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Group-based modeling techniques are increasingly used in developmental studies to explore the patterns and co-occurrence of internalizing and externalizing problems. Social competence has been found to reciprocally influence internalizing and externalizing problems, but studies on its associations with different patterns of these problems are scarce. Using data from a Finnish longitudinal normal population sample, trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems were formed using the Child Behavior Checklist completed by the mother at the child's age of 4- to 5-years-old, 8- to 9-years-old, and 16- to 17-years-old (N?=?261). The results indicate that adolescent's self-reported internalizing and externalizing problems based on the Youth Self Report were associated with the trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems. Social competence both in early childhood and in adolescence was poorer among children with chronic internalizing problems and among those with adolescent-onset externalizing problems. One-third of the children who had a chronically high level of internalizing problems had an initially high but decreasing level of externalizing problems, while 33% of the adolescents with adolescent-onset externalizing problems had a chronically high level of internalizing problems. School psychologists are encouraged to screen for internalizing problems from children with behavioral, academic or social problems.

Twenty-seven boys and eight girls with ASD and thirty-five controls matched for gender, age and total score intelligence were studied to ascertain whether boys and girls with ASD display stronger reactive aggression than boys and girls without ASD. Participants performed a computerized version of the Pulkkinen aggression machine that examines the intensity of reactive aggression against attackers of varying gender and age. Relative to the control group boys, the boys with ASD reacted with more serious forms of aggression when subjected to mild aggressive attacks and did not consider a child attacker's opposite sex an inhibitory factor. The girls with ASD, on the other hand, reacted less aggressively than the girls without ASD. According to the results boys with ASD may not follow the typical development in cognitive regulation of reactive aggression.

The research questions were as follows: How much social support do patients with penile cancer (PC) receive after surgical treatment for the condition; which factors are associated with the social support received; and how do patients with PC describe the social support they receive in terms of emotional support, affirmation and concrete aid? The purpose of this study is to describe the amount and type of social support (that is, emotional support, affirmation or concrete aid) received by patients with PC. In addition, it describes the associations between patients' background variables and their perceived social support. Men affected by PC experience a range of unmet support care needs, of which social support has not previously been thoroughly studied. Emotional support consists of caring for another person, respecting and creating a safe atmosphere for them and providing spiritual support. Affirmation is the reinforcement of knowledge and is especially evident in decision‐making processes through advising or counselling. Concrete aid means the provision of assistance in the form of an activity or service that causes the donor to use time or money for the benefit of another person. A partially mixed concurrent dominant status design was used and included semi‐structured interviews with, or letter responses from, 15 patients and a self‐reported social support score survey of 42 patients with PC. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, a non‐parametric test and a deductive content analysis. Regarding the self‐reported social support score survey, 42 patients reported the social support as good (mean [SD]; range 4.34 [1.06]; 1–6). The most frequent form of social support was affirmation (mean [SD] 4.65 [1.07]), and the least frequent was emotional support (mean [SD] 4.14 [1.16]). Employment status and primary operation were significantly associated with the social support received. Qualitative data imply that family members are the most important emotional supporters. Emotional support from healthcare professionals was felt to be insufficient. Despite their affirmation, patients felt they received incomplete information about the disease. Patients received concrete aid from family members but felt there was a lack of professional help. Although patients deemed the overall social support received to be good, they received insufficient support from healthcare professionals (emotional support) and had unmet informational needs (affirmation) as well as uncertainties regarding income support (concrete aid). Our results can help nurses provide more holistic care to patients with PC. This information can be utilized in the development of nursing interventions for such patients and their family members. In the future, nurses' and other healthcare professionals' counselling skills should be taken into account in their training. They also need to be supported through consultation and referral resources when they reach the limits of their expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how often glaucoma and neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (nAMD) occur in the same patient and to evaluate whether glaucoma progression is faster in eyes treated with intravitreal anti‐VEGF medications for nAMD. Methods: This single‐centre retrospective real‐world data (RWD) consists of medical records of 6314 glaucoma and 2166 nAMD patients treated in 2008–2017 in Tays Eye Centre, Finland. To study glaucoma progression, changes in visual fields (mean deviation [MD], dB/year), IOP (mmHg/year) and fundus photographs (progression, yes/no) were compared in glaucoma eyes with and without anti‐VEGF treatment for nAMD and ≥1 year follow‐up. Results: During the 10‐year period, 147 patients with glaucoma received intravitreal anti‐VEGF treatment for nAMD corresponding to 2% of glaucoma and 7% of nAMD patients. The mean change in MD was −0.70 dB/year (SD 1.8) vs. −0.27 dB/year (SD 1.7) (p = 0.027) in glaucoma eyes with (n = 37) and without (n = 4304) anti‐VEGF injections, respectively. In patients with bilateral glaucoma and unilateral nAMD treated with anti‐VEGF injections (n = 20), MD declined at −0.62 dB/year (SD 1.9) vs 0.33 dB/year (SD 1.5) (p = 0.654), and glaucoma progression was detected in 14/20 vs 10/20 (p = 0.219) fundus photographs in eyes with anti‐VEGF treatment compared with their untreated fellow eyes. Conclusion: nAMD and glaucoma were found co‐existing in the same eye at rates that were similar to the age‐corrected prevalence of the two diseases in the general population. Our results suggest that intravitreal anti‐VEGF treatment for nAMD may accelerate glaucoma progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]