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51. AMBITION Comet Nucleus Cryogenic Sample Return

Author: Bockelée-Morvan, D., Filacchione, Gianrico, Altwegg, Kathrin, Bianchi, Eleonora, Bizzarro, Martin, Blum, Jürgen, Bonal, Lydie, Capaccioni, Fabrizio, Codella, Claudio, Choukroun, Mathieu, Cottin, Hervé, Davidsson, Björn, De Sanctis, Maria Cristina, Drozdovskaya, Maria, Engrand, Cécile, Galand, Marina, Güttler, Carsten, Henri, Pierre, Herique, Alain, Ivanoski, Stavro, Kokotanekova, Rosita, Levasseur-Regourd, Anny Chantal, Miller, Kelly E., Rotundi, Alessandra, Schönbächler, Maria, Snodgrass, Colin, Thomas, Nicolas, Tubiana, Cecilia, Ulamec, Stefan, Vincent, Jean-Baptiste, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Star and Planet Formation (STARPLAN), Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik [Braunschweig] (IGEP), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space and Atmospheric Physics Group [London], Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London-Imperial College London, Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste (OAT), European Southern Observatory (ESO), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institute for Astronomy [Edinburgh] (IfA), University of Edinburgh, German Aerospace Center (DLR), DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: This white paper proposes that AMBITION, a Comet Nucleus Sample Return mission, be a cornerstone of ESA's Voyage 2050 programme. We summarise some of the most important questions still open in cometary science after the successes of the Rosetta mission, many of which require sample analysis using techniques that are only possible in laboratories on Earth. We then summarise measurements, instrumentation and mission scenarios that can address these questions, with a recommendation that ESA select an ambitious cryogenic sample return mission. Rendezvous missions to Main Belt comets and Centaurs are compelling cases for M-class missions, expanding our knowledge by exploring new classes of comets. AMBITION would engage a wide community, drawing expertise from a vast range of disciplines within planetary science and astrophysics. With AMBITION, Europe will continue its leadership in the exploration of the most primitive Solar System bodies., 8 figures, 26 pages
Published: 2019

52. Determination of the ice dielectric permittivity using the data of the test in Antarctica of the ground-penetrating radar for Mars'98 mission

Author: Herique, Alain and Kofman, Wlodek
Subjects: Ground penetrating radar -- Research, Dielectric measurements -- Analysis, Business, Earth sciences, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract: A ground-penetrating radar will be integrated inside the guiderope ballast of the Mars'98 balloon mission. A prototype of this impulse system working in the 5-15 MHz band was tested close to Dumont d'Urville, the French Antarctic Station, in February 1993. We obtained a large set of profiles in cold ice with a glacier thickness from 200 to about 900 m. For each depth, the measured echoes are very clear with a good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, we firstly describe the performances of the radar and we study the electromagnetic propagation in the Antarctica glacier. This knowledge allows us to use the frequency wavenumber migration to focus the signal, to increase the SNR and to rebuild an image of the subsurface. The migration process gives a good estimation of the real part of the permittivity (i.e., the velocity). The fact that the signal comes from different depths is used to measure the imaginary part of the permittivity which defines the ice attenuation. The spectral analysis gives its frequency dependence. Index Terms - Ground-penetrating radar, ice permittivity, migration.
Published: 1997

53. Estimation of the total electron content of the Martian ionosphere using radar sounder surface echoes

Author: Safaeinili, Ali, Kofman, Wlodek, Mouginot, Jeremie, Gim, Yonggyu, Herique, Alain, Ivanov, Anton B, Plaut, Jeffrey J, and Picardi, Giovanni
Published: 2007

54. CONSERT probing of 67P/C-G nucleus during the ROSETTA mission, operations and results

Author: Kofman, Woldek, Herique, Alain, Ciarletti, Valérie, Lasue, Jeremie, Levasseur-Regourd, Anny Chantal, Rogez, Yves, Zine, Sonia, Plettemeier, Dirk, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMPEC - LATMOS, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Technische Universität Dresden (TUD)
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: International audience; The structure and composition of cometary nuclei is one of the major unknowns in cometary science. These were the scientific objectives of the Comet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission (CONSERT) aboard ESA spacecraft Rosetta. The knowledge of the interior is important to understand the formation and evolution of comets. CONSERT was a bi-static radar composed of two parts, one on the lander Philae on the comet’s surface, and another on Rosetta spacecraft (Kofman et al., 2007). CONSERT operated during 9 hours after the landing and made measurements through the small lobe (head) of 67P/ C-G. The analysis and interpretation have been done using measurements of the propagation time of the signal through the comet, the shape of the received signals and then 3D modeling of the propagation through the comet. The modelling and the propagation time inside the comet permit to derive the bulk permittivity value (= 1.27) of the cometary interior (Kofman et al, 2015). Permittivity values for porous mixture of ices and dusts were compared with laboratory experimental values in order to obtain constraints on the possible constituents of the comet nucleus (ices, silicates and organics) and its porosity (70-85%). The minimum required content of carbonaceous material is 75 % in volume. This suggests that comets represent a massive carbon reservoir (Kofman et al., 2015, Herique et al., 2016). The shape of the signal, very close to the shape of the calibration one, shows that the scattering by inhomogeneities in the medium is not observable. This indicates that the interior is homogenous at the scale of few wavelengths (Kofman et al., 2015). 3D simulations of the signal propagation in non-homogeneous media have been run to define the sensitivity of CONSERT to inhomogeneities and to find constrains on the internal structures in terms of size and composition at a scale commensurate with the wavelength. Given the high bulk porosity of about 75% inside the sounded part of the nucleus, a likely model would be obtained by a mixture, at this 3-m size scale, of voids (vacuum) and blobs with material made of ices and dust with a porosity larger than 60%. The absence of any pulse spreading due to scattering allows us to exclude heterogeneity with higher contrast (0.25) and larger size (3m) (but remaining on the few wavelengths scale, since larger scales can be responsible for multipath propagation) (Ciarletti et al., 2017). Properties of meterscale inhomogeneities inside the comet are essential to understand cometary formation. The knowledge of the precise position of Philae on the comet, since the September 2016, permitted to improve the determination of the propagation paths inside the comet and therefore to describe better the interior. The influence of the close environment on antennas lobes and polarization was calculated using the Digital Terrain Model of the landing site and used to study the received signal power. We will describe shortly measurements that explored the interior of the comet, discuss results, their interpretation in terms of the internal structure and composition. References [1] Ciarletti et al, CONSERT constrains the internal structure of 67P at a fewmetre size scale, MNRAS, 469 (Suppl. 2), pp.S805-S817, 2017 [2] Herique et al, Cosmochemical implications of CONSERT permittivity characterization of 67P/CG, MNRAS 462, S516-S532, 2016 [3] Kofman et al, The Comet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission (CONSERT). Space Science Reviews, Volume 128, Issue 1-4, 413-432, 2007 [4] Kofman et al, Properties of the 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko interior revealed by CONSERT radar, Science, 349, 6247 aab0639, 2015.
Published: 2018

55. DePhine - The Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer

Author: Oberst, Juergen, Wickhusen, Kai, Willner, Konrad, Gwinner, Klaus, Spiridonova, Sofya, Kahle, Ralph, Coates, Andrew, Herique, Alain, Plettemeier, Dirk, Diaz-Michelena, Marina, Zakharov, Alexander, Futaana, Yoshifumi, Paetzold, Martin, Rosenblatt, Pascal, Lawrence, David J., Lainey, Valery, Gibbings, Alison, Gerth, Ingo, Oberst, Juergen, Wickhusen, Kai, Willner, Konrad, Gwinner, Klaus, Spiridonova, Sofya, Kahle, Ralph, Coates, Andrew, Herique, Alain, Plettemeier, Dirk, Diaz-Michelena, Marina, Zakharov, Alexander, Futaana, Yoshifumi, Paetzold, Martin, Rosenblatt, Pascal, Lawrence, David J., Lainey, Valery, Gibbings, Alison, and Gerth, Ingo
Abstract: DePhine - Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer - is a mission proposed in the context of ESA's Cosmic Vision program, for launch in 2030. The mission will explore the origin and the evolution of the two Martian satellites, by focusing on their interior structures and diversity, by addressing the following open questions: Are Phobos and Deimos true siblings, originating from the same source and sharing the same formation scenario? Are the satellites rubble piles or solid bodies? Do they possess hidden deposits of water ice in their interiors? The DePhine spacecraft will be inserted into Mars transfer and will initially enter a Deimos quasi-satellite orbit to carry out a comprehensive global mapping. The goal is to obtain physical parameters and remote sensing data for Deimos comparable to data expected to be available for Phobos at the time of the DePhine mission for comparative studies. As a highlight of the mission, close flybys will be performed at low velocities, which will increase data integration times, enhance the signal strength and data resolution. 10-20 flyby sequences, including polar passes, will result in a dense global grid of observation tracks. The spacecraft orbit will then be changed into a Phobos resonance orbit to carry out multiple close flybys and to perform similar remote sensing as for Deimos. The spacecraft will carry a suite of remote sensing instruments, including a camera system, a radio science experiment, a high-frequency radar, a magnetometer, and a Gamma Ray/Neutron Detector. A steerable antenna will allow simultaneous radio tracking and remote sensing observations (which is technically not possible for Mars Express). Additional instrumentation, e.g. a dust detector and a solar wind sensor, will address further science goals of the mission. If Ariane 6-2 and higher lift performance are available for launch (the baseline mission assumes a launch on a Soyuz Fregat), we expect to have greater spacecraft mobility and possibly added payload
Published: 2018

56. Nucleus structure and dust morphology: Post-Rosetta understanding and implications

Author: Levasseur-Regourd, Anny Chantal, Bentley, Mark, Ciarletti, Valérie, Kofman, Woldek, Lasue, Jérémie, Mannel, Thurid, Herique, Alain, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), IMPEC - LATMOS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: International audience; The structure of cometary nuclei and the morphology of dust particles they eject have long been unknowns in cometary science. The combination of these two subjects, as revealed by the Rosetta mission at 67P/C-G, is currently providing an unprecedented insight about Solar System formation and early evolution.Rosetta has established that the bulk porosity of 67P/C-G nucleus is high, in the 70% to 85% range, both from the determination of its density and from permittivity measurements with CONSERT bistatic radar experiment [1-2]. CONSERT, through operations after Philae landing on 12-13 November 2014, has also allowed us to estimate that i) the porosity is likely to be higher inside the nucleus than on its subsurface, ii) a major component of the nucleus is refractory carbonaceous compounds, and iii) the small lobe is homogeneous at a scale of a few wavelengths (i.e., about 10 m), while heterogeneities in the 3-m range (similar to the rounded nodules noticed on walls of large pits) cannot be ruled out [2-4].Rosetta has also established, through its 26 months rendezvous with 67P/C-G, the aggregated structure of dust particles within a wide range of sizes in the inner cometary coma. The MIDAS atomic force microscope experiment has given us evidence (from 3D topographic images with nano- to micrometer resolution) for i) a hierarchical structure of aggregated dust particles, down to tens of nm-sized grains, ii) one extremely porous dust particle, with a fractal dimension of (1.7 ± 0.1) [5-6]. The accuracy of comparisons between cometary dust particles and interplanetary dust particles collected in the stratosphere (including CP-IDPs) could thus be improved.Such results should further refine the main processes (e.g., low velocity aggregation) that allowed the formation of comets in the early Solar System, and the implications of a possible late heavy bombardment on the interplanetary dust clouds and on telluric planets.References. 1. Pätzold et al. Nature 530 63 2016. 2. Kofman et al. Science 349 6247 2015. 3. Herique et al. MNRAS 462 S516 2016. 4. Ciarletti et al. A&A 583 A40 2015. 5. Bentley et al., Nature 537 73 2016. 6. Mannel et al., MNRAS 462 S304 2016.
Published: 2017

57. MASCOT2, a Lander to Characterize the Target of an Asteroid Kinetic Impacor Deflection Test (AIM) Mission

Author: Biele, Jens, Ulamec, Stephan, Krause, Christian, Cozzoni, Barbara, Lange, Caroline, Grundmann, Jan Thimo, Grimm, Christian, Ho, Tra-Mi, Herique, Alain, Plettemeier, Dirk, Grott, Matthias, Auster, H-U., Hercik, David, Carnelli, Ian, Galvez, Andrés, Philippe, Christian, Küppers, Michael, Grieger, Björn, Fernandes, Jesus Gil, Grygorczuk, Jerzy, Tokarz, Marta, and Tardivel, Simon
Subjects: AIM Mission, MASCOT2
Published: 2017

58. Characterizing the interior of 67P in the vicinity of Abydos

Author: Ciarletti, Valérie, Lasue, Jérémie, Lemonnier, Florentin, Herique, Alain, Kofman, Wlodek W., Guiffaut, Christophe, Levasseur-Regourd, Anny Chantal, Plettemeier, Dirk, IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ESTER - LATMOS, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes RF (XLIM-SRF), XLIM (XLIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), PLANETO - LATMOS, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP]
Abstract: International audience; Since the arrival of Rosetta at comet 67P, numerous pictures have been delivered by the cameras onboard both the main spacecraft and the Philae lander. They revealed, at the nucleus' surface and inside the walls of the deep pits, few-meters scale repeating structures, thus providing hints about the internal structure of the nucleus, and suggesting that primordial 'cometesimals' may be objects around 3m in size.The CONSERT (Comet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission) experiment is a radar that has been designed to specifically sound the interior of the nucleus and to provide information on the nucleus internal structure. The work presented here is based on the CONSERT data collected during the First Science Sequence (FSS) and marginally during Philae’s Separation Descent and Landing (SDL) for comparison.During FFS, the smaller lobe of the nucleus in the vicinity of Abydos has been actually sounded by CONSERT’s electromagnetic waves at 90 MHz with a spatial resolution around 10 m. The propagation delays measured during FSS are consistent with a very low bulk permittivity value for the investigated cometary material, which confirms the high porosity of the nucleus. The sharp shape of the received pulses indicates that the electromagnetic waves suffered weak scattering when propagating through the nucleus. This suggests that the sounded part nucleus is thus fairly homogeneous on a spatial scale of tens of meters.We will present further results on the variation of the CONSERT’s pulse shape transmitted through the small lobe of the nucleus. For a more accurate analysis and interpretation of the data, we split the FSS data into two distinct sets corresponding to soundings performed West and East of Philae in order to investigate potential differences. Tentative interpretation in terms of nucleus internal structure based on propagation simulations performed in non-homogeneous nucleus numerical models will be presented.
Published: 2016

59. Radar observations of the asteroid’s structure from deep interior to regolith

Author: Ciarletti, Valérie, Herique, Alain, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ESTER - LATMOS, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), IMPEC - LATMOS, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP]
Abstract: International audience; Our knowledge of the internal structure of asteroids entirely relies on inferences from remote sensing observations of the surface and theoretical modeling. Is the body a monolithic piece of rock or a rubble-pile, how high is the porosity? What is the typical size of the constituent blocs? Are these blocs homogeneous or heterogeneous? The body is covered by a regolith whose properties remain largely unknown in term of depth, size distribution and spatial variability. Is it resulting from fine particles re-accretion or from thermal fracturing?After several asteroid orbiting missions, theses crucial and yet basic questions remain open. Direct mea- surements of asteroid deep interior and regolith structure are needed to better understand the asteroid accretion and dynamical evolution and to provide answers that will directly improve our ability to understand the formation and evolution of the Near Earth Asteroids (NEA), that will allow us to model the mechanisms driving NEA deflection and other risk mitigation techniques.Radars operating at distance from a spacecraft are the only instruments capable of achieving this science objective of characterizing the internal structure and heterogeneity from submetric to global scale for the benefit of science as well as for planetary defense or exploration.The AIM mission will have two complementary radars on-board, operating at different frequencies in order to meet the objectives requirements. The deep interior structure tomography requires a low-frequency radar (LFR) in order to propagate throughout the complete body (this LFR will be a direct heritage of the CONSERT radar designed for the Rosetta mission).Ihe characterization of the first ten meters of the subsurface with a metric resolution to identify layering and to reconnect surface measurements to internal structure will be achieved with a higher frequency radar(HFR), the design of which is based on the WISDOM radar developed for the ExoMars mission. Both radars are currently under phaseA/B1 study funded by ESA. We will present the performances of both instruments on realistic environements and their operating modes.
Published: 2016

60. A Direct Observation of the Asteroid’s Structure from Deep Interior to Regolith: Two Radars on the AIM Mission

Author: Herique, Alain, Ciarletti, Valérie, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and IMPEC - LATMOS
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM]
Abstract: International audience; The internal structure of asteroids is still poorly known and has never been measured directly. Our knowledge is relying entirely on inferences from remote sensing observations of the surface and theoretical modeling. Is the body a monolithic piece of rock or a rubble-pile, an aggregate of boulders held together by gravity and how much porosity it contains, both in the form of micro-scale or macro-scale porosi-ty? What is the typical size of the constituent blocs? Are these blocs homogeneous or heterogeneous? The body is covered by a regolith whose properties remain largely unknown in term of depth, size distribution and spatial variation. Is it resulting from fine particles re-accretion or from thermal fracturing? What are its coherent forces? How to model its thermal conductivity, while this parameter is so important to estimate Yar-kowsky and Yorp effects? After several asteroid orbiting missions, theses crucial and yet basic questions remain open. Direct measurements of asteroid deep interior and regolith structure are needed to better understand the asteroid accretion and dynamical evolution and to provide answers that will directly improve our ability to understand and model the mechanisms driving Near Earth Asteroids (NEA) deflection and other risk mitigation techniques. There is no way to determine this from ground-based observation. Radar operating from a spacecraft is the only technique capable of achieving this science objective of characterizing the internal structure and hetero-geneity from submetric to global scale for the benefit of science as well as for planetary defence or exploration
Published: 2016

61. Mineralogical Implications of CONSERT Permittivity Characterization of 67P

Author: Herique, Alain, Kofman, Wlodek, Beck, Pierre, Bonal, Lydie, Buttarazzi, E., Heggy, Essam, Lasue, Jérémie, Levasseur-Regourd, Anny Chantal, Quirico, Eric, Zine, Sonia, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Planeto, Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP]
Abstract: International audience; On 12 November 2014, after the descent and rebounds of the lander Philae, COmet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radio Transmission (CONSERT) restarted operating at 18h56 UTC and continued until 04h06 UTC, providing the first investigation of the internal structure of the nucleus of a comet. The analysis of the signal that propagated throughout the upper part of “head” of 67P allows us to estimate an average permittivity of approximately 1.27 (Kofman et al., 2015). This average permittivity induces constraints on the permittivity of the dust components versus volume fraction of dust and ices. We analyze constraints on dust permittivity using mixing formulas and ice composition models. Additional comparisons to laboratory measurements will allow us to discuss the implication on composition and mineralogy of the 67P dust particules.
Published: 2016

62. What CONSERT measurements tell us about the interior of the 67/C-G comet ?

Author: Kofman, Wlodek, Herique, Alain, Ciarletti, Valérie, Lasue, Jérémie, Levasseur-Regourd, Anny Chantal, Heggy, Essam, Pasquero, Oudomsack Pierre, Plettemeier, Dirk, Rogez, Y., Zine, Sonia, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ESTER - LATMOS, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMPEC - LATMOS, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Technische Universität Dresden (TUD)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract: International audience; The structure of the nucleus is one of major unknown in the cometary science. The scientific objectives of the Comet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission (CONSERT) aboard ESA spacecraft Rosetta are to perform an interior characterization of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko nucleus. This is done by means of a bi-static sounding between the lander Philae launched on the comet’s surface and the obiter Rosetta. During the first night after Philae landing CONSERT operated during 9 hours and have made the measurements through the small lobe (head) of the 67P/ C-G. We will describe measurements that explored the interior of the comet, discuss results and their interpretation in term of the internal structure. The analyses and interpretation have been done using the form of the received signals and then 2D and 3D modelling of the signal that propagated through the comet. This led us to conclusions that the comet is homogenous on the scale of the ten of wavelengths and perhaps slowly variable with the dielectric constant decreasing into interior of the comet. The measured value 1.27 +- 0.05 of the average dielectric constant permit us to interpret the composition of the materials in terms of porosity, dust to ice ratio and possible materials (Kofman et al, Science 2015, Ciarletti et al, A&A, 2015). In this presentation we will discuss all these results.
Published: 2016

63. The CONSERT Instrument during Philae's Descent onto 67P/C-G’s surface: Insights on Philae’s Attitude and the Surface Permittivity Measurements at the Agilkia-Landing-Site

Author: Plettemeier, Dirk, Statz, Christoph, Hahnel, Ronny, Hegler, Sebastian, Herique, Alain, Pasquero, Pierre, Rogez, Yves, Zine, Sonia, Ciarletti, Valérie, Kofman, Wlodek, Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG ), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Cardon, Catherine
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR.IM] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM]
Abstract: International audience; The main scientific objective of the Comet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission (CONSERT) aboard ESA spacecraft Rosetta is the dielectric characterization of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko’s nucleus.This was done by means of bi-static radio propagation measurements of the CONSERT instrument between the lander Philae launched onto the comet’s surface and the orbiter Rosetta. The CONSERT unit aboard the lander was receiving and processing the radio signal emitted by the orbiter counterpart of the instrument. The lander unit was then retransmitting a signal back to the orbiter. This happened at a time scale of milliseconds.In addition to the operation at the first science sequence, CONSERT was operated during the separation and descent of Philae onto the comet's surface.During the descent phase of Philae the received CONSERT signal was a superposition of the direct propagation path between Rosetta and Philae and indirect paths caused by reflections of 67P/C-G’s surface.From peak power measurements of the dominant direct path between Rosetta and Philae during the descent we were able to reconstruct the lander’s attitude and estimate the spin rate of the lander along the descent trajectory. Certain operations and manoeuvres of orbiter and lander, e.g. the deployment of the lander legs and CONSERT antennas or the orbiter change of attitude in order to orient the science towards the assumed lander position, are also visible in the CONSERT data.The information gained on the landers attitude is used in the reconstruction of the dielectric properties of 67P/C-G’s surface and near subsurface (metric to decametric scale).During roughly the last third of the descent, the comet’s surface is visible for the CONSERT instrument enabling a mean permittivity estimation of the surface and near subsurface covered by the instruments footprint along the descent path. The comparatively large timespan with surface signatures exhibits a good spatial diversity necessary for the mapping of dominant signatures and the estimation of the dielectric properties of prominent features. From this data it is possible to create a contrast and permittivity mapping of the comet’s surface in the vicinity of the Agilkia landing site.
Published: 2015

64. Clock stability for low frequency radar tomography of asteroids

Author: Granados, Ricardo, primary, Herique, Alain, additional, Le-Coarer, Etienne, additional, and Rochat, Sylvain, additional
Published: 2017
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65. CONSERT constrains the internal structure of 67P at a few metres size scale

Author: Ciarletti, Valérie, primary, Herique, Alain, additional, Lasue, Jérémie, additional, Levasseur-Regourd, Anny-Chantal, additional, Plettemeier, Dirk, additional, Lemmonier, Florentin, additional, Guiffaut, Christophe, additional, Pasquero, Pierre, additional, and Kofman, Wlodek, additional
Published: 2017
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66. Oversampled Pulse Compression Based on Signal Modeling: Application to CONSERT/Rosetta Radar

Author: Pasquero, Oudomsack Pierre, primary, Herique, Alain, additional, and Kofman, Wlodek, additional
Published: 2017
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67. Two radars for AIM mission: A direct observation of the asteroid's structure from deep interior to regolith

Author: Herique, Alain, Ciarletti, Valérie, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG ), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Cardon, Catherine
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR.IM] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], [SDU.ASTR.SR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM]
Abstract: International audience; Our knowledge of the internal structure of asteroids is, so far, indirect – relying entirely on inferences from remote sensing observations of the surface, and theoretical modeling. What are the bulk properties of the regolith and deep interior? And what are the physical processes that shape their internal structures?Direct measurements are needed to provide answers that will directly improve our ability to understand and model the mechanisms driving Near Earth Asteroids (NEA) for the benefit of science as well as for planetary defense or exploration. Radar tomography is the only technique to characterize internal structure from decimetric scale to global scale.This paper reviews the benefits of direct measurement of the asteroid interior. Then the radar concepts for both deep interior and shallow subsurface are presented and the radar payload proposed for the AIDA/AIM mission is outlined.
Published: 2015

68. investigating with the CONSERT bistatic radar a potential permittivity gradient at the Philae Landing site on 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Author: Ciarletti, Valérie, Levasseur-Regourd, Anny Chantal, Lasue, Jérémie, Statz, Christoph, Plettemeier, Dirk, Kofman, Wlodek, Herique, Alain, IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2015

69. CASTALIA : A mission to a main belt comet

Author: Jones, G. H., Altwegg, K., Bertini, I., Bieler, A., Boehnhardt, H., Bowles, N., Braukhane, A., Capria, M., T., Coates, A. J., Ciarletti, Valérie, Davidsson, B., Engrand, Cécile, Fitzsimmons, A., Gibbings, A., Hainaut, O., Hallmann, M., Herique, Alain, Hilchenbach, M., Homeister, M., Hsieh, H., Jehin, E., Kofman, W., Lara, L. M., Licandro, J., Lowry, S.C., Moreno, F., Muinonen, Karri, Paetzold, M., Penttilä, Antti, Plettmeier, Dirk, Prialnik, D., Marboeuf, U., Marzari, F., Meech, Karen J., Rotundi, A., Smith, A., Snodgrass, C., Thomas, I., Trieloff, M., Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Centro di Ateneo di Studi e Attività Spaziali 'Giuseppe Colombo' (CISAS), Universita degli Studi di Padova, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford [Oxford], DLR Institute of Space Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse (CSNSM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] (ARC), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering [Univ Strathclyde], University of Strathclyde [Glasgow], European Southern Observatory (ESO), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG ), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), OHB Systems AG, Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA), Academia Sinica, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science [Canterbury] (CAPS), University of Kent [Canterbury], Department of Physics [Helsinki], Falculty of Science [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Universität zu Köln, Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), University of Helsinki, Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova (INFN, Sezione di Padova), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Universita degli studi di Napoli 'Parthenope' [Napoli], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], IMPEC - LATMOS, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering [Glasgow], University of Strathclyde, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Cardon, Catherine, Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), University of Oxford, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Orbitale Hochtechnologie Bremen (OHB Systems AG), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Tel Aviv University (TAU), Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Parthenope' = University of Naples (PARTHENOPE), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Mullard Space Science Laboratory ( MSSL ), University College of London [London] ( UCL ), Centro di Ateneo di Studi e Attività Spaziali 'Giuseppe Colombo' ( CISAS ), Universita degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua = Université de Padoue, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] ( AOSS ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), German Aerospace Center ( DLR ), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali ( IAPS ), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica ( INAF ), Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse ( CSNSM ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] ( ARC ), Queen's University [Belfast] ( QUB ), European Southern Observatory ( ESO ), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble ( IPAG ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Hawaii at Manoa ( UHM ), Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics [Taipei] ( ASIAA ), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía ( IAA ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] ( CSIC ), Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias ( IAC ), Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science [Canterbury] ( CAPS ), University of Helsinki [Helsinki], Helsinki Institute of Physics ( HIP ), Technische Universität Dresden ( TUD ), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova ( INFN, Sezione di Padova ), National Institute for Nuclear Physics ( INFN ), and The Open University [Milton Keynes] ( OU )
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP]
Abstract: International audience; Main Belt Comets (MBCs), a type of Active Asteroid , constitute a newly identified class of solar system objects. They have stable, asteroid-like orbits and some exhibit a recurrent comet-like appearance. It is believed that they survived the age of the solar system in a dormant state and that their current ice sublimation driven activity only began recently. Buried water ice is the only volatile expected to survive under an insulating surface. Excavation by an impact can expose the ice and trigger the start of MBC activity. We present the case for a mission to one of these objects, to be submitted to the European Space Agency's current call for an M-class mission. The specific science goals of the Castalia mission are: 1. Characterize a new Solar System family, the MBCs, by in-situ investigation 2. Understand the physics of activity on MBCs 3. Directly sample water in the asteroid belt and test if MBCs are a viable source for Earth's water 4. Use the observed structure of an MBC as a tracer of planetary system formation and evolution.
Published: 2015

70. Philae localization from CONSERT/Rosetta measurement

Author: Herique, Alain, primary, Rogez, Yves, additional, Pasquero, Oudomsack Pierre, additional, Zine, Sonia, additional, Puget, Pascal, additional, and Kofman, Wlodek, additional
Published: 2015
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71. CONSERT / Rosetta: status of the experiment

Author: Herique, Alain, Kofman, Wlodek, Goutail, Jean-Pierre, Zine, Sonia, Laboratoire de Planétologie de Grenoble (LPG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences [UMR_C 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Nantes université - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (Nantes univ - UFR ST), Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: International audience; The primary scientific goal of the CONSERT experiment on the Rosetta / Philae space mission is to investigate the deep interior of the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. This will be achieved through the use of long wavelength radio-waves transmitted by the Orbiter and returned from the Lander. In this poster, the experiment is reviewed: its scientific goals are revisited in association with the Consert operating modes; the in-time transponder technique is explained and the instrument design is shown. The status of the experiment is presented: the instrument and the preparation of the scientific measurements around the comet.
Published: 2010

72. Computing low-frequency radar surface echoes for planetary radar using Huygens-Fresnel's principle

Author: Berquin, Yann, primary, Herique, Alain, additional, Kofman, Wlodek, additional, and Heggy, Essam, additional
Published: 2015
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73. The landing(s) of Philae and inferences about comet surface mechanical properties

Author: Biele, Jens, primary, Ulamec, Stephan, additional, Maibaum, Michael, additional, Roll, Reinhard, additional, Witte, Lars, additional, Jurado, Eric, additional, Muñoz, Pablo, additional, Arnold, Walter, additional, Auster, Hans-Ulrich, additional, Casas, Carlos, additional, Faber, Claudia, additional, Fantinati, Cinzia, additional, Finke, Felix, additional, Fischer, Hans-Herbert, additional, Geurts, Koen, additional, Güttler, Carsten, additional, Heinisch, Philip, additional, Herique, Alain, additional, Hviid, Stubbe, additional, Kargl, Günter, additional, Knapmeyer, Martin, additional, Knollenberg, Jörg, additional, Kofman, Wlodek, additional, Kömle, Norbert, additional, Kührt, Ekkehard, additional, Lommatsch, Valentina, additional, Mottola, Stefano, additional, Pardo de Santayana, Ramon, additional, Remetean, Emile, additional, Scholten, Frank, additional, Seidensticker, Klaus J., additional, Sierks, Holger, additional, and Spohn, Tilman, additional
Published: 2015
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74. Properties of the 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko interior revealed by CONSERT radar

Author: Kofman, Wlodek, primary, Herique, Alain, additional, Barbin, Yves, additional, Barriot, Jean-Pierre, additional, Ciarletti, Valérie, additional, Clifford, Stephen, additional, Edenhofer, Peter, additional, Elachi, Charles, additional, Eyraud, Christelle, additional, Goutail, Jean-Pierre, additional, Heggy, Essam, additional, Jorda, Laurent, additional, Lasue, Jérémie, additional, Levasseur-Regourd, Anny-Chantal, additional, Nielsen, Erling, additional, Pasquero, Pierre, additional, Preusker, Frank, additional, Puget, Pascal, additional, Plettemeier, Dirk, additional, Rogez, Yves, additional, Sierks, Holger, additional, Statz, Christoph, additional, Svedhem, Hakan, additional, Williams, Iwan, additional, Zine, Sonia, additional, and Van Zyl, Jakob, additional
Published: 2015
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75. Consert for Asteroid - radar tomography of Near Earth Asteroid

Author: Herique, Alain, Plettemeier, Dirk, Kofman, Wlodek, Ulamec, Stephan, Biele, Jens, Goutail, Jean-Pierre, Beck, Pierre, Lassue, Jérémie, Barucci, Antonella, Laboratoire de Planétologie de Grenoble (LPG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), DLR Microgravity User Support Center (MUSC), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: International audience; Consert for Asteroid is a radar to instrument the Mascot lander, which is proposed in the frame of future Near Earth Asteroid missions. This low frequency radar is a unique opportunity to sound the internal structure of the target. Its objective is to achieve the tomography both in transmission and in reflexion of the asteroid in order to determine its fracturing, its stratigraphy and its heterogeneity at different scales, for a better understanding of accretion and evolution phenomena. This talk reviews all the aspects of the proposed experiment. The problematics of the NEA is reviewed in order to demonstrate the interest of low frequency radar sounding. A consert-like bistatic experiment solution is proposed to fulfil the low mass budget constraints. The concept of this tomography between the lander and the orbiter is detailed, including its different operation modes, the measurements, the inversions and the addressed NEA issues. In the second part, we present the preliminary design of our instrument. This review starts from the existing Consert instrument on board the Rosetta and Philae probes. The main instrument trade offs are presented from the mission characteristics and the proposed target. The electronics are revisited and the budgets are updated. So some antenna designs are proposed for both lander and orbiter spacecrafts. Finally, a preliminary experiment budget is shown.
Published: 2010

76. The WISDOM Radar: Unveiling the Subsurface Beneath the ExoMars Rover and Identifying the Best Locations for Drilling.

Author: Ciarletti, Valérie, Clifford, Stephen, Plettemeier, Dirk, Le Gall, Alice, Hervé, Yann, Dorizon, Sophie, Quantin-Nataf, Cathy, Benedix, Wolf-Stefan, Schwenzer, Susanne, Pettinelli, Elena, Heggy, Essam, Herique, Alain, Berthelier, Jean-Jacques, Kofman, Wlodek, Vago, Jorge L., and Hamran, Svein-Erik
Published: 2017
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77. Ozone isotopic composition: an angular effect in scattering processes?

Author: Chassefière, Eric, Bertaux, Jean-Loup, Berthelier, Jean-Jacques, Cabane, Michel, Ciarletti, Valérie, Durry, Georges, Forget, François, Hamelin, Michel, Leblanc, François, Menvielle, Mchel, Gerasimov, M., Korablev, O., Linkin, S., Managadze, G., Jambon, A., Manhès, G., Lognonne, Ph., Agrinier, P., Cartigny, P., Giardini, D., Pike, T., Kofman, Wlodek, Herique, Alain, Coll, Patrice, Person, A., Costard, F., Sarda, Ph., Paillou, Ph., Chaussidon, M., Marty, B., Robert, F., Maurice, S., Blanc, M., d’Uston, C., Sabroux, J.-Ch., Pineau, J.-F., Rochette, P., Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'étude des environnements terrestre et planétaires (CETP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Imperial College London, Laboratoire de Planétologie de Grenoble (LPG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Géologie des Bassins Sédimentaires (LGBS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Interactions et dynamique des environnements de surface (IDES), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de minéralogie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences
Abstract: International audience; The ratio of the differential scattering cross sections involving distinguishable and indistinguishable isotopes may exhibit non-mass dependent angular variations. A numerical application of this hypotheses to the ozone reaction rates reproduces some of the results observed in laboratory experiments. This theory could be tested through a cross beam experiment where the isotopic composition of the scattered products is recorded as a function of their scattering angles.
Published: 2001

78. PSTD-based approach to a large-scale inverse scattering problem

Author: Statz, Christoph, primary, Arnold, Gabriel, additional, Hegler, Sebastian, additional, Plettemeier, Dirk, additional, Herique, Alain, additional, and Kofman, Wlodek, additional
Published: 2011
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79. Large asymmetric polar scarps on Planum Australe, Mars: Characterization and evolution

Author: Grima, Cyril, primary, Costard, François, additional, Kofman, Wlodek, additional, Saint-Bézar, Bertrand, additional, Servain, Anthony, additional, Rémy, Frédérique, additional, Mouginot, Jérémie, additional, Herique, Alain, additional, and Seu, Roberto, additional
Published: 2011
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80. Three-dimensional reconstruction of a comet nucleus by optimal control of Maxwell's equations: A contribution to the experiment CONSERT onboard space craft Rosetta

Author: Landmann, Diemo, primary, Plettemeier, Dirk, additional, Statz, Christoph, additional, Hoffeins, Franziska, additional, Markwardt, Ulf, additional, Nagel, Wolfgang E., additional, Walther, Andrea, additional, Herique, Alain, additional, and Kofman, Wlodek, additional
Published: 2010
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81. Surface echo reduction by clutter simulation, application to the Marsis data

Author: Herique, Alain, primary, Kofman, Wlodek, additional, Mouginot, Jeremie, additional, Grima, Cyril, additional, Eyraud, Christelle, additional, Safaelini, Ali, additional, and Nouvel, Jean Francois, additional
Published: 2009
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82. Estimation of the total electron content of the Martian ionosphere using radar sounder surface echoes

Author: Safaeinili, Ali, primary, Kofman, Wlodek, additional, Mouginot, Jérémie, additional, Gim, Yonggyu, additional, Herique, Alain, additional, Ivanov, Anton B., additional, Plaut, Jeffrey J., additional, and Picardi, Giovanni, additional
Published: 2007
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83. Determination of the ice dielectric permittivity using the data of the ground--penetrating radar...

Author: Herique, Alain and Kofman, Wlodek
Subjects: *GROUND penetrating radar
Abstract: Presents information on the prototype testing of the ground-penetrating radar which is to be integrated inside the guiderope ballast of the Mars'98 balloon mission. Description of the performances of the radar; Examination of the electromagnetic propagation in the Antarctica glacier; What this knowledge allows the researchers to do; Spectral analysis of the signal.
Published: 1997
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84. Analysis of CONSERT direct range measurement in Rosetta mission as a testbed for future small body in-situ lander-orbiter navigation.

Author: Ye, Mao, Barriot, Jean-Pierre, Li, Fei, Yan, Jianguo, Kofman, Wlodek, Herique, Alain, rogez, Yves, Andert, Tom, and Jin, Weitong
Published: 2019

85. Efficient Massively Parallel Prospection for ISRU by Multiple Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous using Near-Term Solar Sails and 'Now-Term' Small Spacecraft Solutions

Author: Grundmann, Jan Thimo, Bauer, Waldemar, Biele, Jens, Boden, Ralf, Ceriotti, Matteo, Cordero, Federico, Dachwald, Bernd, Dumont, Etienne, Grimm, Christian, Hercik, David, Herique, Alain, Ho, Tra-Mi, Jahnke, Rico, Koch, Aaron, Kofman, Wlodek, Koncz, Alexander, Krause, Christian, Lange, Caroline, Lichtenheldt, Roy, Maiwald, Volker, Mikschl, Tobias, Mikulz, Eugen, Montenegro, Sergio, Pelivan, Ivanka, Peloni, Alessandro, Plettemeier, Dirk, Quantius, Dominik, Reershemius, Siebo, Renger, Thomas, Riemann, Johannes, Ruffer, Michael, Sasaki, Kaname, Schmitz, Nicole, Seboldt, Wolfgang, Seefeldt, Patric, Spietz, Peter, Tom Sproewitz, Sznajder, Maciej, Tardivel, Simon, Toth, Norbert, Wejmo, Elisabet, Wolff, Friederike, Ziach, Christian, Graps, Amara, and van Dam, Tonie
Subjects: in-situ resource utilization (ISRU), Asteroid mapping, Gossamer-1, Raumfahrt-Systemdynamik, Multiple NEA Rendezvous, MASCOT, Systementwicklung und Projektbüro, Systemanalyse Raumtransport, Systemanalyse Raumsegment, Asteroid sample return, MASCOT2, Asteroid geological Survey, Nutzerzentrum für Weltraumexperimente (MUSC), Avioniksysteme, Land und Explorationstechnologie, Asteroid mining, solar sail, Mechanik und Thermalsysteme, OKEANOS Lander
Abstract: Physical interaction with small solar system bodies (SSSB) is key for in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). The design of mining missions requires good understanding of SSSB properties, including composition, surface and interior structure, and thermal environment. But as the saying goes "If you've seen one asteroid, you've seen one Asteroid": Although some patterns may begin to appear, a stable and reliable scheme of SSSB classification still has to be evolved. Identified commonalities would enable generic ISRU technology and spacecraft design approaches with a high degree of re-use. Strategic approaches require much broader in-depth characterization of the SSSB populations of interest to the ISRU community. The DLR-ESTEC GOSSAMER Roadmap Science Working Groups identified target-flexible Multiple Near-Earth asteroid (NEA) Rendezvous (MNR) as one of the missions only feasible with solar sail propulsion, showed the ability to access any inclination and a wide range of heliocentric distances as well as continuous operation close to Earth's orbit where low delta-v objects reside.

86. The WISDOM Radar: Unveiling the Subsurface Beneath the ExoMars Rover and Identifying the Best Locations for Drilling

Author: Ciarletti, Valérie, Clifford, Stephen, Plettemeyer, Dirk, LeGall, Alice, Hervé, Yann, Dorizon, Sophie, Quantin-Nataf, Cathy, Benedix, Wolf-Stefan, Schwenzer, Susanne, Pettinelli, Elena, Heggy, Essam, Herique, Alain, Berthellier, Jean-Jacques, Kofman, Wlodek, Vago, Jorge L., Hamran, Svein-Erik, WISDOM team, ., Ciarletti, Valérie, Clifford, Stephen, Plettemeyer, Dirk, LeGall, Alice, Hervé, Yann, Dorizon, Sophie, Quantin-Nataf, Cathy, Benedix, Wolf-Stefan, Schwenzer, Susanne, Pettinelli, Elena, Heggy, Essam, Herique, Alain, Berthellier, Jean-Jacques, Kofman, Wlodek, Vago, Jorge L., Hamran, Svein-Erik, and WISDOM team, .
Abstract: The search for evidence of past or present life on Mars is the principal objective of the 2020 ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Rover mission. If such evidence is to be found anywhere, it will most likely be in the subsurface, where organic molecules are shielded from the destructive effects of ionizing radiation and atmospheric oxidants. For this reason, the ExoMars Rover mission has been optimized to investigate the subsurface to identify, understand, and sample those locations where conditions for the preservation of evidence of past life are most likely to be found. The Water Ice Subsurface Deposit Observation on Mars (WISDOM) ground-penetrating radar has been designed to provide information about the nature of the shallow subsurface over depth ranging from 3 to 10 m (with a vertical resolution of up to 3 cm), depending on the dielectric properties of the regolith. This depth range is critical to understanding the geologic evolution stratigraphy and distribution and state of subsurface H2O, which provide important clues in the search for life and the identification of optimal drilling sites for investigation and sampling by the Rover's 2-m drill. WISDOM will help ensure the safety and success of drilling operations by identification of potential hazards that might interfere with retrieval of subsurface samples.

87. The WISDOM Radar: Unveiling the Subsurface Beneath the ExoMars Rover and Identifying the Best Locations for Drilling

Author: Ciarletti, Valérie, Clifford, Stephen, Plettemeyer, Dirk, LeGall, Alice, Hervé, Yann, Dorizon, Sophie, Quantin-Nataf, Cathy, Benedix, Wolf-Stefan, Schwenzer, Susanne, Pettinelli, Elena, Heggy, Essam, Herique, Alain, Berthellier, Jean-Jacques, Kofman, Wlodek, Vago, Jorge L., Hamran, Svein-Erik, WISDOM team, ., Ciarletti, Valérie, Clifford, Stephen, Plettemeyer, Dirk, LeGall, Alice, Hervé, Yann, Dorizon, Sophie, Quantin-Nataf, Cathy, Benedix, Wolf-Stefan, Schwenzer, Susanne, Pettinelli, Elena, Heggy, Essam, Herique, Alain, Berthellier, Jean-Jacques, Kofman, Wlodek, Vago, Jorge L., Hamran, Svein-Erik, and WISDOM team, .
Abstract: The search for evidence of past or present life on Mars is the principal objective of the 2020 ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Rover mission. If such evidence is to be found anywhere, it will most likely be in the subsurface, where organic molecules are shielded from the destructive effects of ionizing radiation and atmospheric oxidants. For this reason, the ExoMars Rover mission has been optimized to investigate the subsurface to identify, understand, and sample those locations where conditions for the preservation of evidence of past life are most likely to be found. The Water Ice Subsurface Deposit Observation on Mars (WISDOM) ground-penetrating radar has been designed to provide information about the nature of the shallow subsurface over depth ranging from 3 to 10 m (with a vertical resolution of up to 3 cm), depending on the dielectric properties of the regolith. This depth range is critical to understanding the geologic evolution stratigraphy and distribution and state of subsurface H2O, which provide important clues in the search for life and the identification of optimal drilling sites for investigation and sampling by the Rover's 2-m drill. WISDOM will help ensure the safety and success of drilling operations by identification of potential hazards that might interfere with retrieval of subsurface samples.

88. The WISDOM Radar: Unveiling the Subsurface Beneath the ExoMars Rover and Identifying the Best Locations for Drilling

Author: Valérie Ciarletti, Stephen Clifford, Dirk Plettemeier, Alice Le Gall, Yann Hervé, Sophie Dorizon, Cathy Quantin-Nataf, Wolf-Stefan Benedix, Susanne Schwenzer, Elena Pettinelli, Essam Heggy, Alain Herique, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Wlodek Kofman, Jorge L. Vago, Svein-Erik Hamran, null the WISDOM Team, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] (LPI), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Nachrichtentechnik [Dresden] (IfN), Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research [Milton Keynes] (CEPSAR), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica [Roma], Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering [Los Angeles], USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California (USC)-University of Southern California (USC), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK), Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt (FFI), IMPEC - LATMOS, Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica [Rome], Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN), Ciarletti, V., Clifford, S., Plettemeier, D., Le Gall, A., Herve, Y., Dorizon, S., Quantin-Nataf, C., Benedix, W. -S., Schwenzer, S., Pettinelli, E., Heggy, E., Herique, A., Berthelier, J. -J., Kofman, W., Vago, J. L., Hamran, S. -E., Ciarletti, Valérie, Clifford, Stephen, Plettemeier, Dirk, Le Gall, Alice, Hervé, Yann, Dorizon, Sophie, Quantin-Nataf, Cathy, Benedix, Wolf-Stefan, Schwenzer, Susanne, Pettinelli, Elena, Heggy, Essam, Herique, Alain, Berthelier, Jean-Jacque, Kofman, Wlodek, Vago, Jorge L., Hamran, Svein-Erik, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi Roma Tre = Roma Tre University (ROMA TRE), and Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Special Collection of Papers: ExoMars Rover MissionGuest Editor: Jorge L. Vago, Life on Mars, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, law.invention, Ground penetrating radar, law, 0103 physical sciences, Radar, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Drill, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Drilling, Martian shallow subsurface, Mars Exploration Program, Regolith, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), ExoMars, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Stratigraphy, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Ground-penetrating radar, Geology
Abstract: International audience; The search for evidence of past or present life on Mars is the principal objective of the 2020 ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Rover mission. If such evidence is to be found anywhere, it will most likely be in the subsurface, where organic molecules are shielded from the destructive effects of ionizing radiation and atmospheric oxidants. For this reason, the ExoMars Rover mission has been optimized to investigate the subsurface to identify, understand, and sample those locations where conditions for the preservation of evidence of past life are most likely to be found. The Water Ice Subsurface Deposit Observation on Mars (WISDOM) ground-penetrating radar has been designed to provide information about the nature of the shallow subsurface over depth ranging from 3 to 10 m (with a vertical resolution of up to 3 cm), depending on the dielectric properties of the regolith. This depth range is critical to understanding the geologic evolution stratigraphy and distribution and state of subsurface H2O, which provide important clues in the search for life and the identification of optimal drilling sites for investigation and sampling by the Rover's 2-m drill. WISDOM will help ensure the safety and success of drilling operations by identification of potential hazards that might interfere with retrieval of subsurface samples. Key Words: Ground penetrating radar—Martian shallow subsurface—ExoMars. Astrobiology 17, 565–584.
Published: 2017

89. COMETARY SCIENCE. Properties of the 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko interior revealed by CONSERT radar.

Author: Kofman W, Herique A, Barbin Y, Barriot JP, Ciarletti V, Clifford S, Edenhofer P, Elachi C, Eyraud C, Goutail JP, Heggy E, Jorda L, Lasue J, Levasseur-Regourd AC, Nielsen E, Pasquero P, Preusker F, Puget P, Plettemeier D, Rogez Y, Sierks H, Statz C, Svedhem H, Williams I, Zine S, and Van Zyl J
Abstract: The Philae lander provides a unique opportunity to investigate the internal structure of a comet nucleus, providing information about its formation and evolution in the early solar system. We present Comet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission (CONSERT) measurements of the interior of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. From the propagation time and form of the signals, the upper part of the "head" of 67P is fairly homogeneous on a spatial scale of tens of meters. CONSERT also reduced the size of the uncertainty of Philae's final landing site down to approximately 21 by 34 square meters. The average permittivity is about 1.27, suggesting that this region has a volumetric dust/ice ratio of 0.4 to 2.6 and a porosity of 75 to 85%. The dust component may be comparable to that of carbonaceous chondrites., (Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.)
Published: 2015
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90. COMETARY SCIENCE. The landing(s) of Philae and inferences about comet surface mechanical properties.

Author: Biele J, Ulamec S, Maibaum M, Roll R, Witte L, Jurado E, Muñoz P, Arnold W, Auster HU, Casas C, Faber C, Fantinati C, Finke F, Fischer HH, Geurts K, Güttler C, Heinisch P, Herique A, Hviid S, Kargl G, Knapmeyer M, Knollenberg J, Kofman W, Kömle N, Kührt E, Lommatsch V, Mottola S, Pardo de Santayana R, Remetean E, Scholten F, Seidensticker KJ, Sierks H, and Spohn T
Abstract: The Philae lander, part of the Rosetta mission to investigate comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, was delivered to the cometary surface in November 2014. Here we report the precise circumstances of the multiple landings of Philae, including the bouncing trajectory and rebound parameters, based on engineering data in conjunction with operational instrument data. These data also provide information on the mechanical properties (strength and layering) of the comet surface. The first touchdown site, Agilkia, appears to have a granular soft surface (with a compressive strength of 1 kilopascal) at least ~20 cm thick, possibly on top of a more rigid layer. The final landing site, Abydos, has a hard surface., (Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.)
Published: 2015
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