Th and Sr/Th ratios, and high Th contents and Th/Ce ratios indicative of a sediment contribution. This is potentially linked to previous subduction of the North Qilian ocean slab. Major and trace element calculations suggest that the older ~440 Ma granitoids experienced up to ~60% fractionation at 4–6 kbar with a crystallizing assemblage dominated by amphibole and plagioclase. The younger ~410 Ma granites could in turn have been formed by a further 80% fractional crystallization at lower pressures (1–2 kbar). Trace element and Sr-Nd isotopic modeling suggest incorporation of ~5% slab-derived sediment into mantle magma source of these high Ba-Sr granitoids. We note that post-collisional granitoids with high Ba and Sr characteristics may also reflect a sediment contribution in their source region, and this may be a key aspect of why such granites plot in the field of post-collisional granites in the Rb vs Y + Nb diagram. Some sanukitoids with high Ba and Sr contents in the late Archean also appear to reflect sediment subduction and they hence may represent early stages of crustal recycling.

Magnetic carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Fe3O4-MWCNTs-COOH) have been prepared via in situ preparation. The Fe3O4-MWCNTs-COOH composite was characterized by transmission electron micros...

The -particle preformation factors of nuclei above doubly magic nuclei Sn and Pb are investigated within the generalized liquid drop model. The results show that the -particle preformation factors of nuclei near self-conjugate doubly magic Sn are significantly larger than those of analogous nuclei just above Pb, and they will be enhanced as the nuclei move towards the line. The proton–neutron correlation energy and two protons–two neutrons correlation energy of nuclei near Sn also exhibit a similar situation, indicating that the interactions between protons and neutrons occupying similar single-particle orbitals could enhance the -particle preformation factors and result in superallowed decay. This also provides evidence of the significant role of the proton–neutron interaction on -particle preformation. Also, the linear relationship between -particle preformation factors and the product of valence protons and valence neutrons for nuclei around Pb is broken in the Sn region because the -particle preformation factor is enhanced when a nucleus near Sn moves towards the line. Furthermore, the calculated decay half-lives fit well with the experimental data, including the recent observed self-conjugate nuclei Te and Xe [Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 182501 (2018)].

As an indicator of extensional tectonic events, MORB-like magmas could provide great insights into tectonic evolution of subduction zones. In this study, we carry out an integrated study of geochronology, geochemistry and Sr Nd isotopic compositions for the Early Paleozoic MORB–like Lashuixia gabbro in Hualong, southern Central Qilian block. U Pb zircon dating yields magma crystallization age of 506 ± 6 Ma for the gabbro. Geochemically, the gabbros display weakly fractionated REE patterns with (La/Yb)N = 1.17–1.61 and flat trace element patterns except for enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and depletion of Nb. Isotopically, the gabbros display pronouncedly positve eNd(t) values of +5.8 − +7.0, but their initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios ((87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7046–0.7070) are slightly high because of post-magmatic alteration and metamorphism. Their geochemical and isotopic features indicate that several endmembers (i.e. MORB-sourced asthenospheric mantle, subcontinental lithospheric mantle and oceanic slab-derived fluid) were involved into their source region. Our modal batch partial melting calculation indicates that 7–17% partial melting of 90% asthenospheric mantle plus 10% subcontinental lithospheric mantle at spinel-stable depth accords well with most incompatible trace element compositions of the gabbros. In combination with regional data, we propose that rock association of arc-type pillow lava (ca. 494 Ma), Nb-enriched basalt (NEB)-like diabase (ca. 491 Ma), boninite (ca. 483 Ma) and later OIB-like basalt (ca. 468 Ma) in the Lajishan belt witnessed evolution of this belt from continental arc splitting to back-arc basin spreading due to rollback of the subducted North Qaidam-West Qinling Oceanic slab. We suggest that the Lashuixia gabbro, ca. 10 Ma earlier than the arc-type pillow lava, recorded the initial back-arc lithospheric extension. As with those in many modern arc-basin systems, MORB-like gabbro with overprinting of other endmembers in paleo-subduction zones could not only be an important indicator for back-arc extension, but also make a constraint on the time when the back-arc extension initiated.

In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of $\Upsilon$ inclusive production in $Z$ boson decay, including the first complete next-to-leading-order calculations of the color-octet (CO) contributions. With the inclusion of the newly-calculated remarkable QCD corrections, the CO processes exhibit crucially phenomenological influence on the existing predictions built on the color-singlet mechanism. We also include the exhaustive evaluations of the feed-down contributions, which remained ignored in the literature, and find them to be considerable. Summing up all the contributions, the $\mathcal{B}_{Z \to \Upsilon(nS)+X}$ still notably undershoot the data released by the L3 Collaboration., Comment: 17 pages, 6 figures, and 4 tables; accepted for publication in JHEP

It is shown that the inclusion of hadronic interactions, and in particular nuclear potentials, in simulations of heavy ion collisions at the SPS energy range can lead to obvious correlations of protons. These correlations contribute significantly to an intermittency analysis as performed at the NA61 experiment. The beam energy and system size dependence is studied by comparing the resulting intermittency index for heavy ion collisions of different nuclei at beam energies of $40A$, $80A$ and $150A$ GeV. The resulting intermittency index from our simulations is similar to the reported values of the NA61 collaboration, if nuclear interactions are included. The observed apparent intermittency signal is the result of the correlated proton pairs with small relative transverse momentum $\Delta p_{t}$, which would be enhanced by hadronic potentials, and this correlation between the protons is slightly influenced by the coalescence parameters and the relative invariant four-momentum $q_{inv}$ cut., Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures

A new α-emitting isotope ^{214}U, produced by the fusion-evaporation reaction ^{182}W(^{36}Ar,4n)^{214}U, was identified by employing the gas-filled recoil separator SHANS and the recoil-α correlation technique. More precise α-decay properties of even-even nuclei ^{216,218}U were also measured in the reactions of ^{40}Ar, ^{40}Ca beams with ^{180,182,184}W targets. By combining the experimental data, improved α-decay reduced widths δ^{2} for the even-even Po-Pu nuclei in the vicinity of the magic neutron number N=126 are deduced. Their systematic trends are discussed in terms of the N_{p}N_{n} scheme in order to study the influence of proton-neutron interaction on α decay in this region of nuclei. It is strikingly found that the reduced widths of ^{214,216}U are significantly enhanced by a factor of two as compared with the N_{p}N_{n} systematics for the 84≤Z≤90 and N

The southern margin of the Alxa Terrane is located between the North Qilian Orogenic Belt and the inner Alxa block, and Paleozoic mafic magmatism records the geodynamic evolution at different stages in the orogenic cycle. New zircon U−Pb ages and whole-rock geochemistry reveal three groups of mafic rocks in the southern margin of the Alxa block: (i) c. 480 Ma Xijing gabbros, characterized by high Ba/Th and low Th/La ratios with low eNd(t) (−5.7 to −4.9) values, implying their derivation from enriched mantle metasomatized by slab-derived fluids; (ii) c. 440 Ma Xijing and Jiling hornblende gabbros which have high Th/La and low Ba/Th ratios, suggesting that they were produced by partial melting of mantle modified by previously subducted sediments; (iii) c. 250 Ma Xijing pyroxenites, which are cumulates with relatively high eNd(t) (+5.2 to + 5.9), indicating that their host magmas were derived from relatively depleted mantle. Together with published results, these new data highlight that the c. 480 and c. 440 Ma mafic magmas were related to the northward subduction of the North Qilian oceanic slab and later post-collisional lithospheric delamination, respectively. The c. 250 Ma Xijing pyroxenites were related to younger lithospheric extension in the development of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt in the Alxa block. Supplementary material: Supplementary tables A1–A7 are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5287657

The petrogenesis of the Eocene (43–42 Ma) Nb-rich granitoid dykes from the Kohistan–Ladakh island arc provides insights into melting of the down-going Indian continental crust during the Indian-Eurasian continental collision. These Nb-rich granitoids (SiO2 = 53.8–72.3 wt%, Nb = 24.0–44.1 ppm) have high Sr/Y (41.2–76.8) and (La/Yb)N (15.6–36.8) ratios. Their geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions are distinct from those of the Kohistan–Ladakh basement (Eurasian continent), but similar to those of coevally metamorphic amphibolites (42–40 Ma) in the Nanga Parbat massif (Indian continent). This implies that the magma of the Nb-rich granitoids would be derived from partial melting of the subducted Indian continental plate. The biotites from the Nb-rich granitoids show high Mg# (up to 61) and Cr2O3 (up to 2.36 wt%) and low TiO2 (0–3.21 wt%). Some samples of the Nb-rich granitoids contain 2–3% phengites with SiO2 ranging from 48.33 to 51.74 wt% and calculated pressure of 1.6–0.6 GPa, indicating initial magma crystallization of the Nb-rich granitoids at high-pressure condition (depth > 55 km). We propose that partial melting of the subducted Indian continental crust occurred when it underthrusted into the Kohistan–Ladakh asthenosphere mantle and the resultant melts upward migrated and significantly modified the overlying lithosphere and the residual Indian continental crust sank into the deep mantle. Both the metasomatized lithospheric mantle and the residual Indian continental crust played a critical role in the formation of the Miocene ultrapotassic rocks in southwestern Tibet.

Within the framework of nonrelativistic QCD factorization formalism, we compute the helicity amplitude as well as the decay width of ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{Q2}$ ($Q=c$, $b$) electromagnetic decay into two photons up to next-to-next-to-leading order in ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}$ expansion. For the first time, we verify the validity of nonrelativistic QCD factorization for the $D$-wave quarkonium decay at next-to-next-to-leading order. We find that the $\mathcal{O}({\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s})$ and $\mathcal{O}({\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{2})$ corrections to the helicity amplitude are negative and moderate, nevertheless both corrections combine to suppress the leading-order prediction for the decay width significantly. By approximating the total decay width of ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{Q2}$ as the sum of those for the hadronic decay and the electric $E1$ transition, we obtain the branching ratios $\text{Br}({\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\gamma})\ensuremath{\approx}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ and $\text{Br}({\ensuremath{\eta}}_{b2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\gamma})\ensuremath{\approx}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$. To explore the potential measurement on ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{Q2}$, we further evaluate the production cross section of ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{Q2}$ at LHCb at the lowest order in ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}$ expansion. With the kinematic constraint on the longitudinal rapidity $4.5gyg2$ and transverse momentum ${P}_{T}g(2--4){m}_{Q}$ for ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{Q2}$, we find the cross section can reach 2--50 nb for ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c2}$, and 1--22 pb for ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{b2}$. Considering the integrated luminosity $\mathcal{L}=10\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at $\sqrt{s}=7$, 13 TeV, we estimate that there are several hundreds events of $pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\gamma}$. Since the background is relatively clean, it is promising to reconstruct ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c2}$ through its electromagnetic decay. On the other hand, due to the small branching ratio and production cross section, it is quite challenging to detect ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{b2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\gamma}$ at LHCb.

Through considerable effort in research and clinical studies, the immune system has been identified as a participant in the onset and progression of brain injury after ischaemic stroke. Due to the involvement of all types of immune cells, the roles of the immune system in stroke pathology and associated effects are complicated. Past research concentrated on the functions of monocytes and neutrophils in the pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke and tried to demonstrate the mechanisms of tissue injury and protection involving these immune cells. Within the past several years, an increasing number of studies have elucidated the vital functions of T cells in the innate and adaptive immune responses in both the acute and chronic phases of ischaemic stroke. Recently, the phenotypes of T cells with proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory function have been demonstrated in detail. T cells with distinctive phenotypes can also influence cerebral inflammation through various pathways, such as regulating the immune response, interacting with brain-resident immune cells and modulating neurogenesis and angiogenesis during different phases following stroke. In view of the limited treatment options available following stroke other than tissue plasminogen activator therapy, understanding the function of immune responses, especially T cell responses, in the post-stroke recovery period can provide a new therapeutic direction. Here, we discuss the different functions and temporal evolution of T cells with different phenotypes during the acute and chronic phases of ischaemic stroke. We suggest that modulating the balance between the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions of T cells with distinct phenotypes may become a potential therapeutic approach that reduces the mortality and improves the functional outcomes and prognosis of patients suffering from ischaemic stroke.

Identification of slab window process is important for understanding the nature of the accretionary orogenesis. In this study, we report detailed petrological, geochronological, geochemical, Sr–Nd isotopic, and mineral chemical data for two dyke-like gabbroic intrusions from the South Tianshan belt of Tajikistan, southwestern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Both intrusions are composed of coarse- and fine-grained gabbros. U–Pb zircon dating shows that they were emplaced at 431±5 Ma. The gabbroic rocks show relatively large variation in elemental and isotopic compositions, with SiO2 of 40.62–53.97 wt.%, Sr of 333–1261 ppm, and εNdt of +2.5 to +5.8. Especially, the fine-grained gabbros show lower SiO2 and higher MgO but more evolved isotopes than the coarse-grained gabbros for each of the intrusions. All the rocks display OIB-like or transitional OIB-/E-MORB-like geochemical characteristics with no obvious Nb-Ta depletion, indicative of an intraplate affinity. Combined with their mineral chemical compositions, we suggest that these gabbroic rocks were generated by partial melting of asthenospheric mantle in the transitional spinel-garnet stability field, followed by different degrees of fractional crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase and mixing with carbonatitic melts. The available data indicate that roll-back of the subducting Turkestan oceanic slab occurred during the Late Ordovician to Early Silurian period. Asthenosphere upwelling due to the opening of slab window resulted from localized slab tearing during slab roll-back may have been responsible for the generation of the studied dyke-like gabbroic intrusions.

The Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST) is being developed by University of Science and Technology of China and Purple Mountain Observatory. The camera of WFST is proposed to image with a mosaic Charge-coupled devices (CCD) array, which consists of 9 CCD290-99 detectors. It has requirements of decreasing the size and reducing total power dissipation for electronics system. Considering the demands of CCD290-99, two chips Application-specified Integrated Circuits (ASIC) were designed, called Second Version of Bias-Clock-Driver ASIC (BCDA2) and Second Version of CCDVideo- Readout ASIC(CVRA2) respectively. These chips have been upgraded and optimized based on the BCDA and CVRA. BCDA2 provides multi-channel clocks and biases to drive CCD290-99 and CVRA2 is used for the readout circuits of CCD signal processing. BCDA2 integrates 5 channels low noise biases with adjustable voltage and 9 channels low power dissipation clocks with adjustable driving capability. CVRA2 integrates 4 channels low noise readout circuits. Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) was designed for configuration of BCDA2. BCDA2 and CVRA2 were designed with the Global Foundries 180 nm BCDlite technology. The area of bare chip is 3.1mm × 6mm.

Effective and continuous monitoring of space debris in satellite orbit is an important issue in resolving potential threats to aerospace equipment. The SDM (Space Debris Monitoring)-16803 is a front-illuminated high-readout-speed, low-noise scientific CCD camera designed for the needs of space debris monitoring telescopes. The camera is designed with drift scanning function in which mode the moving target will be presented as a static image, so that a fixed telescope can track the moving space target. The electronics of the camera provides driving signals for the CCD, samples the video signals of the CCD, and also communicates with the host computer. The maximum readout speed of the CCD is 10Mpixels. The mechanics structure of the camera is designed with a sealed chamber in which a TEC (Thermo Electric Cooler) is used for cooling the sensor and provide a stable temperature.

The Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST) is a proposed 2.5m-aperture wide field survey telescope intended for dedicated wide field sciences in China. The focal-plane instrument is a mosaic CCD camera comprising 9 pieces of 9K×9K pixels CCD chips. In order to verify the WFST mosaic solution, we designed a 2×2 mosaic camera test system using CCD303- 88. The mechanical design of vacuum chamber, cryogenic refrigeration of CCD, mosaic CCD technique and multi CCD control electronic have been implemented on this system. We design a CCD controller capable of controlling two pieces of CCDs and a power supply module for the controller. The cryogenic refrigeration control is implemented with a refrigerator and temperature control electronics.

With the increase of human activities in space, a large number of space artifacts have been generated around the Earth which called Near Earth Objects (NEO), most of which are space debris. CMOS image sensor can achieve very high frame rate by electronical shutter and suitable for NEO observation with its fast moving. For space objects observation, key technologies of a large-format and high-rate scientific CMOS camera were studied, including low-noise readout and low-interference refrigeration technology, real-time processing algorithm, high-speed data transmission technology, system integration technology and high precision timing technology , etc. A 4K*4K pixel scientific CMOS camera is introduced in this paper with 24fps rate in full frame mode and high timing accuracy of exposure synchronization with 10ns, which has great advantages for the initial orbit positioning of the space objects. The overall size of the camera is 143mm * 160mm * 168mm. The readout noise of the camera is about 4.4e-. At present, the camera has been installed and running at Xinglong Observatory.

The Antarctic Plateau is one of the best places for infrared and submillimeter observations in the world, which has the advantages of high altitude, low water vapor and low atmospheric thermal radiation. It is indispensable for the design of instruments to know the environment of the observatory site in advance, especially the infrared sky background brightness. It determines the ultimate magnitude of infrared observation of the equipment, which is an important reference to evaluate whether a candidate site is suitable for constructing corresponding equipment. We have designed a NIR sky brightness monitor (NISBM) based on InGaAs photodiode, which is used to monitor the J, H and Ks bands of sky background brightness at the Dome A. In the Ks band the signal is sensitive to thermal radiation and temperature fluctuations. So, it needs to be calibrated in real time by a surface source blackbody. According to this requirement, we have designed a surface source blackbody that has the property of low temperature resistance, high emissivity, and high temperature uniformity. The device has a compact structure. The control system and the radiation surface are packaged in the same square house, which is suitable for outfield installation and calibration with low ambient temperature.

Scientific Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (sCMOS) image sensor has higher readout speed, higher resolution, lower readout noise than traditional Charged Coupled Device (CCDs). Since the orbital debris observation has the demand for high speed imaging system, we designed and built a sCMOS camera, and developed the corresponding operational software system. The operational software contains three lays: a software development kit (SDK), Common Language Runtime(CLR) library and an operational software with a Graphic User Interface (GUI) named PXViewer. Each of them were tested and benchmarked. Several data acquisition modes including photo, timer, continuously capture and video are implemented for different observation scenarios. Users can get fully control and operation of the sCMOS camera through the software system, including cooling, data acquisition and configuration. During the benchmark, the sCMOS camera is able to capture image of 4128*4096 pixels at 7.8 frame per second (fps), and 2064*2048 pixels at 30 fps.

The infrared astronomy is a very important branch of astronomy. Imaging observation is the basic approach to conduct infrared astronomy observation. Therefore, infrared Focus Plane Array (FPA) detector is needed for an infrared telescope. Detection toward celestial body need the detector to have high performance like extremely low dark current and low readout noise. Therefore, we designed a test equipment based on a 640 × 512 InGaAs array detector with a cryocooler which can cool the detector down to 77K. The detector is InGaAs of SITP-Hu-I type which is sensitive to 0.9us ~ 1.7um band. The test equipment is composed of a vacuum cryocooling system, a mechanical system and an electronical system. The vacuum cryocooling system can provide a low-temperature vacuum environment for the detector, and the mechanical system provides firm supporting. The electronic system provides the driver and readout of the detector.

The study of nuclear mass is very important, and the neural network (NN) approach can be used to improve the prediction of nuclear mass for various models. Considering the number of valence nucleons of protons and neutrons separately in the input quantity of the NN model, the root-mean-square deviation of binding energy between data from AME2016 and liquid drop model calculations for 2314 nuclei was reduced from 2.385 MeV to 0.203 MeV. In addition, some defects in the Weizsäcker–Skyrme (WS)-type model were repaired, which well reproduced the two-neutron separation energy of the nucleus synthesized recently by RIKEN RI Beam Factory [Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, (2020) 122501]. The masses of some of the new nuclei appearing in the latest atomic mass evaluation (AME2020) are also well reproduced. However, the results of neural network methods for predicting the description of regions far from known atomic nuclei need to be further improved. This study shows that such a statistical model can be a tool for systematic searching of nuclei beyond existing experimental data.

Bungarus multicinctus is the most venomous snake distributed in China and neighboring countries of Myanmar, Laos, north Vietnam and Thailand. The high mortality rate of B. multicinctus envenomation is attributed to the lethal components of α-, β-, γ- and κ- bungarotoxins contained in the venom. Although anti-B. multicinctus sera were produced in Shanghai, Taiwan and Vietnam, the most widely clinic used product was term as B. multicinctus antivenin and manufactured by Shanghai Serum Bio-technology Co. Ltd. In the present investigation, high purity α-, β- and γ-bungarotoxins were separately isolated from B. multicinctus crude venom. Rabbit anti- α-, β- and γ-bungarotoxin antisera were prepared by common methods, respectively. LD50 values of α-, β- and γ-bungarotoxins were systematically determined via three administration pathways (intraperitoneal, intramuscular and intravenous injections) in Kunming mice. LD50 values of β-bungarotoxin were closely related with injection routines but those of both α- and γ-bungarotoxins were not dependent on the injection routines. Commercial B. multicinctus antivenin showed strong immunoreaction with high molecular weight fractions of the B. multicinctus but weakly recognized low molecular weight fractions like α- and γ-bungarotoxins. Although B. multicinctus antivenin showed immunoreaction with high molecular weight fractions of Bungarus fasciatus, Naja atra, Ophiophagus hannah venoms but the antivenin only demonstrated animal protection efficacy against O. hannah venom. These results indicated that the high molecular weight fractions of the O. hannah played an important role in venom lethality but those of B. fasciatus and N. atra did not have such a role., Author summary Snakebite envenoming is an important public health problem around the world. Bungarus multicinctus envenomation is regarded as most dangerous animal bitten disease in China and neighboring countries. At present, the most widely clinic used B. multicinctus antisera was term as B. multicinctus antivenin and manufactured by Shanghai Serum Bio-technology Co. Ltd. By using high purity α-, β- and γ-bungarotoxins isolated from B. multicinctus crude venom and prepared corresponding rabbit anti- α-, β- and γ-bungarotoxin antisera, we evaluated the efficacy of B. multicinctus antivenin against the crude venom, isolated bungarotoxins, as well as other 8 medical important Chinese venomous snake venoms. B. multicinctus antivenin showed strong immunoreaction with high molecular weight fractions of the B. multicinctus venom but weakly recognized low molecular weight fractions like α- and γ-bungarotoxins. Moreover, B. multicinctus antivenin can neutralize Ophiophagus hannah venom but not B. fasciatus venom was demonstrated.

In the present work, we build a bridge between the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ decay energy and the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle preformation factor, and put forward an analytic formula for estimating the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle preformation factor. With the help of this formula, experimental $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ decay half-lives of 535 nuclei varying from $6.90\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ to $6.34\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{26}$ s are reproduced within a factor of 1.81. Noticeably, for superheavy nuclei, calculated $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ decay half-lives can well reproduce experimental data and reduce the deviations significantly. This formula can be applied to estimate the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle preformation factors and predict the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ decay half-lives for unsynthesized superheavy nuclei, which would be useful for future experiments in synthesizing new superheavy elements and isotopes. This formula can shed light on microscopic nuclear structure information such as shell and odd-even staggering effects, and provide a positive signal for the existence of an island of stability for superheavy nuclei.

Within the generalized liquid drop model (GLDM), the effects of the Strutinsky shell correction on ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{}$ decay processes have been systematically studied. Before the scission point, the shell correction energy ${E}_{\mathrm{sh}}$, which brings noticeable change to potential barriers for most nuclei, varies with nuclear deformation described by quasimolecular shapes (QMSs). To investigate the subsequent influence on ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{}$ decay, we performed systematic calculations involving more than 400 favored ground-to-ground ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{}$ emissions with atomic number $Z$ = 52 to 118. We found that the shell correction remarkably reduces the notorious deviation between theoretical and experimental half-lives around the neutron shell closure $N=126$. It will also shed new light on predicting $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay half-life of superheavy nuclei.

Background Intestinal microorganisms play an important role in regulating the neurodevelopment and the brain functions of the host through the gut-brain axis. Lactobacillus, one of the most representative intestinal probiotics, produces important effects on human physiological functions. Our previous studies reveal that the Lactobacillus plantarum WLPL04 has a series of beneficial actions, such as antiadhesion of pathogens, protection from the harmful effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and anti-inflammatory stress on Caco2 cells. However, its effects on brain functions remain unknown. The present study aims to evaluate the potential effect of L. plantarum WLPL04 on anxiety/depressive-like behaviors in chronically restrained mice. Methods Newly weaned mice were exposed to chronic restraint stress for four weeks and raised daily with or without L. plantarum WLPL04 water supplement. Animals were behaviorally assessed for anxiety/depression and cognitive functions. The 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to analyze the intestinal microbiota structure. The levels of the medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) and serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were examined using Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The chronic stress-induced anxiety/depressive-like behaviors and cognitive deficits were significantly alleviated by the L. plantarum WLPL04 treatment. The 16S rRNA sequencing analysis showed that the chronic stress reduced the diversity and the richness of intestinal microbiota, which were rescued by the L. plantarum WLPL04 treatment. The levels of BDNF and TrkB in the mPFC and the concentration of 5-HT in the serum remained unchanged in chronically restrained mice treated with the L. plantarum WLPL04. Conclusions The L. plantarum WLPL04 can rescue anxiety/depressive-like behaviors and cognitive dysfunctions, reverse the abnormal change in intestinal microbiota, and alleviate the reduced levels of 5-HT, BDNF, and TrkB induced by chronic stress in mice, providing an experimental basis for the therapeutic application of L. plantarum on anxiety/depression.

Half-lives and potential barriers of cluster radioactivity are investigated in the framework of the generalized liquid drop model (GLDM). We focus on the calculation of the preformation factor for heavy and superheavy nuclei within a redefined preformed cluster method, in which the decay constant is the product of the preformation factor, assault frequency, and penetration probability. The preformation factor is obtained from the penetrability of the potential internal barrier. The assault frequency has been estimated using classical methods and the penetration probability is calculated by the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) method from tunneling through the GLDM potential barrier. The optimal mass inertia was selected for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ decay and cluster emission by comparison of theoretical half-lives and experimental ones. The calculated preformation factor follows the preformation law formulas $S({A}_{C})=S{(\ensuremath{\alpha})}^{({A}_{C}\ensuremath{-}1)/3}$ [Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 1930 (1988)], and the theoretical half-lives show better agreement with experimental data, including the new isotopes $^{219}\mathrm{Np}$ [Phys. Lett. B 777, 212 (2018)] and $^{220}\mathrm{Np}$ [Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 192503 (2019)]. The predictions of cluster radioactivity half-lives are provided for heavy and superheavy nuclei, which will be useful for the detection and identification of these nuclei in the future.

The infrared sky brightness level is an important parameter for infrared astronomical observation from the ground. It is necessary to obtain the infrared sky brightness level at an observatory site to evaluate the feasibility of infrared telescopes and instruments. In order to evaluate the possibility of developing infrared astronomical observations at several sites in China, the design of a continuous-scanning near-infrared sky brightness monitor (CNISBM), measuring 2.5 to 5 μm infrared sky brightness based on an InSb detector and a linear variable filter, is proposed. The optics and the detector were put in a vacuumed cryogenic dewar to reduce the background emission. The CNISBM has been tested by measuring the flux intensity of the observing window in the L-band. The results show that the sensitivity of CNISBM satisfies the requirements of the observations of 2.5- to 5-μm near-infrared sky brightness.

Arc lower crust plays a critical role in processing mantle-derived basaltic melts into the intermediate continental crust, yet can only be studied indirectly or in exposed arc sections. Compared with the relatively well-studied oceanic arc sections (e.g., Kohistan and Talkeetna), the composition and formation mechanisms of continental arc lower crust remain less clear. Here we present a geochronological and geochemical study on the Lilong Complex and the Wolong granitoids from the Gangdese arc deep crustal section in southern Tibet. The Lilong Complex is composed of the early (85–95 Ma) mafic-intermediate sequence and late (85–86 Ma) ultramafic sequence. The Lilong crustal section exposed crustal depth extending from ~ 42 to 17 km based on the geobarometry. The mafic-intermediate sequence is a damp (low H2O) igneous differentiation sequence characterized by the subsequent appearance of pyroxene → plagioclase → amphibole → biotite. The ultramafic sequence represents a wet igneous differentiation sequence composed of olivine → pyroxene → amphibole → plagioclase. The 74–84 Ma Wolong granitoids were formed by fractional crystallization of wet magma and intra-crustal assimilation. Calculated seismic properties of the Gangdese deep arc crust are comparable to the average continental crust at a similar depth. The average composition of the Gangdese arc lower crust is basaltic andesite with SiO2 of ~ 54 wt%. The highly incompatible elements in the Gangdese arc lower crust are systematically higher than those of the oceanic arc and are comparable with the estimates of lower continental crust, suggesting continental arc magmatism significantly contributes to the formation of continental crust.