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Copyright of Organizações Rurais & Agroindustriais is the property of Organizacoes Rurais & Agroindustriais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Educación is the property of Universidad Pedaggica Nacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Acehnese women's leadership is an interesting topic to discuss because of the strong Islamic law in Aceh. There have been several transformations in Acehnese women's leadership so it has become a topic of discussion and debate among the Acehnese people. This research aims to (1) describe the transformation of Acehnese leadership from a historical perspective and (2) describe the leadership of Acehnese women as a source of historical learning. This study is qualitative research with a historical method. The main source of this research is an article that contains the transformation of Acehnese women's leadership. The stages of this research are heuristics, verification or criticism, interpretation, and historiography. This study resulted in two findings. First, there have been several transformations of Acehnese women's leadership, including Laksamana Malahayati, Cut Nyak Dhien, and Cut Nyak Meutia. Second, Acehnese women's leadership as a source of historical learning includes the values of assertiveness, courage, and integrity as important points for the realization of student character. This research is a reference for teachers in fulfilling historical learning and for future researchers in conducting research about the transformation of Acehnese women's leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumors have long been known to rewire their metabolism to endorse their proliferation, growth, survival, and invasiveness. One of the common characteristics of these alterations is the enhanced glucose uptake and its subsequent transformation into lactic acid by means of glycolysis, regardless the availability of oxygen or the mitochondria effectiveness. This phenomenon is called the "Warburg effect", which has turned into a century of age now, since its first disclosure by German physiologist Otto Heinrich Warburg. Since then, this peculiar metabolic switch in tumors has been addressed by extensive studies covering several areas of research. In this historical perspective, we aim at illustrating the evolution of these studies over time and their implication in various fields of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Advances in novel therapies have improved outcomes for multiple myeloma (MM) patients and the use of allo-SCT has decreased. Current guidelines no longer support allo-SCT as consolidation therapy for newly diagnosed MM, even in high-risk cases., Summary: Allo-SCT is now typically considered only within clinical trials for young, high-risk patients with relapsed or refractory MM (RRMM). It has not proven favorable despite its historical use. CAR T-cell therapy and bispecific antibodies have shown promise in treating triple- and penta-exposed/refractory MM, yet relapse remains common with poor survival rates. The efficacy of allo-SCT following BCMA-directed therapy and other new T-cell-directed therapies is unclear. Allo-SCT might be a viable option for eligible patients who relapse after these therapies, or where such options are unavailable. Advancements in reduced-intensity conditioning regimens have led to lower toxicity and transplant-related (TR) morbidity, lower graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), and TR mortality. Expanded use of alternative donors, like haploidentical donors, has yielded comparable outcomes. Better post-transplant GvHD regimens and maintenance strategies to prevent relapse have been developed., Key Messages: This review analyzes available literature to better understand the safety, efficacy, and current role of allo-SCT in managing MM. Newer regimens are needed as routine use of allo-SCT cannot be recommended., (© 2024 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

The hundred-year dynamics of gamma diversity and butterflies’ abundance have been assessed for the first time in Russia for the Nizhny Novgorod Region. According to analyzed data, we forecast that no significant change in the number of 104 species of butterflies is expected, the number of 33 species in the near future is likely to increase, and the number of 11 species will continue to decline in the near future. A decrease in abundance of 23 steppe and arcto-boreal species is also expected. The reasons for the decrease in the number of species are considered, supported by the long-term monitoring dataset. Extrapolation of our conclusions for Russian regions with similar conditions (Kirov, Ivanovsk, Vladimir, Kostroma, Penza, and Ulyanovsk regions and the Republics of Mari El, Chuvash, and Mordovia), taking into account the natural conditions of these areas, seems applicable and promising.

The risk of ovarian, tubal, and peritoneal cancer is related to germline pathogenic variants, and over time, the number of known disease-associated genes has increased significantly. This study reviews the literature regarding the topic from a historical perspective. The aim is to present a timeline of the knowledge gained from the early 1900s until today. The findings are put into perspective by looking at the current gene panel used for screening for suspected hereditary ovarian cancer in Denmark compared to what is known internationally. In 1929, the first familial ovarian cancer incidents were registered, and in 1950, the involvement of a genetic component was suggested for the first time. During the 1970s, several studies reported an accumulation of ovarian cancer in certain families, and during this time, it was discovered that ovarian cancer was linked to both breast cancer and colorectal cancer. The inheritance of cancer disposition has been thoroughly investigated, leading to the discovery of the BRCA genes in the 1990s. Furthermore, new studies based on new genetic technologies have revealed several genes with germline pathogenic variants that increase the risk of ovarian cancer. The identification of these pathogenic variants has led to preventive measures and specific treatment of women with genetic disposition to ovarian cancer. In Denmark, consensus is to include at least ten genes in the screening panel for hereditary ovarian cancer, and in the future additional genes will probably be added.

The relationship between insects and humans throughout history has always been complex and multifaceted. Insects are both a source of fascination and fear for humans and have played important roles in human culture, economy, and health. Nowadays, there is growing interest in using insects as a sustainable and environmentally friendly source of protein and other nutrients. Entomophagy can be seen as a new opportunity for the food industry and global food security. In fact, insects require far fewer resources than traditional livestock, and there are many references to insect consumption in human history. The ancient Romans are known to have eaten various insects, including beetles, caterpillars, and locusts. Insects such as crickets, grasshoppers, and ants have been eaten for centuries and are still considered a delicacy in many parts of the world, especially in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Oceania. Entomophagy has, thus, been a part of human history for thousands of years and continues to be an important food habit for many people around the world. These topics are explored in this article from a historical and cultural perspective (e.g., ecological, nutritional, spiritual, and socio-psychological), with a focus on the progressive acceptance of edible insects in Western societies, since this novel food has also its roots in the Western world.

According to Dayan and Katz, media events require live transmission, firmly dating their birth to the age of television. However, the application of such a media-centric criterion runs the risk of projecting an a-historical perspective to the phenomenon as such. By contrast, using the example of the public funeral of the Swedish King Oscar II in 1907, the purpose of this article is to scrutinize and categorize the different efforts on part of the journalists to create media events before broadcasting. Four types of journalistic practices are uncovered: (1) highlighting the attention of media in a broad sense in public space (such as church bells, flags, shop windows, etc.) as well as journalistic presence, to endow eventfulness to the occasion; (2) acting as witness ambassador to evoke the senses of the media audience; (3) mediating the witnessing public participating on location to emphasise the engagement of the whole society; (4) using different kinds of narrativization, such as cross-cutting, to bring a sense of immediacy to the reporting. In terms of theory, the ambition is to draw attention to the journalist's role as a historical narrator, as well as to bring the historical perspective back to the discussion on media events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Hazin Lahiji is known as a poet, part of his fame comes from his history books. Between his various books, there is two books in the field of history that reveal his approach in this field. So many researches have been done on Hazin Lahiji's literary character or other aspects of his life, but no research has been done on his historical insights. This article intends to examine the historiography And historical Perspective of Hazin Lahiji in order to find out in which intellectual frameworks Hazin Lahiji has addressed the history and authored his work. The results of this article show that Hazin was in line with the historiography of his time in characteristics such as lessoning from the past, fatalism, ethics and patriotism and wrote his history in these intellectual frameworks. In these features, he used the heritage of Iranian historiography. But in characteristics such as being outside the formal framework, having a specific idea, having a critical approach and writing the history of the people, he was outside the dominant paradigm. His comprehensiveness in various sciences was influential in this matter.

Reproductive physiology and immunology as scientific disciplines each have rich, largely independent histories. The physicians and philosophers of ancient Greece made remarkable observations and inferences to explain regeneration as well as illness and immunity. The scientific enlightenment of the renaissance and the technological advances of the past century have led to the explosion of knowledge that we are experiencing today. Breakthroughs in transplantation, immunology, and reproduction eventually culminated with Medawar's discovery of acquired immunological tolerance, which helped to explain the transplantation success and failure. Medawar's musings also keenly pointed out that the fetus apparently breaks these newly discovered rules, and with this, the field of reproductive immunology was launched. As a result of having stemmed from transplantation immunology, scientist still analogizes the fetus to a successful allograft. Although we now know of the fundamental differences between the two, this analogy remains a useful tool to understand how the fetus thrives despite its immunological disparity with the mother. Here, we review the history of reproductive immunology, and how major and minor histocompatibility antigens, blood group antigens, and tissue‐specific "self" antigens from the fetus and transplanted organs parallel and differ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cabo Verde's biodiversity is threatened by activities that meet human needs. To counteract this, an integration of scientific and indigenous knowledge is required, but no comprehensive list of the useful local plants is available. Thus, in this work, we assess (1) their diversity and phytogeography; (2) the role of geophysical, historical, and socio-economic factors on species distribution and uses; and (3) potentially relevant species for sustainable development. Data were obtained from flora, scientific publications, historical documents, herbarium specimens and field work. Many species were introduced since the 15th century to support settlement and commercial interests. We identified 518 useful taxa, of which 145 are native, 38 endemic and 44 endangered. The number of useful taxa is correlated with altitude and agricultural area, as well as with rural population indicators, but not with total population or socio-economic indicators such as gross domestic product. Native taxa are mostly used for fuelwood, forage and utilitarian purposes. Agrobiodiversity and traditional practices seem crucial to cope with recurrent droughts and ensure food security. Most of the introduced species do not present conservation problems, contrasting with the overuse of some native taxa. The safeguarding of native populations will ensure the sustainable exploitation of these resources and benefit the local economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Model transformations are among the key concepts of model-driven engineering (MDE), and dedicated model transformation languages (MTLs) emerged with the popularity of the MDE pssaradigm about 15 to 20 years ago. MTLs claim to increase the ease of development of model transformations by abstracting from recurring transformation aspects and hiding complex semantics behind a simple and intuitive syntax. Nonetheless, MTLs are rarely adopted in practice, there is still no empirical evidence for the claim of easier development, and the argument of abstraction deserves a fresh look in the light of modern general purpose languages (GPLs) which have undergone a significant evolution in the last two decades. In this paper, we report about a study in which we compare the complexity and size of model transformations written in three different languages, namely (i) the Atlas Transformation Language (ATL), (ii) Java SE5 (2004–2009), and (iii) Java SE14 (2020); the Java transformations are derived from an ATL specification using a translation schema we developed for our study. In a nutshell, we found that some of the new features in Java SE14 compared to Java SE5 help to significantly reduce the complexity of transformations written in Java by as much as 45%. At the same time, however, the relative amount of complexity that stems from aspects that ATL can hide from the developer, which is about 40% of the total complexity, stays about the same. Furthermore we discovered that while transformation code in Java SE14 requires up to 25% less lines of code, the number of words written in both versions stays about the same. And while the written number of words stays about the same their distribution throughout the code changes significantly. Based on these results, we discuss the concrete advancements in newer Java versions. We also discuss to which extent new language advancements justify writing transformations in a general purpose language rather than a dedicated transformation language. We further indicate potential avenues for future research on the comparison of MTLs and GPLs in a model transformation context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper perceives globalization as a classical economy prevailing today whose philosophy and orientation is to encourage free flow of ideas, people, goods, services and capital for the purpose of enhancing integration of economies and societies. This paper traces the history of globalization in Africa but had emphasis on West Africa. The paper argues that the age of globalization came as a consequence of a combination of factors such as improved technologies, growing tastes of individuals and societies, globalization of national economies, liberalization of national financial and capital markets, competition among the providers of intermediary services and mass production arising from improved technologies. The paper posits that in the globalized economy, countries with requisite capabilities for trade and investment are usually integrated with spillover effects on their growth and development. According to the paper, those that cannot be integrated because of lack of infrastructure, institutional capability, technical skills, unfriendly investment environment and organizational capabilities are bypassed and they run the risk of being marginalized. In light of the findings, the study recommends West African states to 'watch the events and choose not to globalize areas that run counter to African culture and social wellbeing. African communalism should be encouraged. The reduction in unemployment and poverty must be pursued as a matter of urgency should be one of the strategies to achieving this goal. It is no gainsaying that readers are leaders. Meeting the information needs of African leaders, policy makers and Africans generally can help in improving the positive effects of globalization and reducing its negative tolls in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Ferroptosis is a recently discovered distinct type of regulated cell death caused by the accumulation of lipid-based ROS. Metabolism and expression of specific genes affect the occurrence of ferroptosis, making it a promising therapeutic target to manage cancer. Here, we describe the current status of ferroptosis studies in breast cancer and trace the key regulators of ferroptosis back to previous studies. We also compare ferroptosis to common regulated cell death patterns and discuss the sensitivity to ferroptosis in different subtypes of breast cancer. We propose that viewing ferroptosis-related studies from a historical angle will accelerate the development of ferroptosis-based biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in breast cancer.

Rayishnee Pillay,1 Rekha Hansraj,2 Nishanee Rampersad2 1University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; 2Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South AfricaCorrespondence: Rayishnee PillayUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal, University Road, Private Bag X54001, Westville, Durban 4000, South AfricaEmail 9300354@stu.ukzn.ac.zaAbstract: Lenses used in vision correction have evolved from the initial glass reading stone of the 10th century to the currently anticipated planar metalens made from “nanopillars” of titanium dioxide. With ideas from early scientific minds being translated into reality, and military commissioned concepts adapted for civilian use, spectacle lens and contact lens materials have progressed significantly over the last century, with the expectation of further lens material innovations ahead. The purpose of this article is a review of literature on the historical developments and advances in spectacle lens and contact lens materials.Keywords: spectacle lens materials, contact lens materials, historical perspective, advances in lens materials

Purpose: The main purpose of the present paper is to present Kazimierz Dobrowolski’s integral method treated here as the proposal directed at the organization and management research in historical perspective. This method has been put forward against a background of the dominant – in the sciences of organization and management – quantitative approaches based on the positive research paradigm. His methodological proposal was referred to the main threads in methodological discussions of organizational history. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis was based on studies of literature on the methodology of organizational history and theoretical proposals found in the publications of Dobrowolski. Findings: The article shows that that Dobrowolski’s methodological proposal offers an integral method assuming a holistic nature of social reality, postulating a combination of functional and historical approaches as well as the use of materials obtained through field research and document studies. Research limitation/ implications: Dobrowolski’s concept can be applied to the study of transformation processes and relations between organization and its environment. Originality/value: The article is a pioneering attempt to analyze Dobrowolski’s theoretical and methodological concepts in the context of methodological postulates of organizational history.

Treinta y tres años, ocho leyes; una cada cuatro años en una media aritmética. Esta situación sirve para ofrecer una explicación de lo que está aconteciendo en España dentro del panorama educativo actual, donde paradigmas objetivos como los informes PISA nos sitúan en un escenario desalentador y ofrecen una nada halagüeña visión de futuro. Además, los acontecimientos políticos y la ineficacia del último intento de pacto por la educación en 2018 tampoco es que haya resultado efectivo. Con dicho pacto se pretendía poner fin a este carrusel normativo marcado por decisiones e intereses políticas y no por las propias necesidades educativas o sociales que rodean a nuestros estudiantes. Para finalizar, el análisis normativo realizado centra además la atención en la descripción de cómo la dirección escolar ha ido evolucionando en la normativa educativa (acceso y selección de la dirección).

The non-developmental use of external debt creates macroeconomic instability which results in massive unemployment, poverty, inflation, and political instability in any country. The present study is focused on historical perspective of external debt in Pakistan. This study found that the leadership of Pakistan has heavily borrowed external debt without considering its sustainability and repayment capacity. On the basis of the systematic literature review of past studies, the key policy variables are highlighted to reduce the burden of external debt. The study indicated that external debt burden of Pakistan can be managed by lowering the consumption oriented imports, focusing targeted inflation, exchange rate and by promoting sustainable inclusive economic growth. The policy mix based on efficient management of macro-economic indicators are helpful in addressing external debt in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a historical perspective on the development of scholarly writing in academic advising beginning in 1972 with some of the first journal articles solely devoted to advising and continuing through the initial 20 years of the NACADA Journal--the premier advising publication venue during the period. An important part of the evolution of advising's scholarly writing was the vision and perspective of each NACADA Journal editor. Each brought a distinct set of academic experiences to the job, each defined scholarship, and especially research, differently. Early (1972-2001) scholarly articles and the editors who published them shaped academic advising's literature base. This article analyzes the contributions made by these early articles and editors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to argue that the conflictual debate on human rights between China and United States is characterized by a dichotomous approach which still reflects a Cold War logic and can have a detrimental impact on the full understanding of social, economic, political processes which are undergoing during our age. The argument has been built through a case-study on US-China public discourses on COVID-19 and human rights, which posits that a dichotomous approach has prevented an objective reading of the pandemic processes underway and thus influenced the health crisis' management on both sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Thermology International is the property of European Association of Thermology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Madelung deformity (MD) comprises an increased volar and ulnar tilt of the joint facet of the distal radius, secondary to an idiopathic physeal dysplasia. Such change causes radial shortening and consequent distal ulnar prominence, along with wrist pain and loss of motion. Surgery becomes an option in patients with severe deformity that do not respond to conservative treatment. The classic surgical techniques are problematic for adults, as they are specific for children and adolescents, whose radial physis is still open. Very few papers discuss the treatment of adult patients; furthermore, most are focused on the distal radioulnar joint, and thus do not approach the origin of the pathology. When analyzing computed tomography scans with tridimensional reconstruction, a feature of MD, growth arrest of the volar and ulnar portions of the distal radius, is noted, causing the typical distal radius deformity that leads to lack of coverage of the lunate bone. That leads to palmar subluxation of the lunate bone and consequent radiocarpal instability. We herein describe the possibilities of treatment in different stages of evolution, summarizing the authors' view on MD.

The main purpose of the article is to characterise the philosophical and historical perspective of the development of electoral technologies. The methodological basis of the research is conditioned by the peculiarities of the research subject, its interdisciplinary nature and expediency of a combination of sociological, historical-philosophical, political science and other approaches. Philosophical and historical analysis showed that electoral technologies should be understood as a kind of political communication used to manipulate public opinion. In turn, this makes it possible for politicians to have a monopoly on the management of the electorate in order to obtain its support in the elections. Considering electoral technologies, we must consider their connection and combination with the totality of electoral technologies. That is, it should be noted that the actual electoral process involves the passage of two mega stages: 1) the preparatory (pre-election) stage, at which pre-election technologies are applied, and 2) the official election campaign itself (purely electoral stage), in the process of which the actual electoral technologies are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article charts changes and continuities in the social work role in adoption since 1968. The Social Work (Scotland) Act 1968 established the Children's Hearing System, Scotland's unique approach to child welfare in which lay volunteers make decisions on compulsory intervention relating to children. Although the Act was not intended to reform adoption practice, it has had two major impacts. First, as adoption moved from 'relinquishment' to more complex and contested legal routes, the Children's Hearing came to occupy an integral role in decision-making for children in need of care and protection. Secondly, since 1968, adoption has become understood as a resource for children who are unable to remain within their birth family or kinship networks. Using documentary analysis of adoption files and interviews with key informants, the research focused on three key periods: 1968, 1988 and 2014. The study found that fragmentation of the social work role has decreased the potential of adoption records to be a resource for adopted individuals curious about their origins and story. Paradoxically, over this period, there has been growing understanding of the identity needs of adopted people. Such unintended consequences suggest the need for more a thoughtful approach to adoption record keeping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses how CIAM (Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne) influenced Dutch housing and urban planning. It starts by looking at programs and policies of the 1920s and 1930s Dutch housing design, and the way in which the new ideas of CIAM were there incorporated. In this history, the design of the AUP (Algemeen Uitbreidingsplan Amsterdam, or the General Extension Plan) is crucial, marking the transition into a new spatial model for large scale housing areas. CIAM thinking and its successor, TEAM X, strongly influenced the idea of the social-cultural city before and directly after WWII. This becomes evident in the urban extensions of Amsterdam and Rotterdam. This practice influenced urban planning and housing design and culminated during the 1970s in the design of the Bijlmermeer. Though legendary and still detectable in the urban developments of Amsterdam and Rotterdam, CIAM thinking came forward as both visionary and problematic. This article will trace the CIAM history in these two cities to depict concepts of innovation, but also continuities in modern housing design and planning practices by focusing on spatial models, typo-morphological transformations, and ideals vis- à-vis the urban public realm. In addition to relevant writings, typo-morphological maps, drawings and street photography also serve as tools of analysis and interpretation. The article will conclude with some future perspectives regarding the relationship between the CIAM legacy and contemporary urban issues.

Internal migration is one of the most important drivers for reducing poverty and facilitating economic development. However, the factors that affect population mobility within a country, as well as the relationship between internal migration and economic development, are difficult to understand. This paper aims to provide an analysis of the population mobility in Romania, so that one understands the relationship between the economic development and internal migration. In order to achieve this objective, official data provided by the National Institute of Statistics as well as various statistical and econometric techniques (simple regression, entropy) are used. The research led to three major findings: (i) the internal migratory process is characterized by 7 historical periods, highly related to the social, economic and political phenomena that shaped the Romanian history; (ii) economic development of a county and the internal migration inflows are highly dependent; (iii) internal migration flows concentrate towards just four counties: Bucharest, Timisoara, Cluj and Constanta, leading to major agglomerations. These findings are highly valuable for the decision makers at county level.

This research on the history of Mirza Muhammad Kalantar Fars, a bourgeois character, is a historian of the Zandian era. His only publication is a work, called the newspaper, which the scholars disagree about its typology. Of course, what has been neglected in the commentaries on this work and its author, and the author seems to be the main source of controversies over the nature of the present work, is that the thought and historical thinking, the methodology and method of historiography, and some of the innovative and progressive political views And the sheriff's social, are not aware. Therefore, in this research, it is attempted to analyze the author's poetic system and his historiography thinking in the light of his political, social and cultural conditions, and his descriptive-analytical methodology and attributes of his historiography should be obtained. . The achievements of this research show that the macroeconomic effect of the axioms, religions, Islam, and moralisticism in the continuation of the tradition of historical historiography and in some ways such as the tendency towards simplification, a critical approach to government and governors, as well as a subjective and individualistic approach to socialism (Authorship) has a new approach that has a different effect in the field of Iranian historiography.

In this century, the emerging Law of Conservation of Information has a great influence on the evolution of scientific and technological civilization, which enlightens us to view scientific and technological civilization from the historical perspective. By tracing the origin of the research on brain health of the elderly and reviewing the elements of traditional civilization, this paper explains the cognition, understanding and interpretation of brain and brain health in Chinese traditional culture, which embodies the great wisdom of Chinese people. It advocates that the maintenance of brain health relies on to maintaining peaceful mind through sincerity and respect, and conforming to natural laws. The elderly should understand the natural law of birth, ageing, sickness and death and treating disease before its onset, adjust the balance of body and mind, and pursuespiritual thinking. It is clarified that early intervention of cognitive disorders is the key to the prevention and treatment of senile dementia, where traditional Chinese medicine can play a unique advantageous role, and the key to preventing and treating dementia is to delay the plateau period. The elderly with early mild cognitive impairment need to purify their mind through their own awareness of the living state, to respect sincerity and goodness, while cooperating with empathetic treatment by the medical staff and comfort of their families, so as to achieve the purpose of regulating health care, delaying the plateau period and preventing senile dermentia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old-age pensions are the most widespread social security programmes around the world. While many case studies have focused on the historical origins of old-age pensions, global and comparative studies are limited mainly due to missing data. To address this shortcoming, this article introduces the novel PENLEG dataset (Pension Legislation around the World, 1880–2010), which comprises data on: (1) the timing of the first pension introductions; (2) the pension design; (3) the mode of financing; (4) eligibility criteria; (5) benefit generosity and (6) coverage rates for all independent countries. Additionally, the article describes global pension patterns and highlights case evidence. It shows that economic development strategies, political incentives to bind citizens to the state, administrative reasons as well as colonial legacies and the Soviet model of social security have strongly affected the origins of old-age pensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]