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New World direct-developing frogs (Terrarana) are among the most diverse vertebrate groups in the world. Many Terrarana species are highly variable in colouration and morphology, often rendering it difficult to delineate species. Modern molecular and bioacoustic techniques are a relatively recent tool for understanding the various taxonomic entities. This affects also Pristimantis caryophyllaceus, a complex on which little research has previously been done. We examined the variation of morphology, genetics, and colouration in specimens affiliated to P. caryophyllaceus from Panama, using different Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) based on molecular phylogenetic lineages. Phylogeny, ecology, and distributional information for this species shed light on the position and species delineation of P. caryophyllaceus and its congeners in Panama. Our results demonstrate a high level of genetic diversity in P. caryophyllaceus-like populations from Panama, which in fact comprise three main lineages that are geographically separated. Specimens from eastern Panama tend to be larger, with more expanded finger disks and toe pads than specimens from western Panama. However, aside from the significant morphological differences between MOTUs, the extent of variation within each MOTU is very large. Based on our extensive and integrative analysis, we suggest treating the three MOTUs of P. caryophyllaceus populations as a single polymorphic species with very deep conspecific lineages as a result of the dynamic geological history of the Isthmus of Panama. The validity of the recently described P. educatoris is not supported by our results and we therefore synonymize it with P. caryophyllaceus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the natural history and vocalisation of Hylomantis madinae from northern Valenzuela. It states that Hylomantis madinae was originally identified as Phyllomedusa madinae from Rancho Grande biological station at Henri Pittier National Park in Venezuela. It adds that reproductive population of Hylomantis madinae was discovered in 2006 at Cerro Zapatero in Yaracuy State. It mentions that Hylomantis madinae adults were seen around a lentic water which is situated on the ridge of Cerro Zapatero from a depression within two peaks. It also mentions that the advertisement call for Hylomantis madinae is different in other member of the genus because of its longer call duration.

The article offers information on the natural history, population, species distribution, and morphological variations of Diploglossus bilobatus in Veraguas, Panama. It states that the identities of the species have been determined through the species description and taxonomic keys. It shows that Diploglossus bilobatus species have different colouration variations and it changes during ontogenesis. It says that the observability of Diploglossus bilobatus may be potentially associated with the amount of precipitation.

The article focuses on the morphology and colouration among male specimens of Anolis datzorum (Squamata: Polychrotidae). It says that morphometrics of male specimens agree well in terms of general scale appearance and carination. It states that colouration among subadult male closely resembles with adult males including dorsal ground colour Sepia (219), dorsolateral blotches bordered by Sepia (119), and dewlap Orange Yellow (18). Moreover, information on the specimens' hemipenis, natural history, and relationships is offered.

We report new localities for Anolis pseudokemptoni Köhler, Ponce, Sunyer & Batista, 2007, along the Serranía de Tabasará in the Comarca Ngöbe-Buglé of western Panama. These records extend the known geographic distribution of this lizard about 6 km eastward and 9 km northwestward, as well as the known vertical distribution approximately 470 m lower and 380 m higher. We also provide photos of specimens from different localities and comment on their morphology. No population of this Panamanian microendemic species, which is classifiable as Critically Endangered, lives inside a protected area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]