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Background: Malaria is a global health problem that requires urgent need for new drugs. Tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis L.) possesses many potential medicinal compounds. As the plant is originally found wild, it is important to reproduce its secondary metabolites by tissue culture. The objectives of this study were to look for effective methods to induce callus from leaf explants of Sonchus arvensis L. and to test its in vitro antiplasmodial activity.Materials and Methods: The leaves and petioles of the plant were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) solid medium supplemented with indole acetic-3-acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and benzyl amino purine (BAP), in light and dark incubations. The best results obtained from callus induction were then treated by with several concentrations of sucrose (1- 5%). The best results from callus induction were then extracted with methanol for antiplasmodial test by Trager and Jensen’s method. It was also tested against 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum.Results: The combination of 1mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BAP in dark incubation was the best treatment for callus induction of tempuyung. It produced the best quality of callus and the shortest period for callusing. Sucrose treatment had various effects on leaves callusing, but had no effect on petioles callusing, whereby 4% sucrose was the best treatment for leaves callusing in dark incubation. The methanol extract of the best callus had anti-plasmodial activity with IC50=0.343 μg/mL.Conclusion: Methanol extract of tempuyung callus shows potential as an antimalarial drug but more studies would be required. Keyword: Antiplasmodial activity, Callus, Growth regulator, Methanol extract, Plasmodium falciparum, Sonchus arvensis, tempuyung.

Abiotic stresses such as photoperiod, aeration, CO2 concentration, pH, temperature, and salinity can affect and salinity the physiological processes of microalgae. One of the physiological processes that occur is a change in the lipid biosynthetic pathway towards the formation and accumulation of neutral lipids. Neutral lipid accumulation in the form of TAGs. TAGs as one of the defense mechanisms. The regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis is initiated by the ACC1 and ACC2 genes. This study aims to determine the expression of ACC1 and ACC2 genes under conditions of aeration stress and photoperiod simultaneously in microalgae Skeletonema costatum. The method used was the analysis of gene expression in the sample of S. costatum RNA extract using qRT-PCR. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the ACC1 gene was expressed and upregulated in the A2F2 treatment (24-hour aeration and 24:0 photoperiod) with a CT value of 36.85 while the ACC2 gene was expressed and upregulated in the A1F1 treatment (12-hour aeration and 12:12 photoperiod). with the CT value of 36,874.

During tidal exposure, intertidal seagrass is susceptible to extreme radiation doses, desiccation, thermal stress and excess light leading to membrane and protein degradation. Plants have developed various mechanisms in heat stress adaptation including induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs). Under elevated temperature, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) also increase and plants must activate their antioxidant defense and protect themselves from heat stress. Here we explore from a molecular perspective the ability of Thalassia hemprichii to activate heat stress response mechanism. Expression of several antioxidant genes (Mn-Sod, Apx, and Cat) and some heat shock protein genes (Hsp70, Hsp81, and sHsp-cp) were observed. The qPCR approach was adapted to understanding the molecular mechanisms of physiological performance from gene expression studies. These finding reported that Mn-Sod, Apx, Cat, Hsp70 and Hsp81 genes were significantly overexpressed as a result of heat stress. However, sHsp-cp was down-regulated.

Coffea liberica is a variety of coffee that tolerant to marginal land, especially peatlands. One of propagation methods in C. liberica is somatic embryogenesis(SE) which producing large number of true-to-type plant seedlings in a short time. This research aimed at studying the effect of application of plant growthregulator (PGR) on quality and weight of somatic embryo of C. liberica. Somatic embryo in development stage was induced by Murashige and Skoog medium containing cytokinin as benzyl amino purin (BAP) and auxin as 2,4-dichlorophe-noxyacetic acid (2,4-D). While cotyledonary embryo in germination stage was induced by Murashige and Skoog medium containing cytokinin (BAP) and auxins as 2,4-D, indole acetic acid (IAA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The resultsshowed that the application of auxins and cytokinins on development stage affected the formation of embryos, texture of calli, color of calli and embryos, and weight of somatic embryo. It also influenced the shoot and root formation, color and weight of geminating embryos of C. liberica at the germinating stage. During the development stage, addition of 1 mg/L BAP in the absence of 2,4-D in MS medium produced the highest quality of somatic embryo of C. liberica. This medium also produced heaviest somatic embryos but with lighter callus. While in germination stage, all medium treatments produced a typical germinating embryo. Coffea liberica germinating embryo growth optimally on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L BAP as a single chemical or 0.5 mg/L BAP in combination with 0.5 mg/L IAA for shooting development. Whereas on rooting development, addition of 0.5 mg/L NAA on MS medium produced an optimal germinating embryo. Moreover, germination embryo of C. liberica recorded the highest in terms of dry weight on MS media with addition of 0.5 mg/L BAP. Application of appropriate concentration of auxin and cytokinin is needed to support the formation of somatic embryo and germinating embryo.

Additional file 1. Meta data-1 Characterization of diode laser.

Tobacco is an agricultural crops of high economic value. The uncertain climate caused farmers is difficult to predict the coming of the rain, so that tobacco farming is often hit by waterlogging and flooding. Waterlogging of harvest failure. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the influence of waterlogging stress in tobacco plants. Research also has the benefit of getting tolerant varieties waterlogging stress. The parameters observed plant height, root length, number of adventitious roots, dry weight, the ratio of roots and canopy observation aerenchyma area. Data were analyzed using Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test, with a level of 95%. The results showed that the interaction between varieties and treatments waterlogging stress affects the parameters of root length, plant height, number of adventitious roots and dry weight of plants. The results showed that the waterlogging stress cause deterioration in growth, adventitious root formation and aerenchyma in plants. Tolerant varieties Sensitivity Index is based on the calculation of varieties Paiton 1 and Maesan 1.

Additional file 2. Meta data-2 Histopathology and histomorphometric.

Additional file 4. Meta data-4 Raw Data of Histology Score.

Physalis ixocarpa referred to as American Husk Tomato or Tomatillo was used as a vegetable and traditional medicine. It is potential for production mainly as functional foods. The objective of this study was to elucidate the development and character of flower Physalis ixocarpa genotype that expected scientific findings and valuable information for agricultural practices and conservation of plants. The study had used descriptive observational methods of flowering. The flowering stage consists of two stages. In the bud stage, the parameter observed was the first bud apperance time, the colour and size of buds and pedicels. In the blooming stage, the parameter observed was the colour and size of sepal, petal, pistil, anther and filament. The result found that each genotype had the same flower development stage. The flower character differences of each genotype included the first flower emerged time, the colour of the calyx, lateral anther, filament, and pedicels.

Ardiyani F, Utami ESW, Purnobasuki H, Paramita SA. 2020. Development and regeneration of somatic embryos from leaves-derived calli of Coffea liberica. Biodiversitas 21: 5829-5834. Coffea liberica is an important and potentially commercial plant with a high economic value from the Coffea genus. Therefore, the availability of planting material is needed to increase productivity and ensure the sustainability of its farming. Somatic embryogenesis is a powerful propagation method used to produce clonal plants from limited genetic material. In the present research, we have shown that C. liberica could be successfully regenerated in vitro via somatic embryogenesis from leaves derived embryogenic callus. These calli were cultured on Murashige Skoog (MS) medium added with 1 mgL-1 BAP or in combination with 2.4 D (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 mgL-1) for embryo development induction. Furthermore, the medium containing only BAP was best for embryo development induction after culturing for 12 weeks, with the highest number of cotyledonary stage embryos (17.8%) and producing a total of embryo (20.2). Following cotyledonary stage embryo were cultured on new MS medium containing 0.5 mgL-1 BAP, 0.5 mgL-1 IAA, 0.5 mgL-1 NAA only, and 0.5 mgL-1 BAP in combination with 0.5 mgL-1 IAA or 0.5 mgL-1 NAA. Interestingly, the results showed that cotyledonary stage embryos were converted into complete plants at all treatment, but the MS medium containing 0.5 mgL-1 BAP was found to be the most effective in promoting regeneration with 2.6 leaves per-plantlet and height of 5.2 mm. Based morphological analysis confirm that the development of somatic embryo from leaves-derived calli of Coffea liberica started with the formation of embryo globular, heart, torpedo, cotyledonary stages, and finally conversion of cotyledonary embryo into complete plant.

Two new pyranoxanthones, calotetrapterins D (

This research is an observational study that aims to determine the characteristics of stomata in the leaves of Dracaena marginata tricolor. This research is descriptive analysis. Sampling was carried out at three locations which had different levels of motor vehicle density, the location at Bundaran Dolog, Jl.Gading Ketabang and Kebun Bibit 2.The calculation of the average lead level in the Dracaena marginata tricolor leaf from the highest was obtained at the Bundaran Dolog Surabaya 2.01 µg / g. Calculation of the average lead level atDracaena margata tricolor leaf of Jl. Gading Ketabang was obtained at 1.06 µg / g and at Kebun Bibit 2 Surabaya obtained an average lead level in the leaves of Dracaena marginata tricolor of 0.82 µg / g. The highest calculation of the number of leaf stomata at the Bundaran Dolog Surabaya of 21. At the location of Jl. Gading Ketabang obtained an average number of stomata of 18 and at the location Kebun Bibit 2 Surabaya the results of the calculation of the average number of stomata were 16.

Two new pyranoxanthones, calotetrapterins D (1) and E (2), were isolated from the stem bark of Calophyllum pseudomolle P.F. Stevens along with α-mangostin (3). The structures of compounds 1–2 were determined based on 1D NMR (1H, 13C) and 2D NMR (HMQC, HMBC), as well as HRESIMS spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1–2 showed moderate activity against HeLa and murine leukaemia P-388 cells.

Physalis Sp. is a potential medicinal plant and functional food. The use of appropriate nutrients can gain optimal plant growth and productivity. This study aimed to determine the macro and micronutrients that can provide optimal growth and yield of Physalis sp. This research was conducted at a greenhouse in Bangkalan Madura. A factorial randomized block design with four replications was used in this study. The first factor was the species of Physalis Sp., namely P. peruviana and P. alkekengi. The second factor is nutrition at four levels: a spray of water only as control; foliar application of macronutrients at a dose of 2 g/L; foliar application of micronutrients at a dose of 0,125 g/L; foliar Application of a combination of macronutrients 1 g/L and micronutrients 0,0625 g/L. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Least Significant Difference (LSD) at the 5 % level. Nutrition significantly affected growth (plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves) and yield (number of fruit). The interaction between treatments occurred in the number of fruits. Micronutrients gave the highest number of fruit, both species of Physalis sp.

Microbes such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) can easily contaminate raw chicken meat in clean conditions, causing decay and unpleasant scents. This study aims to characterize gas patterns by comparing fresh chicken meat and E. coli bacteria contaminated chicken meat based on shelf life using a Gas Sensor Array (GSA) system (MQ2, MQ3, MQ7, MQ8, MQ135, and MQ136) on electronic nose. The findings revealed GSA capability to detect a variety of typical gas patterns formed by the samples. This gas detection property is indicated by the appearance of the variance in the sensors output voltage pattern for each sample variation. The data for fresh and contaminated samples were classified by the random forest (RF) classifier with 99.25% and 98.42% precision, respectively. Furthermore, the support vector machine (SVM) classifier correctly identified the fresh and contaminated samples with 98.61% and 86.66% accuracy, respectively. This finding offers insight for GSA capability in classifying chicken meat contaminated with E. coli using an RF and SVM.

Microalgae are a group of micro-sized photosynthetic organisms that range from prokaryotic cyanobacteria to eukaryotic algae. Microalgae are widely used as a source of natural food, cosmetic ingredients, food ingredients, and a source of pigments. This study aims to identify species of four microalgae isolates named B1, B2, B3, and S2 from Bangkalan Mangrove Waters and Sowan Tuban Northern Waters, and to determine their astaxanthin pigment concentration under 1 M NaCl. Species identification was carried out through a molecular approach by utilization of an 18S rRNA gene marker. A quantitative test of astaxanthin concentration was carried out by spectrophotometric analysis. Molecular identification results show that isolates B1 and B3 are closely related to Chlorella sp., while isolates B2 and S2 are closely related to Picochlorum maculatum. Moreover, under salinity stress condition of 1 M NaCl shown a significant decrement of astaxanthin production compared to the control treatment. At 1 M NaCl, the astaxanthin content of isolate B1 was 4x10 -5 mgL -1 , isolate B2 was 2x10 -5 mgL -1 , isolate B3 was 1x10 -5 mgL -1 , and isolate S2 was 6x10 -6 mgL -1 . All in all, isolate S2 has the highest astaxanthin among the other isolates at normal conditions, while under salt stress regime, isolate B1 shown to be the best source for astaxanthin.

Malaria is still a global health problem. Plasmodium is a single-cell protozoan parasite that causes malaria and is transmitted to humans through the female Anopheles mosquito. The previous study showed that Sonchus arvensis L. callus has antiplasmodial activity. Several treatments are needed for callus quality improvement for antimalarial compound production. This study aimed to examine the effect of dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] on growth (morpho-anatomical structure and biomass), secondary metabolite production, and in vitro antiplasmodial activity of S. arvensis L. callus. In this study, leaf explants were grown in Murashige and Skoog medium with a combination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, one mg/L) and 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP, 0.5 mg/L) with dolomite (50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L). The 21 days callus ethanolic and methanolic extract were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antiplasmodial test was performed on a blood culture infected with Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 using the Rieckmann method. The results showed that dolomite significantly affected callus growth, metabolite profile, and in vitro antiplasmodial activity. Dolomite (150 mg/L) showed the highest biomass (0.590 ± 0.136 g fresh weight and 0.074 ± 0.008 g dry weight). GC-MS analysis detected four compounds from callus ethanolic extract. Pelargonic acid, decanoic acid, and hexadecanoic acid were major compounds. One new terpenoid compound is based on TLC analysis. S. arvensis L. callus has antiplasmodial activity with the IC50 value of 5.037 μg/mL. It was three times lower than leaf methanolic extract and five times lower than leaf ethanolic extract.

Background: The waterlogging and sediments condition in coastal area of mangroves effect a significant (" = 0.05) adaptation strategy in mangrove roots characterization. Objective: The aim of the study was to know the structure of the submerged root morphology of the Rhizophora apiculata seedlings especially to incorporate into the flooding and sediment thickness. Materials and Methods: The field data from 40 sample trees in Wonorejo Mangrove Conservation of Surabaya (07E18'32.7 "S and 112E48'59.1" U) were measured. The total number of primary roots, the root length and the root-spread distance, the root diameter, the vertical root angle from trunk and the architecture of roots were measured. Observational method was used and measurement of environmental factors consists of parameters air temperature, groundwater salinity and the acidity level of sediment. The quantitative data were analyzed by statistical test. Data of root length and number of branches were analyzed by two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) by factorial test. Results: The results of this study indicated that an adaption of the treatment condition waterlogging seemed apparent in the presence of root hairs at the base of the stem. Rooting of this species had also very different architecture, where the soil conditions were not inundated direction of root growth seemed to lead down (perpendicular). While on land conditions with waterlogging indicated the direction of growth more broad or sideways. The change of color is more brown or reddish brown on the morphology of the roots with the treatment of extreme thickness indicated adaptation to environmental stress. Conclusion: It is concluded that stress inundation and sediment thickness affects the morphology of the roots. In waterlogged soil conditions, root growth leads down (perpendicular). While on land that is not waterlogged conditions, root growth more broad direction or sideways.

Tumbuhan mangrove di Indonesia merupakan yang terbanyak di dunia, baik dari segi kuantitas area (+ 42.550 km2) maupun jumlah species (+ 45 species) (Spalding et al. 2001). Mangrove mempunyai banyak sekali manfaat yang bersinggungan langsung dengan kehidupan manusia di daratan, mulai dari manfaat ekologi sampai dengan sebagai sumber pangan dan obat.

Wahyuni DK, Rahayu S, Purnama PR, Saputro TB, Suharyanto, Wijayanti N, Purnobasuki H. 2019. Morpho-anatomical structure and DNA barcode of Sonchus arvensis L. Biodiversitas 20: 2417-2426. Tempuyung or show thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) belongs to the Asteraceae. Morpho-anatomy and DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) barcoding of the plant correlates with species identification and metabolite synthesis. This research aims to look at morpho-anatomical structures and analyze the DNA barcode of Sonchus arvensis L (tempuyung). Three samples used for morpho-anatomical analysis are leaves, stems, roots, fruit, and seeds. Anatomical samples are made using the embedding method. DNA barcode uses multiple locus from plastid genome: rbcL and matK. Morpho-anatomical structure of tempuyung showed a similar structure of Sonchus genus. The stem presents in the intercellular space, whereas the roots and leaves present in the vascular tissue and the seeds. Fruits present in each part of the body. Tissues that formed root are epidermis, cortex, endoderm, and stele. Tissues that formed stem are epidermis, cortex, and stele. Tissues that formed leaf are epidermis, cortex, phloem, and xylem. Tissues that formed the fruit and seed are paranormal and sclerenchyma tissues. Sonchus arvensis sequence for rbcL has a similar 100% maximum identity to rbcL gene of S. arvensis, Sonchus asper, and Sonchus oleraceus, whereas Sonchus arvensis matK sequence has a similar 99.31% maximum identity to other S. arvensis matK sequences in BLAST system. These findings provide morpho-anatomical features and DNA barcoding for identification of S. arvensis. from others species in the same genus. Thus also can be considered as pharmaceutical standard.

This study was to evaluate the effect of plant media variation, time of fertilization, and combination of both on the growth of orchid plant Dendrobium sylvanum Rchb. f. in acclimatization phase. This study was designed using 6x4 factorial experimentation. The first factor was the variation of plant media: charcoals, coconut husk, bagasse, mixing of charcoal and coconut husk, combination of charcoal and bagasse, combination of coconut husk and bagasse. The second factor was fertilization time: no fertilization, 7 day-fertilization, 14 day-fertilization, and 20 day-fertilization for three months. The data were analysed by using Two Way MANOVA (α = 5%) and Duncan test. Based on the results, there were differences between media variation and fertilization time on the increase of leaf length and width, stem diameter, and root length of Dendrobium orchid in acclimatization phase. Combination of bagasse and coconut husk media showed the best result on media treatment. The best of fertilization time was 14 days. Moreover, the best of interaction between media and fertilization time showed by the combination of bagasse and coconut husk with 14 days-fertilization.

Reutealis trisperma oil is a new source for biodiesel production. The predominant fatty acids in this plant are stearic acid (9%), palmitic acid (10%), oleic acid (12%), linoleic acid (19%), and α-eleostearic acid (51%). The presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), linoleic acid, and α-eleostearic acid decreases the oxidation stability of R. trisperma biodiesel. Although several studies have suggested that the fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) enzyme is involved in the regulation of fatty acid desaturation, little is known about the genetic information of FAD2 in R. trisperma. The objectives of this study were to isolate, characterize, and determine the relationship between the R. trisperma FAD2 fragment and other Euphorbiaceae plants. cDNA fragments were isolated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The DNA sequence obtained by sequencing was used for further analysis. In silico analysis identified the fragment identity, subcellular localization, and phylogenetic construction of the R. trisperma FAD2 cDNA fragment and Euphorbiaceae. The results showed that a 923-bp partial sequence of R. trisperma FAD2 was successfully isolated. Based on in silico analysis, FAD2 was predicted to encode 260 amino acids, had a domain similarity with Omega-6 fatty acid desaturase, and was located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The R. trisperma FAD2 fragment was more closely related to Vernicia fordii (HM755946.1).

Objective This research aimed at the discovering the effects of light, sucrose concentration and repetitive subculture on the growth of Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. calluses based on biomass, morphological characters and metabolic profiles. Methods The second and third leaves of young J. gendarussa Burm.f. were isolated and cultured in solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with the addition of 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg/L benzyl amino purine (BAP). Different sucrose concentrations, varying from 0 to 5%, were included in the medium. The cultures were incubated under light and dark conditions for 6 weeks. Repetitive subculture was carried out every 2 weeks for a total of four times, and 3% sucrose gave the best callus growth. Dry calluses were extracted with methanol, and their metabolic profiles were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Compound identification was performed by comparing the mass spectra to references from the WILEY version 7n.1 library. Results Among the 12 conditions tested for the prolonged 6-week culture, the 2–5 % sucrose treatments under light and 3–5 % sucrose treatments under dark exhibited the highest dry weight. For repetitive subculture, the highest wet and dry weights were identically detected under both light and dark conditions after the second repetitive subculture. A total of 19 metabolites was identified by GC/MS, with major compounds being taraxasterol, monoplex D, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, and palmitic acid. Conclusion Light, sucrose concentration, and repetitive subculture all significantly impacted the growth and metabolic profiles of J. gendarussa Burm.f. calluses. A concentration of 3% sucrose demonstrated the best growth of callus and could be further applied for mass production.

Amonia adalah inhibitor dari proses anaerobik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh konsentrasi ammonia terhadap penyisihan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Penelitian ini mengkaji air limbah sintetik dengan konsentrasi ammonia 2500 mg/l dan 5000 mg/l. Volume air limbah sintetik dalam reaktor anaerobic adalah 10 liter. Waktu operas ional reaktor adalah 16 hari. Pada air limbah dengan konsentrasi ammonia 2500 mg/l, di hari ke-0 nilai COD sebesar 3816,96 mg/l dan setelah hari ke-16 nilai COD turun menjadi 1023,97 mg/l. Pada air limbah dengan konsentrasi 5000 mg/l, di hari ke-0 nilai COD sebesar 3453,44 mg/l dan setelah hari ke-16 nilai COD turun menjadi 833,467 mg/l. Berdasarkan data tersebut, efisiensi penyisihkan COD pada konsentrasi 2500 mg/l adalah 73,17% dan pada kosentrasi 5000 mg/l adalah 75,86% ABSTRACT Ammonia is inhibitor in anaerobic process. This study aims to determine the effect of ammonia concentration on anaerobic Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal. This study observed a synthetic wastewater with ammonia concentration 2500 mg/l and 5000 mg/l. A synthetic waste water volume in the anaerobic reactor was 10 liters. The operational reactor time was 16 days. At ammonia concentration of 2500 mg/l, COD levels at 0 day was 3816.96 mg/l and COD levels decreased to 1023.97 mg/l after 16 days. For ammonia concentration of 5000 mg/l, COD levels at 0 day was 3453.44 mg / l and COD levels decreased 833,467 mg/l after 16 days. Based on these data, COD removal efficiency at a concentration of 2500 mg/l at 73.17% and a concentration of 5000 mg/l at 75.86%.

This study has conducted research on morphological and anatomical responses of some varieties of tobacco plants to waterlogging stress. Parameters measured were morphology, anatomy, and plants sensitivity index. Results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test. The results show that waterlogging stress can reduce the growth of tobacco plants, including a decrease in plant height with the lowest value of 15.6 cm, root length reduction to the lowest value of 4.6 cm and plant dry weight reduction to the lowest value of 0.26 gr. But waterlogging stress can increase the number of adventitious roots with the highest value of 18.33. In addition, waterlogging stress can lead to the formation of aerenchyma tissue. The sensitivity index showed that plant varieties that are resistant to waterlogging stress are the varieties Kemloko 3 (index value of 0.03), varieties of Paiton 2 (index value of 0.18), and the varieties Kemloko 2 (index value of 0.42).

Paphiopedilum liemianum Fowlie, is a terrestrial orchid species and endemic in Northern Sumatra, Indonesia. However, due to a deep dormancy that the seed display at dispersion and the difficulty to obtain uniform plant in a short time period, micropropagation may be a feasible alternative. l'vficropropagation by in vitro seed germination techniques have been applied to the conservation of endangered orchid. Four months old seeds of P. liemianum germinated on five different basal media. All media were supplemented with 2.5 µM a-apthalleneacetic acid (NAA) and cultures were incubated in the dark for 4 weeks followed by protocorm development at condition a 16/8 h LID photoperiod. Germination percentage was 78.8% in Vacin and Went (VW) medium were significantly higher than other basal media. To evaluated the effect of organic nutrient additives on seed germination and protocorm development, the seed were cultured on VW medium amended with different of organic nutrient. Additives, especially 10% Coconut Water (CW) to VW medium improved the protocorm development well, with 33.3% the protocorm development to stage 5 (seedling). The seedlings were cultured on VW medium supplemented with different concentrations (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 µM) of thidiazuron (TDZ). Healthy plantlets with developed leaves and roots were planted in pots with sphagnum moss and grown under ex vitro condition and the result was 76% survival rate after 4 weeks.

The aim of this research was to know the morphological variety of flower in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat through visual observation which use digital camera and then was analyzed descriptively. Varieties of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat in this research were C. morifolium var reagen pink , C. morifolium var puma purple, C. morifolium var evergreen, C. morifolium var boris becker, C. morifolium var stroika, C. morifolium var tiger, C. morifolium var remix purple, C. morifolium var jaguar red, C. morifolium var rhino white, C. morifolium var pasopati, C. morifolium var towntalk. From those 11 varieties showed the morphological differences of the flowers, which are the color of ray floret, the quantity of ray floret, the quantity of ray floret layers, the shape of ray floret, the tip of ray floret, the quantity of disk floret, the position of disk floret, the diameter of flower, the length of ray floret, the width of ray floret, the diameter of involucrum and the disk shape. However, this research also look the similarities between the varieties, which are the edge of ray floret (flat), the color of involucrum is green, the adhering of inter-involucrum (star like), the tip of involucrum (dull), transparent coating involucrum, the quantity of involucrum layers (2 layers), the color of the corolla tubes(yellow), the branched and yellow pistil, and yellow anther. From the results it can be concluded that Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat has multiple the morphological differences and similarities of the flower morphology between the varieties.

The anatomy of the root caps in four root types of Avicennia marina were studied using conventional histological techniques by Ligth Microscopy (LM) in order to relate their development and structure of their function as environmental adaptation in mangrove’s root and to identify cellular polarities with respect to gravity. In columella cells, nuclei are located proximally. The result reveals that root caps consisted of two regions, i.e., central columella or statenchyma and peripheral regions. The columella cells (statocyte) are in the form of oval to rectangular. We also found that all root with marked gravitropism have statoliths that settle along different walls of that statocyte. Caps vary in form and size within root system of A. marina. The most striking feature of the root is the distinct and extensive root cap with quite long files of cells. From its shape, structure, and location, it seems clear that the root caps protects the cells under it from abrasion and assists the root in penetrating the soil.

Anaerobic digestion was developed to treat high concentration organic compound efficiently in certain Digestion Time (DT). High ammonia concentration could influenced removal organic compound in digestion. This bench scale study investigated the effect of digestion time on anaerobic batch reactor with high ammonia concentration. Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) concentration was adjusted 4000 and 5000 mg/1, Digestion time was ranged from 0-26 d, operation temperature was ranged from 28-29°C, inoculum was collected from slaughter house sludge. The degradation of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) correlated with digestion time. The concentration of TAN from synthetic wastewater contain 5000 mg/1 of TAN more fluctuated than those use 4000 mg/1 of TAN. However, the biogas production from wastewater contained 4000 mg/1 of TAN gradually increased until 24 d of DT. The reactor contain 5000 mg/1 of TAN only growth until 12 d and steady state at over 12 d of digestion time.

Avicennia marina is one species used for building coastal ecosystem stabilization in Surabaya shores because of its tolerance to high salinity level and resistance to wave energy. Their existence is threatened by various factors i.e. land conversion, pollution and interisland bridge existence. Growth of A. marina is currently limited by seed dormancy. In an effort to increase propagation efficiency, seed viability and vigor were compared based on collection dates and pericarp removal methods. The results showed no relationship between salinity levels of soaking water or seed buoyancy and seed viability or seed vigor. Collection dates may influence seed viability and vigor. Seeds collected in October and November germinated more quickly than those collected in December, although there were no differences in total germination. Hand-peeled seeds germinated more slowly than soaked seeds for all collections, but with no differences in total germination. Seeds collected in October and November grew more vigorously than those collected in December.

Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap lentisel pneumatofor Avicennia marina menggunakan mikroskop cahaya dan mikroskop pemindai electron untuk mengetahui keterkaitan perkembangan dan struktur dari fungsi lentisel sebagai alat pengantar oksigen pada akar mangrove. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa struktur lentisel bervariasi dalam hal ukuran dan morfologi, mulai dari bentuk seperti kawah dengan jaringan lunak di bagian tengahnya. Lentisel tersusun dari jaringan pelengkap yang tersusun atas sel-sel berdinding tipis dan membentuk ruang-ruang interseluler. Sel-sel tersebut mengandung lignin yang terdeteksi positif dengan pewarnaan sfranin. Dalam pertumbuhannya, sel-sel pelengkap merusak lapisan peridermis dan selanjutnya lentisel berfungsi sebagai bagian dari sistem saluran penghantaran udara.

Waterlogging Stress influences crop productivity, especially high commercial crop like tobacco, which is very sensitive to an excess of water. This type of environmental stress might happen because of unpredictable season occurred in tropical region, including Indonesia. Global climate change as a consequence of rapid growing industries all over the world might responsible for this. This study aims to investigate the response of some Nicotiana tabacum varieties which are treated with periodic waterlogging stress. Some morphological aspects including plant height, stem diameter, leaves width and the emergence of adventitious roots were investigated. In addition, total chlorophyll content was also measured as physiological parameter. Three different varieties are used such as var. Jepon Pelakean, Jinten, Manilo and Morakot. Data were analyzed using One-Way Annova followed by Tukey post-hoc analysis. In all morphological aspects var. Jepon Pelakean demonstrated best responses compared to other varieties. Meanwhile, we observed a sharp decline of total chlorophyll content in var. Manilo under this periodic waterlogging stress. The overall results suggest that each variety of tobacco possess a specific mechanism against periodic waterlogging stress.

Aerenchyma gas spaces are important for plants that grow in flooded and anaerobic sites or habitats, because these gas spaces provide an internal pathway for oxygen transport. The objective of this study is to characterize the development of aerenchyma gas spaces and observe the porosity in roots of Sonneratia alba. Tissue at different developmental stages was collected from four root types, i.e. cable root, pneumatophore, feeding root and anchor root, of S. alba. In S. alba, gas space is schizogenously produced in all root types, and increases in volume from the root meristem to mature root tissues. The aerenchyma formation takes place immediately, or 3-5 mm behind the root apex. At first, cortical cells are relatively round in cross sections (near the root apex); they then become two kinds of cells, rounded and armed, which combine together, forming intercellular spaces behind the root apex. The average dimensions of cortical cells increased more than 1.3 times in the vertical direction and over 3.3 times in the horizontal direction. At maturity, aerenchyma gas spaces are long tuberous structures without diaphragms and with numerous small pores on the lateral walls. Within the aerenchyma, many sclereids grow intrusively. Root porosity in all root types ranged from 0-60%. Pneumatophores and cable roots had the highest aerenchyma area (50-60%).

We describe the features of the root system and the gravitropism of roots produced bySonneratia alba. The root system consists of four root types with different growth directions: (a) Pneumatophores, which are negatively orthogravitropic and their statocytes are very large (922 μm2) and the statolith is located near the proximal wall, (b) Cable roots and (c) Feeding roots which are both diagravitropic and their statoliths are settled along the longitudinal wall, and (d) Anchor roots which are positively orthogravitropic. The statocyte cells are the smallest (420 μm2) and statoliths settled at the distal wall. We found that all roots with marked gravitropism have statoliths that settle along different walls of the statocyte. This implies that the statoliths sensing of gravity is done by gravity on mass, and that they are denser than surrounding cytoplasm and this position is related to root growth direction. This finding matches the statoliths sediment under the effect of gravity. Irrespective of statolith, position and direction of growth may be stable.

The preparation of adsorbent using activated coconut shell was investigated at carbonization duration and adsorption contact time. The coconut shell was activated using physical and chemical activation. This research focused on variation of physical activation such as carbonization. The carbonization had two steps, there are high temperature and medium temperature. This research used 500 o C at high temperature and 220 o C at medium temperature. The duration of medium temperature was varied in 1, 2, and 4 hours. The chemical activation used H 3 PO 4 . The ammonia concentration of simulated wastewater around 6000 mg/l. The acclimatization period was 8 d. The coconut shell ability for ammonia removal was observed after acclimatization period in 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8d. The effect of carbonization period and contact time on ammonia adsorption of dairy simulated wastewater was discussed in this research. This research used anaerobic digestion with 10 liter of volume. The concentration of ammonia was measured with nessler methods. Carbonization duration and contact time increased the adsorption capacity. From the obtained result of adsorption isotherm, the Langmuir equation was the best fit for all carbonization period, especially 4-hour carbonization period.

Gandarusa (Justicia gendarussa Burm.f.) is an Indonesian medicinal plant that has many benefits as drug and male contracetive. For industrial needs, Gandarusa must be available in large quantity. Hairy root culture is one of methode to produce phytochemistry compound. The objective of the study was to examine the effect of various density of Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain LB510 on hairy roots induction of gandarusa (Justicia gendarussa Burm.f.) leaf plant. Leaf explants were inoculated in MS liquid medium with various density of OD600 = 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; and 0.5. Explants were co-cultivated for 2 days on MS solid medium without any hormone then sub-cultured on MS solid medium containing antibiotic cefotaxim 300 ppm, in dark condition. The data were analyzed descriptively and statistically. The results showed that various density of Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain LB510 was affected the lenght of hairy roots induction of J. gendarussa Burm.f., but these was not effected toward lenght formation time and number of hairy root. The treatment of OD600 0.2 was the best treatment for hairy root induction on Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. This data could be used for optimized the quality of methode of hairy root induction.

Morphology of Four Root Types and Anatomy of Root-Root Junction in Relation Gas Pathway of Avicennia Marina (Forsk) Vierh Roots Avicennia marina plants not only survive in a stressful intertidal and anaerobic environment, but also continue to shoot and root growth, flowering, and fruiting despite the unfavorable conditions of the oxygen-depleted soil. Internal root aeration is an effective adaptation mechanism that maintains oxygen transport to support growth and development. In the present study, internal root anatomy was investigated in four root types of A. marina by using light and scanning electron microscope to analyze structures, shape, extent of cell and tissue that compiled the roots. This species had four root types, i.e., cable roots, pneumatophores, feeding roots and anchor roots. In the junction area of all root types, there is a transition area of aerenchyma in the region between cortical tissue with longitudinal oriented cylindrical channels and a little loose spongy tissue with no apparent direction of orientation. This area supports the continuation of gas space between the cylindrical channels of one root type to the others by intercellular space on the tissue of this mass tissue...

Indriyani S, Arisoesilaningsih E, Wardiyati T, Purnobasuki H (2011) A model of relationship between climate and soil factors related to oxalate content in porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) corm. Biodiversitas 12: 45-51. The abiotic environment as well as the biotic environment, involved climate and soil affect directly or indirectly to plant growth as well as plant substance. The objective of the research was to obtain a model of relationship between climate and soil factors related to oxalate content in porang corm. Porang corms were collected from five locations of porang agroforestry in East Java. The locations were (i) Klangon Village, Saradan Subdistrict, Madiun District; (ii) Klino Villlage, Sekar Subdistrict, Bojonegoro District; (iii) Bendoasri Village, Rejoso Subdistrict, Nganjuk District;(iv) Sugihwaras Village, Nggluyu Subdistrict, Nganjuk District and (v) Kalirejo Village, Kalipare Subdistrict, Malang District.Geography variable consist of altitude. Climate variables consist of percentage of radiation, temperature and rainfall. Soil variables consist of electrical conductivity, pH, soil specific gravity, soil organic matter, available of calcium, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Vegetation variables consist of species of plant tree and percentage of coverage. Porang vegetative growth variables consist of plant height, number of bulbil, canopy diameter, and petiole diameter. Corm variables consist of corm diameter, corm weight, and corm specific gravity. Oxalate variables consist of total oxalate, soluble oxalate, insoluble oxalate, and density of calcium oxalate crystal.Oxalate contents were measured based on AOAC method. All of variables were collected from first to fourth growth period of porang. Data were analyzed by smartPLS (Partial Least Square) software. The results showed that there were significantly direct effect between altitude and temperature, altitude and CEC of soil, temperature and CEC of soil, altitude and percentage of coverage, temperature and percentage of coverage, CEC of soil and percentage of coverage, CEC of soil and petiole diameter, petiole diameter and corm diameter, and petiole diameter and corm oxalate content. There were no significantly direct effect among altitude, temperature, percentage of coverage and petiole diameter; and among corm total oxalate, soluble oxalate, insoluble oxalate, and density of calcium oxalate crystal and corm diameter. The value of Goodness of Fit of the developing model was R²=0.99.Key words: corm, climate, model, oxalate, smartPLS, porang, soil.

This study aimed to determine the effects of heavy metals Pb exposure on growth rate of shoots, chlorophyll content, new roots length, and level Pb accumulation in root and leaf of Thalassia hemprichii were cultured ex situ condition. A total of 40 ramets T. hemprichii were divided into 4 treatment groups: K0 (control), and different concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 as K1 (10 ppm), K2 (25 ppm), and K3 (50 ppm). The observation of growth rate was occured for 40 days. Chlorophyll contents and Pb content of 8 ramets from each group were measured at day 41. During study, it was not found any new shoot that growth in all groups. The result of chlorophyll contents showed that the lowest value found in K3 group (chlorophyll a= 1.106 ± 0.205 mg/L; chlorophyll b= 0.746 ± 0.151 mg/L; and total of chlorophyll= 1.861 ± 0.190 mg/L). There was significantly influence of Pb on total chlorophyll content among all groups (p=0.006). It is also known that chlorophyll b was more affected than chlorophyll a as result of lead effect. There were growth and elongation of roots however no significantly difference between the groups. Highest level of Pb accumulation on root and leaf was shown by K3 group (2.55 ± 0.09 ppm on root and 1.80 + 0.11 ppm on leaf).

The aerenchyma differentiation in cable roots, pneumatophores, anchor roots, and feeding roots of the mangrove plant, Avicennia marina (Verbenaceae) was analyzed using a light microscope and scanning electron microscope. In all types, cortex cells were arranged in longitudinal columns extending from the endodermis to the epidermis. No cells in the cortex had intercellular spaces at the root tip (0-150 microm), and aerenchyma started developing at 200 microm from the root apex. The aerenchyma formation was due to cell separation (schizogeny) rather than cell lysis. The cell separation occurred between the longitudinal cell columns, forming long intercellular spaces along the root axis. During aerenchyma formation, the cortex cells enlarged longitudinally by 1.8-3.9 times and widened horizontally by 2.2-2.9 times. As a result, the aerenchyma had a pronounced tubular structure that was radially long, elliptical or oval in cross section and that ran parallel to the root axis. The tube had tapering ends, as did vessel elements, although there were no perforated plates. The interconnection between neighboring tubes was made by abundant small pores or canals that were schizogenous intercellular spaces between the wall cells. All aerenchyma tubes in the root were interconnected by these small pores serving as a gas pathway.