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PTHrp was discovered as a humoral hypercalcemic factor of malignancy and has been shown to bind the same receptor as PTH in rat bone cells, canine renal membranes, and rabbit renal microvessels. We investigated the global effect of human PTH(hPTH) and PTHrp on systemic and regional hemodynamics in conscious rats. The hypotensive response to PTHrp was more potent than that to hPTH. Although hPTH (15 micrograms/kg/min, i.v.) caused a significant increase in cardiac output, whereas PTHrp (5 micrograms/kg/min, i.v.) caused no change in cardiac output despite a similar hypotensive effect to hPTH, the effects of PTHrp and hPTHrp on regional hemodynamics were quite similar, and both peptides had a prominent vasodilatory effect on the coronary and hepatic arteries. Therefore, PTHrp appears to have an important role in blood pressure and regional hemodynamics as does hPTH.

Gastrinoma is rare in children. We report the case of a 9-year-old boy with weight loss and vomiting. Upper gastrointestinal imaging showed severe stenosis of the duodenum. Although gastrin was very high, imaging did not show a gastrinoma. Selective arterial secretagogue injection (SASI) test indicated a tumor within the gastroduodenal arterial zone. In accordance with the SASI test result, we performed laparoscopic-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy (LAPD). Postoperative biochemistry confirmed complete resection of the gastrinoma, and the patient was asymptomatic at follow up, 30 months after surgery. Even in patients with negative imaging for gastrinoma, aggressive resection following accurate localization on SASI test is biochemically curative. In such cases, the tumor is probably very small and LAPD may offer a minimally invasive procedure. As far as we know, LAPD in a child has not been previously reported.

Medulloblastomas represent the most common central nervous system malignancies in children. Despite intensive modality treatment with craniospinal irradiation and multiple drug chemotherapy, their prognosis remains dismal. In the present study, we examined the potential roles of cellular differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis in 21 pediatric patients with newly diagnosed classic medulloblastomas treated by conventional radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100, synaptophysin, TrkA and TrkC, and the proliferation index of MIB-1 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and the apoptotic index was determined using terminal deoxytransferase-mediated deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate nick-end labeling assay. The prognostic value of these biological markers was also assessed. Immunoreactive glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100, synaptophysin, TrkA and TrkC were observed in seven (33%), four (19%), 12 (57%), 14 (67%) and 11 (52%) of the 21 cases, respectively. TrkA expression was positively correlated with the MIB-1 staining index (P = 0.0228) and the apoptotic index (P = 0.0058). None of the immunohistochemical markers was found to be of value in predicting the prognosis. Although the present small sample size does not provide sufficient power to discount biological variables as prognostic markers, it was the well-established clinical prognostic factors, i.e. tumor stage and extent of surgery, that stood out as the most important predictors of survival. The close association between apoptosis and TrkA expression is consistent with in vitro data demonstrating the capacity of the NGF/TrkA signaling pathway to increase medulloblastoma apoptotic cell death, suggesting that this pathway may yield alternative therapeutic targets for novel therapies.

症例は56歳の女性. 2002年12月に左乳腺腫瘤に気づき急激に増大したため受診.左EAB領域に6×6 cmの分葉状で境界明瞭な固い腫瘤を触知した.マンモグラフィでは分葉状で一部境界不明瞭,内下部に粗大で不整形な石灰化を伴う高濃度腫瘤を認めた.超音波検査では内部に無エコーやacoustic shadowを伴う高輝度エコーが混在する不整形腫瘤が存在し腫瘤に接して境界明瞭な円形小腫瘤を認めた.吸引細胞診では悪性を疑い,術中迅速病理診断で軟骨化生を伴う化生癌とされ乳腺全摘術とリンパ節郭清を施行した.病理診断は乳腺原発性骨肉腫で辺縁に線維腺腫を伴っていた.術後1年経過するが現在も再発所見はみられず,極めて稀な原発性乳腺骨肉腫の1例を経験したので報告する.

This paper describes the status of Japanese efforts for hosting ITER in Japan. In May 2002, Japanese Government decided to propose an ITER site, Rokkasho in Aomori Prefecture, a Northern part of the main island, based on the comprehensive/intensive assessments by the Site Selection Committee established by Japanese Government. ITER is designed basically with a potential flexibility beyond the detailed technical objectives to have more clear scope for developing technical key elements in a future power plant. Various flexibilities in the construction, operation and decommissioning of ITER are totally assessed. Consequently the Japanese site has been chosen and it satisfies sufficiently not only the Site Requirements and the Site Design Assumptions but also the further extension and flexibilities. In particular the potential for more flexible construction schedule and operations is technically described as well as the fulfillment of the site requirements and its assumptions as the minimum requirements in this paper. The socio-cultural environment is also described briefly because of a key aspect for the scientists and engineers who will participate in the project.

We treated five patients with five infected total knee arthroplasties for 10 years. We reviewed onset time of infection, organism, surgery for the affected knee, and timing of reimplantation. The average onset time was 23 months (range: 2 to 84 months). Cultures grew Staphylococcus epidermidis in three knees, Staphylococcus aureus in one knee, and Klebsiella pneumoniae in one knee. Only one joint was cured by continuous drainage. Knee arthrodesis was conducted on one joint, and 2-stage reimplantation on three joints. But one joint was resulted in knee arthrodesis. The average timing of reimplantation was 5.6 months (range: 4 to 8 months).

Using STM, we have directly confirmed the incommensurate stacking of double atomic layers of graphene and monolayer h-BN on Ni(111). The formation of a graphene layer weakens the interfacial interaction between monolayer h-BN and Ni(111), resulting in insulating h-BN layers, while a pristine monolayer h-BN on Ni(111) is metallic. The STS spectra of the double atomic layers showed a tunneling character with a band gap of 0.5 eV.

Tephra fallout has a potential impact on engineered structures and systems at nuclear power plants. We provide the first report estimating potential accumulations of tephra fallout as big as VEI5 eruption from Kuju Volcano and calculated hazard curves at the Ikata Power Plant, using the TEPHRA2 computer program. We reconstructed the eruptive parameters of Kj-P1 tephra fallout deposit based on geological survey and literature review. A series of parameter studies were carried out to determine the best values of empirical parameters, such as diffusion coefficient and the fall time threshold. Based on such a reconstruction, we represent probabilistic analyses which assess the variation in meteorological condition, using wind profiles extracted from a 22 year long wind dataset. The obtained hazard curves and probability maps of tephra fallout associated to a Plinian eruption were used to discuss the exceeding probability at the site and the implications of such a severe eruption scenario.

Muscle atrophy and weakness impair activity of daily living (ADL). We examined whether chair stand exercise can improve ADL of hemodialysis patients.A randomized controlled trial.A single center study.Outpatients on hemodialysis older than 60 years (61-79 years).Twelve weeks of intervention with chair stand exercise, 3 sessions/week versus the control exercise (stretch, 1 session/week).The primary outcome was the change in functional independence measure (FIM) score from baseline. The secondary outcomes were changes in thigh circumference, muscle strength of quadriceps, 6-minute walking distance, maximum duration of chair stand exercise, health-related quality of life, cognitive function serum albumin, and hemoglobin.Among the 27 patients who were randomized, 17 completed the study. The change in FIM from baseline was greater in the intervention group (1 [1-3] vs. 0 [0-0], median (minimum to maximum), P .001) due to the significant improvement in the FIM subscales related to mobility (bed/chair/wheel chair) and locomotion (stair). Among the secondary outcomes, significant difference was noticed in the changes in thigh circumference and the physical component summary score of health-related quality of life by Medical Outcome Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36v2).Chair stand exercise improved ADL in the hemodialysis patients aged older than 60 years.

Aims Malignant rhabdoid tumours (MRTs) and epithelioid sarcomas (ESs) are distinctive malignant neoplasms with characteristic clinicopathological features. However, these two tumour types share some phenotypic features, such as epithelioid/rhabdoid cytology, expression of epithelial markers, and immunohistochemical loss of INI1. The distinction can be problematic in atypical clinical settings, and ancillary diagnostic tools are needed. The expression of CD34 is widely cited as favouring the diagnosis of ES, but no formal comparative study has been performed in the post-INI1 era. Here, we evaluated the utility of SALL4 for differentiating MRTs from ESs, and compared its performance with that of CD34. Methods and results Fifteen MRTs and 36 ESs were retrieved. All MRTs and ESs lacked INI1 reactivity, except for one MRT that lacked BRG1. A representative slide from each case was stained using antibodies against SALL4 and CD34. Ten (67%) of the 15 MRTs expressed SALL4. In contrast, only one (3%) of the 36 ESs expressed SALL4. CD34 staining was observed in nine (60%) of the MRTs and 29 (81%) of the ESs. Conclusions Despite moderate sensitivity, SALL4 expression may aid in distinguishing MRTs from ESs. CD34 was found to have questionable utility in making such distinctions.

Background/Purpose: In infants, neuroblastoma has been known to spontaneously differentiate into a benign ganglioneuroma. Although several investigators have compared mass-screened with unscreened, disseminated with localized, and adrenal with retroperitoneal neuroblastoma, there are very few cross-comparisons of the above parameters. Herein, the authors report the maturation of mass-screened, localized adrenal neuroblastoma. Methods: Fifty-one mass-screened adrenal neuroblastomas were divided into 2 groups. In infants less than 1 year of age (Group A), 45 neuroblastomas were resected, whereas 6 neuroblastomas were resected after observation in 1- to 4-year-old children (group B). Histopathology of the tumors in the 2 groups was compared. Data were analyzed by X 2 test, and P Results: According to the International Neuroblastoma Pathological Classification, 41 of 45 tumors of group A were "differentiating neuroblastoma" and 4 of 6 tumors of group B were "maturing ganglioneuroma." Maturation toward ganglioneuroblastoma was observed in 16 neuroblastomas of group A (36%) and 6 neuroblastomas of group B (100%). In group A, 58% had low mitosis karyorrhexis index (MKI); all patients in group B had low MKI. Conclusions: If left untreated, maturation of mass-screened, localized adrenal neuroblastomas is a common phenomenon. These children do not need to undergo early operation. J Pediatr Surg 36:1633-1636. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.

The atomic-scale processes of benzene adsorption and desorption on an Si(111)-7 × 7 surface have been investigated with scanning tunnelling microscopy. Analysis of the atomic-scale images obtained during the adsorption and desorption processes yielded the following results: benzene molecules adsorbed on Si(111)-7 × 7 with the di-σ bonds between molecules and two Si atoms, an adatom and a rest atom; and benzene molecules chemisorb and desorb through physisorption states. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Ideal posture and marking methods are proposed for reducing operation and fluoroscopy time. We operated on 109 patients with femoral neck fractures using CHS. The posture in operation was the semi-lateral position and the leg was tractioned with the Broun table. The incert portion was marked before operation. The operation time was 10 to 63 minutes (average: 35.1 minutes). The fluoroscopy time was 66 to 195 seconds (average: 107.2 seconds).

Hepatic metastasis of breast cancer is often multiple and unresectable, and generally has a poor prognosis. This time, we report a case of hepatic metastasis cohich developed after curative resections for bilateral breast cancer, and which was itself successfully resected. The patient was a 44-year-old woman. In July 1993, the patient underwent a pectoral-muscle-preserving mastectomy (Kodama's method) with R2 for a left breast cancer, which resulted in an absolutely curative operation. It was t1n0m0 in Stage I and solid tubula adenocarcinoma histologically. During observation of the clinical course, a contralateral breast cancer was detected, for which a pectoral muscle-preserving mastectomy (Kodama's method) with R2 was performed, resulting in an absolutely curative resection. The resected tumor was t2n0m0 in Stage I and the histologic type was scirrhous carcinoma. Thereafter endocrine chemotherpy was given. Ten monghs later, hepatic metastases involving the S2 and S8 were confirmed and an anterior segmetectomy and a partial hepatectomy (S2) were performed. At present, the patient has been free from recurrence and is doing well under chemotherapy.

A novel hepatitis-associated DNA virus, designated as transfusion-transmitted virus (TTV), was identified recently. We investigated the frequency of TTV viremia in hepatitis C virus (HCV) carriers on maintenance hemodialysis to determine whether TTV coinfection has any clinical relevance. The subjects were 50 hemodialysis patients who had been followed over 4 years after diagnosis of HCV infection. Stored serum samples derived from each patient every 12th month after enrollment were subjected to polymerase chain reaction to amplify TTV DNA and HCV RNA. At enrollment, TTV viremia was detected in 24 (48%) HCV-positive patients irrespective of the number of previous blood transfusions and the duration of hemodialysis. The presence of TTV viremia had no relation to serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, HCV viremic levels or HCV genotypes. After enrollment, HCV infection persisted in all patients over the 4-year follow-up period, whereas spontaneous resolution of TTV infection was observed in 7 (29%) of the 24 TTV viremic cases (annual rate 7.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8-25.5%). Evidence for TTV infection was found in 4 (15%) of the 26 TTV nonviremic patients (annual incidence 3.9%, 95% CI 0.1-19. 6%). The relationship between the ALT profile and TTV infection during follow up was not evident. Active TTV coinfection occurs frequently in HCV carriers undergoing hemodialysis but exerts no biochemical or virological influence on the underlying hepatitis C. Lack of disease association and the frequent spontaneous resolution of infection suggest that the clinical significance of TTV infection remains unclear.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) has been thought to be a disorder of immune regulation, and increasingly, evidence showing that the tissue damage in LCH involves lymphokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines is reported. We detected human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-DNA in LCH cells in the foci of LCH lesions by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and PCR. HCMV was detected in the nuclei and/or cytoplasm of LCH cells in 9 of 27 LCH cases by immunostaining. HCMV was probably an early antigen. In situ hybridization revealed signals for HCMV-DNA only in the nuclei of LCH cells in 10 of the 27 LCH cases. PCR analysis was performed in 20 of the LCH cases, and HCMV-DNA was detected in 7 of these. All 7 positive cases were also positive for HCMV by ISH and IHC. These findings suggested that early phase infection or reactivation of HCMV occurred in the LCH lesions. HCMV infection may be accompanied by impaired cytokine production. Our study also suggested a relationship between HCMV infection and expression of TNFalpha. In tissues affected by LCH, dermatopathic lymphadenopathy or malignant fibrous histiocytoma and in normal tissues no signals for Epstein-Barr virus-RNA were detected. These findings suggest that in some cases LCH is associated with HCMV infection.

The JT-60 project concentrates research efforts to contribute to the ITER EDA and to establish the basis of a steady-state tokamak reactor. Negative shear, as well as high-βp-mode, are the major operation schemes in the recent JT-60 experiments. Equivalent-QDT=1.05 with a negative shear discharge and the fusion triple product nD·τE·Ti=1.5×1021 m−3·s·keV with a high-βp H-mode have been achieved. A high recycling and strong radiative boundary plasma has been obtained in negative shear high confinement discharges. Long sustainment of high performance discharges has satisfied the conditions required for a steady-state tokamak reactor concept such as SSTR. JT-60 started operation in 1985 and had a significant modification to JT-60U in 1989–1990. The most frequent machine troubles occurred due to control software bugs, air-leaks of the vacuum vessel, and electric insulation breaks in the tokamak machine. Machine behaviors beyond our expectations have been the strong membrane vibrations of the vacuum vessel in the original machine JT-60, the cooling water leaks from the TF coils, divertor tile breaks due to halo current, and the cooling pipe damages due to high energy electrons penetrating under the divertor tiles. These should be considered the important engineering issues even with regard to future fusion research.

近年, 悪性腫瘍に伴う高Ca血症に対しビスホスホネート製剤の一つであるパミドロネートが有効に用いられている. しかしその作用機序などまだ不明な部分もあり, また透析患者での使用経験の報告も少ない. 今回, 高Ca血症, 腎不全を合併し血液透析を施行した骨髄腫患者において, パミドロネートを用い血清Ca値をコントロールした症例を経験したので報告する.症例は74歳の男性. 1996年5月, 腎不全を示し透析施行を目的とし当院入院となる. 血液透析導入後も血清Ca12.7mg/dlと高Ca血症および嘔気が続いた. 精査の結果, IgD型多発性骨髄腫と診断. 腎不全は腎生検によりmyeloma kidneyによるものと考えられた. 骨髄腫に対してMP療法を行い, また高Ca血症に対してパミドロネートを投与し血清Ca値を9.0-11.0mg/dlに維持することができた. 透析患者においてもパミドロネートは有効な薬剤と考えられた.

Edmund Burke was blamed by his Bristol constituents. The charges against him were : first, his failure to visit Bristol more often; second, his favouring of Ireland rather than Bristol in the argument over liberalising trade; third, his support for a bill introduced by Lord Beauchamp; fourth, his religious bias for Catholicism. He was defeated in a general election of 1780,although he defended his entire record as representative from Bristol. In this paper, I consider Burke's view on catholic relief in relation to the Irish problems and clarify that it was one of reasons of his loss of Bristol constituency.

The prognosis for metastatic malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) is poor, and metastatic (stage IV) MRT was resistant to conventional treatment, with less than 20% of cure rate. Moreover, there have been no reports of patients who have survived relapsed stage IV MRT. Here we report a long-term survivor of relapsed MRT with lung metastasis at diagnosis. He was diagnosed as MRT of the kidney at 5-month-old. After resection of the renal tumor, he was treated with ICE (ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide), total abdominal irradiation 10.8 Gy and high-dose chemotherapy using thiotepa and melphalan. Six months after initial treatment, a relapse in the lung was detected, and he received chemotherapy including doxorubicin/pirarubicin for 78 weeks. He is alive at five years of follow up, without any evidence of disease. Our report suggests the important role of anthracycline in treatment of MRT.

Edmund Burke's reputation reached its zenith in the summer of 1780. Even the king commented very favorably on Burke and wanted to see him come into office. But Burke's hold upon Bristol was very shaky. During 1778-80 Burke's relation to his constituents deteriorated sharply because of difference in policy on the Irish problems. My main concern in this paper is to consider how Burke dealt with the Irish problems and how it closely connected with his loss of Bristol constituency.

The dilution enthalpies,ΔdilH, of tetraalkylammonium chondroitin 4-sulfate (R4NChSA) and polyacrylate (R4NPAA) having methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl (Pr) and butyl (Bu) as alkyl groups (R) were measured to elucidate the effects of hydrophobic counterions. TheΔdilH of R4NChS-A and R4NPAA were negative (exothermic) and decreased as the carbon number of tetraalkylammonium cation (R4N+) increased. These results were found to possess the same effects onΔdilH as these of bromides. The non-electrostatic terms of dilution enthalpiesΔdilHn of R4NChS and R4NPAA were evaluated by using the electrostatic terms ofΔdilH obtained from Manning's theory. TheΔdilHn of R4NChS-A and R4NPAA decreased, i.e., their exothermic tendencies increased as the carbon number of R4N+ increased, and the rate of decrease of the R4NPAA was more than that of the R4NChS-A. These results are discussed in relation to the increase of the hydrated water structure around R4N+ on dilution.

Edmund Burke is generally recognized as the father of modern conservatism. For conservaties, he has been a continuing source of inspiration and a reservoir of ideas to counter the steady growth of radicalism and revolution since his day. As a conservative, what Burke had to conserve before everything else was the British Constitution. It seemed to him the best of constitutions. He did not regard the British Constitution as perfect, but he looked upon it as perfect for Englishmen. The purpose of this study is to clear the conservative political thought of Edmund Burke by considering his "Speech to the Electors of Bristol" and his plan for Economical Reform.

Purpose We evaluated the clinicopathological characteristics of pediatric sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors (SGCTs) and yolk sac tumors (YSTs) developing after sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) resection, and discussed the pathogenesis of sacrococcygeal YST. Methods We retrospectively analyzed pediatric SGCT patients attending 10 Japanese institutions. Results A total of 289 patients were eligible, of which 74.6% were girls. The mean age at surgery was 7.1 months. There were 194 mature and 47 immature teratomas, and 48 YSTs. YST developed after SCT resection in 13 patients (5.4% of SCTs), and was detected between 5 and 30 months after resection. At initial surgery, 9 of these 13 patients were neonates, 12 underwent gross complete resection with coccygectomy, and 9 had histologically mature teratoma without microscopic YST foci. Postoperative serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were regularly examined in 11 patients. Intervals of AFP measurement ≤ 4 months helped to detect subclinical localized YSTs for resection. Conclusions The characteristics of SGCT in Japanese children were similar with those reported in Europe or the United States. YST developed after SCT resection not only in patients with previously reported risk factors. We recommend that patients undergo serum AFP monitoring every 3 months for ≥ 3 years after SCT resection.

We report the case of 2-week-old female infant with cystic lung disease who presented with mild tachypnea and had no history of mechanical ventilation. Chest CT demonstrated multiple air-filled cystic lesions in right upper lobe, and the patient subsequently underwent a right upper lobectomy. Histology revealed cystic lesions located in the pulmonary parenchyma and showed that the lesions were lined by lymphatic endothelium and were communicating with dilated lymphatic vessels in the interstitium. Additionally, multinucleated foreign body giant cells were attached to the lumen of the cyst. On the basis of these findings, we considered this a case of persistent interstitial pulmonary emphysema (PIPE) with massive pneumatic expansion of the lymphatic vessels, resulting in cystic lesions with lymphatic endothelium in the pulmonary parenchyma. While PIPE is extremely rare in term non-ventilated infants, our case demonstrated that this disease should be added to the differential diagnosis of cystic lung diseases with lymphatic endothelium even in infants without mechanical ventilation. When cystic lesions and symptoms persist despite conservative treatment, open or thoracoscopic resection is an appropriate option for diagnosis and treatment.

Recently, it was reported that ependymoblastoma and embryonal tumor with abundant neuropil and true rosettes (ETANTR) show 19q13.42 amplification at a high frequency, suggesting that these tumors may constitute a single entity. As ependymoblastic rosettes are the most prominent features in both subtypes, embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes (ETMR) was proposed, for which 19q13.42 amplification represents a specific molecular hallmark. However, ependymoblastic rosettes are not specific to ependymoblastoma and ETANTR, and are also found in a few other embryonal tumors as well as immature teratomas, and knowledge on 19q13.42 amplification in these tumors is limited. In this study, we performed fluorescence in situ hybridazation (FISH) analysis and differential polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and detected 19q13.42 amplification in three out of four ETANTR, one ependymoblastoma and one medulloepithelioma with ETANTR components, whereas none of the two atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) with ependymoblastic rosettes nor two immature teratomas with developing neuroectodermal structures showed such amplification, suggesting that medulloepitheliomas would possibly be included in ETMR, and ependymoblastic rosettes in AT/RT do not signify that these tumors constitute ETMR. Also, we found C19MC rather than miR‐371‐373 was amplified in one ETANTR, suggesting that C19MC miRNA cluster seems to be more closely linked to the pathogenesis of ETMR.

On November 16,1775,Edmund Burke introduced his last plan for conciliation. This plan marked a fundamental change in his thinking, for in it Burke indicated his willingness to repudiate the right of parliament to tax America for revenue. Burke's Bill was negatived by 210 votes to 105,and it was immediately followed by Lord North's American Prohibiting Bill. On May 1777,Burke published A Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol. With On American Taxation (1774) and On Conciliation with America (1775), A Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol completes the trilogy of his pronouncements on America. In this Pamphet, Burke expained the reasons for the Rockinghams' secession, then went on to examine the American question again, and finally gave a eloquent, generalized defense of a practical approach to politics. I study the prudential political thought of Burke in his last plan for conciliation and in his A Letter to Sheriffs of Bristol.

Preoperative therapy is most commonly employed to improve both the resectability and curability in locally advanced breast cancer. Though there is a recent increasing tendency of performing breastsparing operation with an increase in detection of early breast cancer, preoperative therapy it has been rarely applied for down staging, to early breast cancer (Stage I, II). Here, the authors present a case of Stage II breast cancer that was sucessfully treat with conservative surgery after achieving complete remission by a 4 month oral chemo-endocrine therapy (5'-deoxyfluorouridine: 600 mg/day, and Tamoxifen: 20 mg/day), not with standing the carcinoma of the breast was indicated mastectomy prior to the conservative surgery. The role of preoperative therapy for early breast cancer is still unclear, but it may become another treatment option in the future.

Expression of p53 and c-myc was investigated and compared with cell proliferative activity in a series of 40 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), by means of enhanced immunohistochemistry. p53 expression was demonstrated in 5 out of 40 HCC (12.5%) with the incidence increasing in 5 out of 40 HCC (12.5%) with the incidence increasing in proportion to the histological grading of malignancy: thus, 0% of well-differentiated, 6.9% of moderately differentiated and 33.3% of poorly differentiated lesions were positive. The proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling index also showed a statistically significant increase with this grading. Distribution patterns of PCNA-positive cell were divided into four types: scatter, marginal, mosaic and diffuse. Four HCC cases, predominantly of the poorly differentiated type, exhibited the diffuse pattern. Generally, p53 overexpression corresponded well with PCNA positivity. In contrast, there was no correlation between c-myc overexpression, found in 19 out of 40 HCC (47.5%), and histological grading of HCC or PCNA labeling index. The distribution pattern of c-myc-positive HCC cells was also different from that of PCNA and p53. Our results suggest that p53 overexpression closely relates to proliferation of HCC cells. Furthermore, there may be a consistent difference in regulatory mechanisms between p53 and c-myc expression in multistep hepatocarcinogenesis.

Edmund Burke published on April 23,1770., one of the greatest of his writings, Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents, Prompted by the Wilkes Affair. The purpose of his pamphlet was to explain the cause of the discontents manifested in popular support for the demagogue John Wildes and to offer a solution for the discontents. Burke found the cause in a "double cabinet" or "system of favoritism" plotted by "King's Men" or "King's Frends" and the solution for the problem in the advancement of a party fovernment.

This report describes the length of the entire vena cava in Japanese subjects. This length is important for the use of the new intravenous oxygenator (IVOX). The IVOX is used as an intravascular artificial lung. Situated in the vena caval system, IVOX extends from the upper end of the superior vena cava via the right atrium to the lower end of the inferior vena cava. It was first reported by Mortensen (1987) and has been used clinically in the United States and Europe. The IVOX has four sizes, which range in length from 30 to 40 cm. When using the IVOX for Japanese subjects, a vena cava size that accommodates the IVOX should be chosen. We measured the length of the entire vena cava in 34 cases at postmortem examination. These lengths varied from 30 to 46 em. The calculated average caval distance was 37 cm with a standard deviation of ± 4 cm. Among three corporal indexes of weight, height, and body surface area, the most significant statistical correlation was between vena cava length and patient height. The regression equation for this is as follows: Y = −13. 0 + 0. 31 × X, where Y is predicted length of the vena cava (cm), and X is patient height (cm). This finding should serve as a relatively simple means for calculating the length of the entire vena cava, and it should be useful in clinical practice with the IVOX in Japan. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

維持血液透析患者において透析後のANPは血液循環量を反映していると考えられ, 至適体重の決定に有用であると考えられてきた. しかし心不全患者においてANPが高値を示し心機能と密接な関係があることが知られている. また透析患者において心収縮能が正常であるにもかかわらず, ANP高値例も散見される. このためANPについては体液貯留状態以外に心機能, 特に心拡張能の関与を検討する必要があると考えるため, 透析後の血中ANP正常群, 高値群の2群に分け心エコー所見, 心機能を評価した.血液透析後の血中ANP値により, 正常群 ( 75pg/ml) の2群に分け心エコー所見, 心機能, 平均血圧 (MBP), 左室心筋重量 (LVmass) について比較検討した.心エコー所見では, 高値群は左室後壁厚 (PWT) 11.5±0.5mm, 心室中隔厚 (IVST) 11.5±0.6mm, 左室収縮末期径 (LVDs) 37.4±1.2mm, IRT (isovolumic relaxation time) 108±0.9msecと正常群のPWT 10.1±0.2mm, IVST 10.2±0.3mm, LVDs 32.9±1.0mm, IRT 82±3.3msecに比し有意な高値を示した. 一方左室拡張末期径 (LVDd), PEP/ET (pre-ejection phase/ejection time) はともに両群間には有意な差は認められなかった. 心エコーより算出した左室心筋重量は, 高値群269.6±18gと, 正常群219.1±12gに比し有意な高値を示した. 平均血圧, 除水率には両群間に有意な差は認められなかった.以上の結果よりANP高値群においてIRTは有意な高値を認めたため血液透析後血中ANPが正常域に達しない透析患者では心収縮能よりむしろ心拡張能がより低下していることが示唆された. この拡張能の低下は左室肥大によるものであり, その結果左室および心房内圧が上昇しANP分泌が亢進していると考えられた.

This is a case report of an 82-year-old man with squamous cell lung cancer which produced GCSF. The leukocyte cell count was elevated to 94, 400/mm3. The serum G-CSF concentration was also elevated to 351 pg/ml. This is the first report to demonstrate, by application of immunohistochemical staining techniques directly to tumor tissue obtained at autopsy, squamous carcinoma cells which produce G-CSF. The tumor cells were stained with monoclonal anti-G-CSF antibodies.(Internal Medicine 32: 468-471, 1993)

Sialolipoma is a new variant of salivary gland lipoma that was first proposed by Nagao et al (Histopathology 2001;38:30-36). Three cases of submandibular gland sialolipoma have been previously reported in the English literature, all of which were in adults. We report an unusual case of sialolipoma of the submandibular gland in a 3-year-old boy. This is the first reported case of submandibular gland sialolipoma in a child.

Edmund Burke published A Short Account of a Late Short Administration (1776), the first of his many defenses of the Rockingham Whigs. This pamphlet is worthey of notice, but more important than the Short Account is his Observations on a Late Publication, instituled "The Present State of the Nation" which was published early in 1769. The Observations was a reply to a Grenvillite tract by William Knos which had blamed the Rockinghams for the prevalent political unrest. Burke refuted the Grenville Party and defended the Rockingham Party. His purpose was to speak as a defender of the Rockinghams. He sought to persuade his reader that the Rockingham Ministry had accomplished a great deal in a short time. In this Paper I examine the significance of Burke's Observations.

Viscoelastic properties of blend hydrogels composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and alginate (Alg) were studied by measuring tensile stress. Mixed aqueous solutions of PVA and Alg formed gels by repeating freeze-thaw cycles and/or by adding Ca2+ ions. The interpenetrating gels in which both polymers form networks showed greater elastic moduli, ultimate tensile strength and lower water contents than the snake-cage gels in which the network of one polymer (cage) traps the other polymer chains (snakes). The original samples, mixing ratio and the gelling sequence of the two polymers affected significantly the viscoelastic properties of the snake-cage and the interpenetrating gels. The equilibrium elastic moduli of the interpenetrating gels were discussed by using theoretical models of blend hydrogels. Simultaneous stress change was observed with the transition between the snake-cage and the interpenetrating gels.

Interfacial adsorption of chondroitin sulfates (ChS-A) between isooctane and aqueous salt free solution were studied by interfacial tensions obtained from a drop volume method to elucidate effects of hydrophobic counterions on the adsorption. As counterions of ChS-A, NH 4 + and tetraalkylammonium ions R 4 N + ((CH 4 ) 4 + , (C 2 H 5 ) 4 N + , (C 3 H 7 ) 4 N + and (C 4 H 9 ) 4 N + ) were used. Increasing with the carbon numbers of R , the interfacial tensions showed more rapid decreases with concentrations of R 4 NChS-A than those of R 4 NBr. The former interfacial excesses Γ p were obtained using mean activity coefficients calculated from their osmotic coefficients. Γ p of R 4 NChS-A increased with the carbon numbers of R and were saturated in the region of very diluted concentrations about m = 10 −4 mol/dm 3 based on the concentration of the counterions. The interfacial excesses of R 4 NBr Γ were saturated at almost m = 2 × 10 −2 mol/dm 3 , which required almost 200 times as much as those of R 4 NChS-A. The saturated interfacial excesses of the counterions of R 4 NChS-A were found to be much more than those of R 4 NBr. The effects of the arrangements of the counterions along ChS-A chains enhanced their interfacial adsorptions, especially in the cases of the carbon numbers of R > 2.

In aqueous solution of borates, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels prepared by a freeze-drying method showed reversible changes of tensile forces responding to pH and the concentra tions of glucose Cglu. Linear relationships between the stress changes and Cglu were confirmed in the region Cglu > 0.2 mmol/dm3.

アルギン酸ナトリウムNaAlg溶液を,CaCl2,SrCl2およびBaCl2溶液中に滴下して形成されるアルギン酸ゲル(Ca-,Sr-,BaAlg)球の形成過程を重量gの経時変化および体積測定により研究した。特に,電解質溶液濃度CMの影響に注目し,CM=0.008-1.0mol/dm3の範囲で実験を行った。ゲル球の形成過程は初期(1～2時間)の急速な脱水過程とそれに続く緩慢な(3～4日)脱水過程からなることがわかった。平衡に達したゲル球の重量wg.eとNa-Alg液滴の重量比g.e/は0.4程度になり,その値は電解質の種類および濃度に依存し,CM=0.05mol/dm3近辺で極小値を示した。この極小はNaAlg液滴表面のゲル層の収縮による内部のNaAlg溶液の脱水によることがわかった。また,ゲルのwg/weはCa-＞Sr-≒BaAlgの順であり,Algと対イオンの選択結合性およびゲルの弾性率の順の逆であった。Floryの膨潤網目の理論によりCaAlgゲルの平衡膨潤を検討した結果,相互作用パラメー・ターxはCaCl2濃度増加とともに減少することがわかった。

Headspace gas chromatographic analysis using a semi-wide bore capillary column and a dual detection system with a flame ionzation detector (FID) and an electron capture detector (ECD) was carried out for the simple and rapid simultaneous determination of 13 kinds of volatile organic pollutants : benzene (1), toluene (2), ethyl benzene (3), o-, m-and p-xylenes (4-6), monochlorobenzene (7), o-, m-and p-dichlorobenzenes (8-10), 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane (11), trichloroethylene (12) and tetrachloroethylene (13) in drinking water at low ppb (10-9g/ml) level. The effects of the headspace and syringe temperatures as well as the equilibration time and injection volume of headspace gas on the sensitivity and reproducibility of analysis were examined to find the optimal conditions. The capillary column permitted satisfactory separation of the target compounds except m-and p-xylenes (5 and 6) without interference by trihalomethanes in drinking water. FID was sensitive to all aromatic hydrocarbons (1-6) and monochlorobenzene (7) at 0.3-0.5 ppb, while ECD was poorly sensitive to them. By contrast, ECD was highly sensitive to chlorinated hydrocarbons (11-13) and aromatic chlorinated hydrocarbons except monochlorobenzene (8-10) with detection limits of 0.005-0.02 and 0.2-0.6 ppb, respectively, while FID was poorly sensitive to them. The coefficients of variation (n=4) in the simultaneous analysis using FID and ECD for sample water containing 0.1-20 ppb of the target compounds were 3.4-7.4% with good precision and reproducibility.

Stress relaxations of calcium alginate hydrogel (CaAlg gel) rods induced by adding other counterions were investigated by measuring their tensile stresses. The stress decreased upon adding Ba2+ and H+, whereas it increased upon adding Pb2+. The relaxation time, equilibrium elastic modulus and spontaneous elastic modulus were obtained. The relaxation times were analyzed using a theory involving counterion diffusion accompanied by an ion-exchange reaction under the assumption that the rate-determing step is the diffusion of added counterions (M2+ and M+) in the gel. The relaxation time was found to be a function of the concentration and diffusivity of the added counterions, the radius of the gel rod, the concentration of carboxylate ions and the counterion-selectivity coefficient () of the alginate. By fitting the observed relaxation times with theoretical ones, the optimal values of a were obtained: = 100, = 20 and = 3 × 103. The rate-determing step of stree relaxation was confirmed to be the counterion di...