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The development of cost-effective green vehicle technology, such as electric vehicle has been prompted by the need for a cleaner environment. As the number of electric vehicle (EVs) on the road rises, charging infrastructure becomes increasingly important. The electric vehicle charging system has a number of issues, including ways to improve its operation and efficiency and a better understanding of current EV charging habits. As a result, this paper employs RFID (radio frequency identification) technology, which allows users to be automatically identified. Electromagnetic waves are used to transmit and receive data from users in this technology.

Over usage of a Smartphone during sleeping time interferes with the quality of sleep which seriously impacted the overall mental health status of the students. This study aims to find the impact of Smartphone usage on the quality of sleep and identified the seven components of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) among three groups of Smartphone users. The stratified random sampling technique was used to collect the data from the participants. A standardized Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index tool was given to the students. The result of the study showed the majority of the undergraduate students were having poor quality of sleep. The poor quality of sleep and daytime sleep dysfunction was due to inadequate hours of sleep at night which affects online class attendance and academic performance during the covid-19 pandemic.

This paper studies the complete targets coverage problem in a novel and practical context: sensor nodes operating in an Internet of Things (IoT) network that have a dual-battery system with non-ideal properties. Specifically, sensor nodes have batteries that cannot be charged and discharged simultaneously. Also, sensor nodes must fully discharge/charge a battery before it is charged/discharged again. We outline a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) and use it to optimize the activation schedule of sensor nodes. Its objective is to maximize complete targets coverage lifetime. We also propose a heuristic solution named Battery Switching Aware Algorithm (BSAA) to solve large problem instances. Simulation results show the performance of BSAA achieves approximately 98% of the coverage lifetime of MILP. In addition, equipping sensor nodes with a dual battery system prolongs the coverage lifetime by up to 70.2%.

This article presents the design and performance analysis of a printed microstrip ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna consisting of the slots in the ground plane and radiating patch. A meandered S-shaped slot has been introduced on the patch and an inverted U-shaped slot has been incorporated in the ground plane to realize the band-notch effect for WiMAX (3.2–3.8 GHz) and WLAN (5.1–5.8 GHz) bands respectively. The total dimension of the proposed design is 44 × 44 mm2. The fabricated antenna exhibits wide impedance bandwidth of 10 GHz (2.4–12.4 GHz), i.e., 135% of center frequency. The design prototype is fabricated, and the measured results have good agreement with simulated values. The effects of the slots have been analyzed by simulated surface current distribution. The designed antenna shows almost omnidirectional radiation patter and stable gain. The proposed hexagonal antenna may be suitable for UWB applications removing WiMAX and WLAN bands.

The basic purpose of MEMS actuation is to miniaturize the actuators and sensors for applications in nanoelectronics. The transistor switching current and power supply noises due to voltage drops across the metal lines can impair circuit timing and performance, posing a continuing problem for high-performance chip designers. This work presents an empirical concept of a reconfigurable charge pump based on FPGA for electrostatic actuation of the Microelectromechanical System (MEMS). The goal of the design is to produce enough on-chip voltages for actuating the MEMS that are continuously adaptive and reconfigurable. In this proposed method, pumping capacitors lying in the range of 1-pF have been deployed to decrease the area of design concerned. The various voltages are programmable digitally and created by dynamically altering the number of phases as well as the clock drive levels. The dynamic model is designed by adjusting the number of stages to produce on-chip voltages including clock drive speeds, assuming a purely capacitive load. The proposed model’s power consumption can be lowered in the steady state by lowering its clock frequency and electrostatic MEMS actuators with capacitive load. An average of 0.62 W is dissipated by the circuit when the eight stages are triggered. Consequently, with adiabatic and without adiabatic architecture, 0.0186 mW of minimum power difference is obtained.

In recent decades, electric vehicles (EVs) have been garnering tremendous popularity because of their improved performance and efficiency, as well as new concerns about global warming, greenhouse gas emissions, and the depletion of fossil fuels. Extensive use of electric vehicles has already been seen in the automotive industry, especially because of the CO2 emissions and global environmental challenges they help with. A lot of attention has been paid to lithium-ion batteries for their numerous benefits, including lightweight, fast charging, high energy density, extended lifespan, and low self-discharge. This study covers the state of charge (SOC) estimation and management of the lithium-ion battery for sustainable future electric vehicle applications. The importance of adopting a lithium-ion battery management system (BMS) is shown, which guarantees a stable and safe operation and assesses the battery state of charge (SOC). According to the review, the SOC is an important parameter as it denotes the battery’s remaining charge and influences charging and discharging tactics. Additionally, it is shown that existing lithium-ion battery SOC has a positive effect on ensuring the safe and efficient operation of electric vehicles with their charging and discharging capacities. Despite these hurdles, batteries still have certain limitations, such as complex electro-chemical reactions, decreased performance, and inaccuracies in enhancing battery performance and life. This paper thoroughly reviews the approaches used to estimate or capture (SOC) parameters by focusing on the calculation model or algorithm, advantages, disadvantages, and estimation error. It describes a number of aspects and obstacles that have been identified and suggestions for their use in the development of BMS and for estimating SOC in future EV applications are offered. The rising attempts to improve the high-tech future EV applications, SOC calculation method, and energy management system will be enhanced by this review’s highlight insights.

Consumer behavior is a critical consideration for the development of sustainable waste management systems, including waste batteries, which pose a serious threat to human health and the environment if disposed of improperly. This study investigates the consumers’ perspective on the waste battery collection and recycling behaviors in Australia, and analyses their implications for the development of recycling schemes. The results show that, although general awareness exists among consumers about the negative impacts of improper disposal, this awareness was not reflected during the disposal of waste batteries among the participants. Insufficient knowledge about the waste battery collection points and convenience were the most important factors affecting the inappropriate disposal behavior from most of the consumers. Over 50% of participants were unaware of the collection points for waste batteries. The most-preferred battery collection systems involved a deposit return system similar to that used for bottle recycling in the state of New South Wales (NSW) or collection at supermarkets/retailers. The most preferred methods for providing an incentive to recycle batteries were “old-for-new” battery swaps, “vouchers that could be used for other items in a store,” and “cash payments.” Several policy implications have been highlighted from this pioneering study that could shape the future development of sustainable waste battery management systems in Australia.

The cascaded H-bridge low-capacitance static com- pensator (LC-StatCom) uses relatively small capacitors subjected to large voltage oscillations. When a capacitor degrades, its capacitance differs from the nominal value, and this deteriorates the StatCom operation and safety. This is an important reason to monitor the capacitors condition in StatComs. This letter presents a detailed analysis of the capacitor voltage oscillations and their dependence on the capacitance values. The analysis allows monitoring the condition of the capacitors using a closed- loop approach that feedbacks the error in voltage oscillations. The proposed method is a hardware-free online solution for ca- pacitor condition monitoring (CCM) in LC-StatComs. The letter presents simulation and experimental results that corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed CCM loop.

Masses of user-side smart meter data provide a foundation for utilities to acquire users’ electricity consumption patterns and promote refined energy management. Therefore, the charging load of electric vehicles can be identified non-intrusively through the smart meter data of residential users, which provides flexible resources for the demand side response of power grid enterprises and is beneficial to the power dispatching decision making. Meanwhile, revealing residential energy consumption behavior from smart meter data is treated as energy privacy leakage. Extensive data collection from smart meters has raised privacy risk, which could lead to the reduction of trust in utilities from households. Aiming at this problem, the paper proposes a non-intrusive method to extract residential electric vehicles, and on this basis, discusses the privacy protection. In this paper, DWT method is used to decompose the total power of smart meter to extract the charging load of electric vehicle, and similar charging load patterns are added to smart meter data to preserve the residential EV charging behavior privacy. Practical households with EVs are used to test the proposed method and the result shows its feasibility for the performance of privacy-preserving.

Adding a damping unit to a shunt capacitor is an effective way to mitigate capacitor-caused resonance. However, damping units suffer from power loss issues. This shortcoming is amplified further in cases where resonance has a low possibility of occurring. In view of this, an adaptive damping method is proposed to improve the existing scheme. The damping unit is capable of mitigating resonance and eliminating the power loss under the non-resonance condition. The core idea of the proposed approach is to add a breaker so that the damping unit can be switched on or off depending on whether resonance occurs. The design of and control mechanism for the proposed switchable damping unit are presented. The performances of the new resonance mitigation scheme in terms of harmonic mitigation, loading, switching transient and cost are verified for an actual capacitor application case.

A low voltage high performance design of operational transconductance amplifier is proposed in this paper. The proposed architecture is based on bulk driven quasi-floating gate metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) which supports low voltage operation and improves the gain of the amplifier. Besides to this the tail current source requirement of operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is removed by using the flipped voltage follower structure at the input pair along with bulk driven quasi-floating gate MOSFET. The proposed operational transconductance amplifier shows a five-fold increase in direct current (DC) gain and 3-fold increase in unity gain bandwidth when compared with its conventional bulk driven architecture. The metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) model used for amplifier design is of 0.18 um complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology at supply of 0.5 V.

This paper introduces a new switched-capacitor-based multilevel inverter topology. The proposed structure consists of six switches with a single DC voltage source and three floating capacitors, and it is capable of producing a six-level output voltage waveform with voltage boosting gain of 2.5. Moreover, the voltages of the capacitors are constructively balanced because they are directly charged to fixed voltage by the input DC voltage source. The operating principles, circuit description, and pulse-width modulation (PWM control technique for the proposed topology are presented, along with the selection of components. A comparative study between the proposed inverter and other existing multilevel inverter topologies is also discussed. The simulation results are provided to confirm the theoretical analysis. Further, the experimental results obtained from a laboratory-built prototype under different conditions are presented as a comparison to assess the performance of the proposed inverter.

The aim of this paper is to conduct a mutual comparison of switching energy losses in cascade gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon "super junction" MOSFET” transistor, in both cases designed for a maximum operating voltage of (650 V). For the analysis of switching characteristics of transistors used double pulse test method by using detailed SPICE simulation model. Data on transient on and off processes were generated using the “LTspice” simulation package in a wide range of drain currents with two different gate resistance values of the tested transistors. The total energy losses in the GaN have been simulated during one transistor at (on and off cycle). The obtained results indicate that the superior switching characteristics of GaN devices for a drain current of (30 A) is five to eight times less than the switching characteristics of silicon “MOSFET” transistor when compared to silicon components, especially during operation of transistors with high drain currents.

Electrical vehicles will be the next biggest revolution in vehicle industries. The present infrastructure, which is currently in use has lot of drawbacks and shortcomings which needed to be overcome. The biggest problem is lack of charging infrastructure for electrical vehicle and so electrical vehicle users always have this charging anxiety in their mind while picking up electrical vehicle for some purpose, so this paper will provide an incredible solution to this problem by implementing a V2V charging infrastructure without bringing a charging station in to the picture. This V2V charging infrastructure will use conducting charging as medium of charging. Keywords: vehicle to live, vehicle to home, vehicle to grid, bidirectional charging

Active-capacitive and inductive-capacitive circuits with series connection of capacitors are widely used in the electric power industry to compensate for reactive power. In traction power supply systems for railways electrified with alternating current, compensation units perform two tasks: under heavy load, they maintain a given railway throughput, and under low load, they reduce power losses in the traction network. Therefore, the installation of compensation in the traction network must be at least two-stage, i.e. have two reactive power values and, accordingly, two capacitance values. The value of reactive power in such installations is regulated in steps by switching individual sections of capacitors, which are connected in series. When switching capacitors in series, previously unknown specific transients can occur. They cause significant overvoltages on the capacitors. It is shown that in some cases the calculation of transient processes in active-capacitive circuits with capacitors connected in series using the well-known classical method gives results that differ from the actual values. The purpose of the article is to provide a previously unknown theoretical basis for calculating transient processes in electrical circuits containing series-connected capacitors using the example of active-capacitive DC circuits. The studies carried out are of practical importance, since in modern electrical installations, thyristor switches are used as switching equipment, in which the shunting of one capacitor in the compensating installation occurs at the maximum voltage on the operating capacitor. In this case, overvoltages exceeding the assumed values ​​are possible, in the limit up to double the amplitude value of the supply voltage. A theoretical substantiation of this phenomenon is given by the example of the analysis of the transient process in an active-capacitive circuit with two consecutively connected capacitors.

Wireless power transmission (WPT) is the method that transferring electrical energy from power source to electrical without any physical contact and it can be used to transfer power to electricity dependent systems or devices. In WPT, electromagnetic energy is produced to transmit the energy from power source (transmitter) to the load (receiver) via resonant inductive coupling. This article focuses on the design of a resonant inductive coupling using parallel-T topology in coupling WTR and combined of single transmitter with multiple receivers. In addition, principle of magnetic wave between the transmitter and receiver with related parameters is utilized to develop in WPT. A parallel-T topology that consists of T-matching network for secondary side is proposed as it is more suitable for weak coupling wireless power transfer applications. Besides that, three circuits are designed to show the resonant inductive coupling for WTP which including the circuit with and without matching network and the circuit of single transmitter with multiple receivers. The simulation of output voltage and output current are observed to relate the effects of frequency on the circuit. The graph of output voltage and power are plotted to show the pattern on effect of the frequencies to the resonant inductive coupling circuit.

Electricity theft has become a matter of trouble for both customers and electricity distribution companies. Due to electricity theft, distribution companies are facing lots of T&D losses every year. Despite of several technical measures adopted, there is no significant reduction in losses due to electricity theft. This fact diverts the attention towards non-technical measures which include formulation and enforcement of stringent rules and regulations. As the policies need to be enforced on electricity customers, therefore, policies should be designed in accordance with the customers’ attitude towards electricity theft. Therefore, this work has analyzed their attitude towards role of certain socio-economic factors which strongly impact the practice of electricity theft. This study has surveyed the electricity customers of two distribution companies, UHBVN and DHBVN in State Haryana. The findings of this work may help the electricity distribution companies to chalk out better and more effective plans to put check upon the practice of electricity theft in the society.

Despite fast technological advances, the worldwide adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is still hampered mainly by charging time, efficiency, and lifespan. Lithium-ion batteries have become the primary source for EVs because of their high energy density and long lifetime. Currently, several methods intend to determine the health of lithium-ion batteries fast-charging protocols. Filling a gap in the literature, a clear classification of charging protocols is presented and investigated here. This paper categorizes fast-charging protocols into the power management protocol, which depends on a controllable current, voltage, and cell temperature, and the material aspects charging protocol, which is based on material physical modification and chemical structures of the lithium-ion battery. In addition, each of the charging protocols is further subdivided into more detailed methodologies and aspects. A full evaluation and comparison of the latest studies is proposed according to the underlying parameterization effort, the battery cell used, efficiency, cycle life, charging time, and increase in surface temperature of the battery. The pros and cons of each protocol are scrutinized to reveal possible research tracks concerning EV fast-charging protocols.

Quality sleep is very important for a healthy life. Nowadays, many people around the world are not getting enough sleep, which has negative impacts on their lifestyles. Studies are being conducted for sleep monitoring and better understanding sleep behaviors. The gold standard method for sleep analysis is polysomnography conducted in a clinical environment, but this method is both expensive and complex for long-term use. With the advancements in the field of sensors and the introduction of off-the-shelf technologies, unobtrusive solutions are becoming common as alternatives for in-home sleep monitoring. Various solutions have been proposed using both wearable and non-wearable methods, which are cheap and easy to use for in-home sleep monitoring. In this article, we present a comprehensive survey of the latest research works (2015 and after) conducted in various categories of sleep monitoring, including sleep stage classification, sleep posture recognition, sleep disorders detection, and vital signs monitoring. We review the latest research efforts using the non-invasive approach and cover both wearable and non-wearable methods. We discuss the design approaches and key attributes of the work presented and provide an extensive analysis based on ten key factors, with the goal to give a comprehensive overview of the recent developments and trends in all four categories of sleep monitoring. We also collect publicly available datasets for different categories of sleep monitoring. We finally discuss several open issues and future research directions in the area of sleep monitoring.

An ultra-voltage gain dc-dc converter is proposed in this paper using an active impedance network with a single MOSFET switch. The proposed converter utilizes minimum components and achieves the ultra-gain with lower switch voltage stress. The general structure of an n-stage active switched impedance topology is presented, and the detailed operation of the basic converter configuration is discussed. The components of the converter are designed using proper mathematics, and a 200 W, 50 kHz, 650 V lab-scale hardware prototype is fabricated. The dynamic model of the converter is derived, and the transfer function v/d is presented. The testing of the 200 W prototype has been done, and the experimented waveforms are shown. Reduced components, lower voltage stress, ultra-voltage gain and single MOSFET are the major merits of the proposed converter; hence the converter has a potential application in high-voltage low power systems.

Bifurcation amplifiers are two-state systems that behave as flip-flops. We propose a two-bit shift register with coupled bidirectional bifurcation amplifiers. We consider a model of the amplifier that is based on a driven nonlinear vibrational system with Duffing nonlinearity. A discussed physical implementation is a nano-mechanical system. The analysis of bifurcation points provides a design framework for driving forces. We use a modulated two-level pulse at the first amplifier and a periodic three-level pulse at the second. We numerically demonstrate that these driving forces allow for the transfer of digital data between each amplifier. Our investigation provides an alternative approach for developing digital shift registers using nonlinear dynamics at the nanoscale.

An electricity supply chain game model composed of electricity generation enterprise and electricity retailer enterprise is constructed to evaluate the impact of service quality and peak-valley pricing on electricity supply chain coordination mechanism. Decisions on electricity service quality and peak-valley pricing are studied. Following this, the contract coordination under the electricity supply chain is discussed. Based on the game framework, the main research results are as follows. First, the centralized system provides a lower peak-valley price and higher electricity service quality, electricity demand, and supply chain’s profit compared with the decentralized system. Second, with the service quality sensitivity coefficient, the electricity service quality, electricity price, and electricity demand increase, increasing the profit. Third, with the electricity service quality cost coefficient, the electricity service quality, electricity price, and electricity demand decrease, reducing the profit. Fourth, revenue sharing and an electricity service quality investment cost-sharing contract could achieve the coordination of the supply chain.

In this paper, a new hybrid transformerless high voltage gain DC-DC converter is created by merging two-inductor boost converter with voltage multiplier and switched capacitor cells. The main advantages of the proposed converter is the high voltage gain, simplicity of operation, high efficiency, reduced voltage and current stresses on the components. A 200 W, 37.4 V/400 V, 100 kHz prototype was implemented in laboratory to evaluate the proposed converter, which reached a maximum efficiency of 98.24 %.

For reduce the high inrush current caused by the low impedance of the resonant tank of LLC resonant converter during the start-up process, this paper proposes a PWM strategy based on the event triggered control (ETC) method. In order to select the trigger event, the segmented state space modeling is used to analyze the relationship between the system state variables and the driving signals. Then, it selects the current and the capacitor voltage in the resonant tank to establish the ETC function to obtain the PWM strategy for the start-up process. When the output voltage is gradually established, the amplitude of the resonant current will be less than the pre-set threshold. Then the resonant capacitor voltage can be used to trigger the event. Finally, by comparing with the experimental results using the traditional soft start-up strategy, the proposed PWM strategy can limit the current and the capacitor voltage in the resonant tank during the start-up process to below the pre-set threshold, while greatly reducing the settling time of output voltage. In addition, the ETC method can achieve smooth switching from the start-up process to the steady state.

In this paper, a new switched capacitor-based structure is presented for a single-phase multilevel inverter. The proposed structure is capable of boosting the input voltage and producing fifteen voltage levels at the output utilizing two separated DC voltage sources along with a switched capacitor unit. The proposed structure also has self-charging capability and can automatically adjust the capacitor voltage without any sensor. A quantitative comparison with similar structures has been performed to confirm the proposed structure. Furthermore, loss and thermal simulations have been performed for the proposed structure. The functionality of the proposed structure is examined by the simulation results. Finally, a laboratory prototype is implemented to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed structure and its control method.

In this paper, we present a novel low area joint 2T spin orbit torque magnetic random access memory (SOT-MRAM) cell architecture. The proposed joint 2T cell achieves up to 15% of SOT-MRAM cell area reduction by sharing the diffusion regions of transistors between adjacent cells. In addition, the small bit-line capacitance of the proposed SOT-MRAM can lead to 27% read energy reduction in comparison to the conventional SOT-MRAM. When the proposed 1 MB SOT-MRAM is used as L2 cache of X86 processor, the gem5 simulation results show the average of 18% dynamic energy savings in various workloads of SPEC2006 benchmarks.

The switched‐capacitor DC‐DC converters have been widely applied to convert energy from low voltage to DC bus for the power generation systems with fuel cells, photovoltaic array, and so on. However, the large capacitance is generally selected to eliminate the high current spike of switched‐capacitors in the hard‐switching switched‐capacitor (SC) DC‐DC converters, which will lead to the large volume and weight of capacitors and of converters. To solve this problem, a non‐resonant soft‐switching (NRSS) technique with linear current on switching cycle time‐scale for switched‐capacitor DC‐DC converters is first proposed in this paper, which achieves zero‐current‐switching (ZCS) turn‐on of switches and ZCS turn‐off of diodes with linear current on switching cycle time‐scale. In detail, the NRSS technique is proposed based on the idea that the current of an auxiliary inductor on switching cycle time‐scale is considered as the linear parts for the resonant current of the auxiliary inductor on resonant cycle time‐scale. The proposed NRSS technique is utilized into SC DC‐DC converter and the current spikes of switches can be reduced to two third by using the same capacitance compared with the hard‐switching SC DC‐DC converters and be reduced to a third compared with the resonant soft‐switching SC DC‐DC converters. Further, nine new soft‐switching SC DC‐DC converters, with single switch and double switches, are built based on the proposed non‐resonant soft‐switching technique. Finally, the non‐resonant soft‐switching technique is verified theoretically and experimentally by three of the nine proposed SC DC‐DC converters. This paper provides a new way to realize soft‐switching during the non‐resonant interval on switching cycle time‐scale and a new method to significantly reduce the required capacitance in SC DC‐DC converters.

Pulsed fluidic actuators play a central role in the fluid flow experimental control strategy to achieve better performances of aeronautic devices. In this paper, we demonstrate, through an experimental test bench, how the interpolatory-based Loewner Data-Driven Control (L-DDC) framework is an appropriate tool for accurately controlling the outflow velocity of this family of actuators. L-DDC combines the concept of ideal controller with the Loewner framework in a single data-driven rationale, appropriate to experimental users. The contributions of the paper are, first, to emphasise the simplicity and versatility of such a data-driven rationale in a constrained experimental setup, and second, to solve some practical fluid engineers concerns by detailing the complete workflow and key ingredients for successfully implementing a pulsed fluidic actuator controller from the data acquisition to the control implementation and validation stages., Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures

A 16-bit 120 MS/s sample-hold-amplifier-less(SHA-less) pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with an on-chip calibration technique in a 0.18 μm CMOS process is presented. A switched capacitor circuit with an auxiliary unit capacitor in the multiplying-digital-to-analog converter (MDAC) of the first stage is proposed. The auxiliary-capacitor based calibration technique eliminates the need for a dedicated reference buffer to generate the calibration voltages at all the comparator thresholds. By switching the auxiliary capacitor and doing some simple calculation work, all the capacitor mismatches in the first and second stages are corrected in the digital domain, thereby significantly improving the ADC performance. Measurement results show that, with 70.1 MHz input, the signal-to-noise-and-distortion-ratio (SNDR) is improved from 75.5 dB to 77.8 dB, and the spurious-free-dynamic-range (SFDR) is improved from 81.9 dBc to 90.5 dBc with the proposed calibration technique.

The analytical modeling of parasitic capacitances in inductors is commonly based on the energy-conservation law. Yet, in order to calculate the equivalent capacitances of inductors, the floating voltage potential of magnetic core is required to be preknown in all previous modeling methods. This letter proposes an analytical method for calculating the parasitic capacitances of the inductors with low-resistivity cores, which does not require any prior knowledge of the floating core potential. The proposed modeling method can be extended to the transformers as well as multiterminal magnetic devices. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Leakage current issues are worthy of attention for non-isolated grid-connected systems. This paper introduces the method of eliminating common-mode (CM) voltage and reducing the leakage current based on modulation, and analyzes the correlation between actual effects of the method and the flying capacitor (FC) voltage balance in three-phase three-level FC grid-connected inverter. The proposed carrier-based modulation can balance the FC voltage by changing the transmission sequences of pulses and theoretically achieve zero CM voltage. In order to deal with the low frequency fluctuation and bias voltage of FC caused by asymmetry of actual hardware, the control method is introduced, which controls FC voltage by changing the action times distribution of switches, while still eliminating the CM voltage. Simulation and experimental results are provided to validate that the proposed method can control FC voltage and achieve good performance in suppressions of CM voltage, leakage current and CM EMI noise.

Design scheme for embedding chipless radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag in quick response (QR) code is proposed and demonstrated. By searching for QR modules that can be metalized to form a loop resonator in the edge area and to load the loop in the central area, chipless RFID tag with optimized loaded-loop resonator can be designed in the QR code. Specific loop genetic operator is proposed for the optimization searching. The optimized loaded-loop resonator has sharp dominant resonant peak at frequency as low as possible and harmonic resonant peak at frequency as high as possible, which provides large space for data encoding of chipless RFID. By removing or de-metalizing the metalized loading modules, the resonant frequency can be tuned conveniently for FSK coding. For demonstration, chipless RFID tag embedded in QR code is designed and tested. It is shown that the RFID tag allows at least nine distinct resonant frequencies for simple FSK coding, which indicates a coding capacity of 3.17 bits and a normalization coding density of approximately 501.78 bits/λg2/GHz for the chipless RFID tag embedded in the QR code.

The development of energy storage system essential for renewable energy can solve the energy crisis along with environmental issues. There are different types of energy storage devices like battery, capacitor, etc. Battery has high energy density whereas capacitor has high power density. Therefore, battery can store huge amount of charge but its required large time for charging and discharging. So, a new efficient device was designed, named supercapacitor, which have both the advantages of battery and capacitor. This paper discussed the mechanism of supercapacitor along with its advantages and disadvantages. Also, future scope of supercapacitor was depicted in this article. Keywords: Battery, Capacitor, Supercapacitor, Hybrid energy storage system

For DC voltage amplification, the operational amplifier is mostly used in the non-inverting configuration. In this case, the DC voltage amplification is done using a negative capacitance converter. Since the feedback capacitor acts as an open circuit for DC signal, it provides isolation between input and output. The amplified voltage level is limited by the breakdown voltage of the transistors used to build the op-amp and further the insulation breakdown limit of the Miller capacitor. By making use of new technologies such as silicon carbide technology, the breakdown voltage of transistors can be made higher even 1.2 KV and combined with high voltage engineering for capacitive insulation such as polymer capacitors, this can become a huge breakthrough in electric power engineering. Additionally, it can be used as a effective DC source for electric vehicles. The nominal voltage used in hybrid vehicles ranges from 100V to 200V.For electric-only vehicles, the required voltage is as high as 800V.The simulations are done using MIT Circuit sandbox, an open source circuit simulation tool. Keywords: DC amplifier, Op-amp, negative capacitance, silicon carbide and high voltage insulation.

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (referred to as WiMAX) is a MAC and physical layer wireless communications technology for outdoor broadband wireless coverage. The WiMAX standard leaves key areas of the protocol, including packet scheduling, frame packing, and modulation/coding adaptation, unspecified. In order to accurately model and analyze WiMAX, realistic assumptions must be used. Because WiMAX systems have not been widely studied, there is a disconnect between theoretical WiMAX systems and real-world deployed systems. In this paper we are mixing up the WLAN and Wimax protocols to make it more useful for various applications.

This paper presents system performance indices for a class-B power amplifier using Double-Gate (DG) Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). It also presents a comparative analysis of three power amplifiers using different switching devices, i.e. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), MOSFET, and DG MOSFET. The MOSFET used in this research work is based on Silicon for n-MOSFET and SiO2 has been used as oxide layer. These power amplifiers are also being designed and simulated to test the speed and time (taken for each of these power amplifiers) to get the output signal when an input signal is applied. A comparison of these three power amplifier circuits is taken in the tabular form to conclude which power amplifier circuit performs better regarding its switching speed and the time. Switching speed relates with the time taken to amplify the signal, which is the same as its time to amplify the signal to a specific gain. Settling time for these three types of power amplifiers have also been tested and presented for the performance of these power amplifiers.

In this paper, a broadband 100-700 MHz power amplifier was designed. The results of simulation are compared with the measurements,The shunt feedback of power amplifier module provides the linear and broadband frequency amplification. The push-pull topology with ferrite balun provides enhanced efficiency and high power generation along In this work a commercially available LDMOS transistor (D2003UK) is used, The amplifier can deliver 6W to a 50 ohm load and has 14dB gain.Broadband high power amplifiers are considered as key components in next generation software defined radio communication systems. In principle, application of a linear, highly efficient wide band amplifier can replace several narrow band power amplifiers, yielding reduced costs and form factor, This paper uses D2003UK a transistor to achieve a 6 Watt amplifier for broad band .

The paper overviews novel method for wi-fi charging gadget of electrical automobile. As the battery of the electrical automobile is charged wirelessly through inductive coupling technique which may be very handy considering the fact that excessive ability battery isn't always required and it is able to get replaced with the aid of using small battery of decreased weight. Considering the exploitation of the traditional sources the provision of current fuel and petrol is depleting . This paves the improvement of electrical automobile. In electric powered automobile charging of battery via charger and twine is inconvenient, dangerous and expensive. The carried out wi-fi charging gadget of battery for Electric automobile with the aid of using inductive coupling technique has been offered on this paper. The popular generation of wi-fi EV battery charging is primarily based totally at the Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) among coupled coils, one linked to the electric grid and the opposite one linked to the rechargeable battery. The transmitter coil circuit is flip ON and OFF on every occasion the automobile is gift and absent respectively. Through IPT, the electrocution hazard usually springing up from energy cords is averted and the battery charging operation can routinely start. Using the RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) sticky label affixed at the wind display of the electrical automobile which permits the clients to make the charging price at once from the account linked.

As the demand for high data rates is increasing day by day, fifth-generation (5G) becomes the leading-edge technology in wireless communications. The main objectives of the 5G communication system are to enhance the data rates (up to 20 Gbps) and capacity, ultra-low latency (1 ms), high reliability, great flexibility, and enhance device to device communication. The mentioned objectives lead to the hunting of the millimeter-wave frequency range which lies from 30 to 300 GHz for 5G wireless communications. To design such high capacity, low latency, and flexible systems, antenna design is one of the crucial parts. In this paper, a survey is presented on various antenna designs with their fabrication on different types of substrates such as Rogers RT/duroid 5880, Rogers RO4003C, Taconic TLY-5, etc., at different 5G frequency bands. The different configurations of antennas that covered antenna arrays, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, phased antennas, and beamforming antennas are discussed in detail with their applications. The design of MIMO antennas in the 5G frequency band occupied less space so mutual coupling reduction techniques are required for maintaining the required gain, efficiency, and isolation. This paper is also focused on the mutual coupling reduction techniques and diversity in MIMO antennas.

This paper presents a physical model for monolithic self-rolled-up microtube interdigital capacitors and elaborates their working mechanisms in comparison to on-chip planar interdigital capacitors. Besides the high-frequency phenomena such as the skin effect in thin, wide metal films, the model accounts for the complexities resulting from all possible 3D electrode configurations, such as the inner diameter dependent overlapping capacitances and edge capacitances between electrodes, as well as parasitic inductances within the rolled-up structure between the fingers, for integer and non-integer number of turns. The model is validated by the measured results of fabricated self-rolled-up membrane (S-RuM) interdigital capacitors over a wide range of layout and process parameters. This fully enables the structural design optimization for electrical performance of this 3D device architecture.

This article presents a low-jitter and low-spur charge-sampling phase-locked loop (CSPLL). A charge-domain sub-sampling phase detector is introduced to achieve a high phase-detection gain and to reduce the PLL in-band phase noise. Even without employing any power-hungry isolation buffers, the proposed phase detector dramatically suppresses the reference spurs by both minimizing the modulated capacitance seen by the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) tank and by reducing the duty cycle of the sampling clock. A 50μW RF-dividerless frequency-tracking loop is also introduced to lock the CSPLL robustly when the VCO faces a sudden frequency disturbance. Fabricated in a 40-nm CMOS process, the prototype CSPLL occupies a core area of 0.13 mm 2 and synthesizes 9.6-to-12-GHz tones using a 100-MHz reference. At 11.2 GHz, it achieves a reference spur of −77.3 dBc and an RMS jitter of 48.6 fs while consuming 5 mW.

The adaptive charging algorithms of today divide the available charging capacity of a charging site between the electric vehicles without knowing how much current each vehicle draws in reality. Thus, they are not able to detect deviations between the current set point at the charging station and the real charging current. This leads to a situation where the charging capacity of the charging site is not used optimally. This paper presents an algorithm including a novel feature, Expected Characteristic Expectation and tested under realistic circumstances. It is demonstrated that the proposed algorithm enhances the adaptability of the charging site, increasing the efficiency of the used network capacity up to about 2 kWh per charging point per day in comparison with the previous benchmark algorithm. The algorithm is able to increase the average monetary benefits of the charging operators by up to around 5.8%, that is 0.6 € per charging point per day. No input, such as departure time, is required from the user. The proposed algorithm has been tested with real electric vehicles and charging stations and is compatible with the IEC 61851 charging standard. The charging algorithm is applicable in practice as it is described in this paper.

This paper introduces a kilowatt-scale large air-gap capacitive wireless power transfer (WPT) system for electric vehicle (EV) charging that achieves high power transfer density and high efficiency. High power transfer density is achieved by operating at a multi-MHz frequency (13.56 MHz), and by utilizing innovatively designed matching networks that enable effective power transfer by providing gain and reactive compensation while absorbing the parasitics present in the EV charging environment. High efficiency is achieved through the use of new interleaved-foil air-core coupled inductors in the matching networks. Interleaved-foil inductors provide a better tradeoff between quality factor, size and self-resonant frequency compared to conventional solenoidal inductors, making them suitable for compactly and efficiently processing kilowatt-scale power at multi-MHz frequencies. Two variants of the interleaved-foil concept are presented: a semi-toroidal interleaved foil (STIF) inductor and a toroidal interleaved-foil (TIF) inductor. The superior performance of interleaved-foil inductors is demonstrated using analytical formulations, which are validated through finite-element analysis and measurements. Compared to the highest-quality-factor solenoidal inductor, the STIF inductor is shown to achieve 32% smaller box volume while having only 3% lower measured quality factor, while the TIF inductor is shown to achieve an even better tradeoff with 27% smaller box volume and 30% higher measured quality factor. A 13.56-MHz, 12-cm air-gap prototype capacitive WPT system utilizing TIF inductors with a quality factor of 2055 in its matching networks is designed, built and tested. This system achieves record-breaking performance for a capacitive EV charging system, with an efficiency of 94.7% while transferring 3.75 kW using 22-cm diameter coupling plates, corresponding to a power transfer density of 49.4 kW/m2. This TIF-inductor based prototype is also shown to outperform a second high-performance prototype utilizing STIF inductors.

The adaptive charging algorithms of today divide the available charging capacity of a charging site between the electric vehicles without knowing how much current each vehicle draws in reality. Thus, they are not able to detect deviations between the current set point at the charging station and the real charging current. This leads to a situation where the charging capacity of the charging site is not used optimally. This paper presents an algorithm including a novel feature, Expected Characteristic Expectation and tested under realistic circumstances. It is demonstrated that the proposed algorithm enhances the adaptability of the charging site, increasing the efficiency of the used network capacity up to about 2 kWh per charging point per day in comparison with the previous benchmark algorithm. The algorithm is able to increase the average monetary benefits of the charging operators by up to around 5.8%, that is 0.6 € per charging point per day. No input, such as departure time, is required from the user. The proposed algorithm has been tested with real electric vehicles and charging stations and is compatible with the IEC 61851 charging standard. The charging algorithm is applicable in practice as it is described in this paper.

The capacitor–inductor–inductor–capacitor ( CLLC ) converter is a promising topology for bidirectional power conversion applications, such as hydrogen or battery energy storage systems and bidirectional pulsing current charging or heating for electric vehicle (EV) batteries. For these applications, high dynamic constant current control is required. In this article, a novel constant current control method with improved dynamic performance over the conventional proportional–integral (PI) method is proposed for the CLLC converter. In constant current control, the charging and discharging process of the output capacitor determines the dynamic performance. A state trajectory model is proposed for the CLLC converter and is employed to analyze the transient process in the resonant tank. Based on the analysis, a novel dead-band-based control method for the constant current control is proposed. The proposed method can directly and effectively control the charging and the discharging process of the output capacitor, which the conventional PI control method cannot do. As a result, the dynamic performance is improved. The correctness of the proposed state trajectory model, the state trajectory analysis, and the effectiveness of the proposed constant current control method are verified by experiments. Experimental results show that the response time of the proposed method is reduced by more than 50% compared with that of the conventional PI method, with no overshoot.

This paper proposes a high step‐up interleaved boost‐Cuk converter with integrated magnetic coupled inductor that is suitable for photovoltaic systems. By connecting the boost converter and the Cuk converter in parallel at the input terminal and the output terminal in series and integrating a coupled inductor voltage multiplier cell, the proposed converter achieves a higher voltage gain while retaining the continuous input and output current characteristics of the Cuk converter. The passive clamping branch is used to absorb the leakage inductance energy, which effectively suppresses the voltage spike generated by the switch parasitic capacitance and leakage inductance resonance and reduces the maximum voltage stress of the switch. The operation principle of the converter is analysed and the magnetic integration equivalent model and design criteria of the two coupled inductors are given. An array magnetic integrated structure is designed, which effectively reduces the DC bias inside the magnetic core. Finally, a 380 W experimental prototype is built to verify the theoretical analysis.

Parallel electrical manipulator systems have become prevalent in attitude simulation in recent years to achieve a high precision attitude tracking. However, the attitude tracking performance is affected by internal uncertainty, external disturbances, and uncoordinated performance of the electric actuators. In this article, a coordinated attitude control strategy that combined the distributed active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) framework with a consensus algorithm is proposed for the parallel electrical manipulators. We indicate that the proposed coordinated attitude control strategy solves the uncoordinated problem of the electric actuators, and compensates the disturbances that include internal uncertainty and external disturbances. Meanwhile, a closed-loop control is achieved with a guaranteed stable tracking performance. The control strategy is applied to a 3-DOF parallel electrical manipulator system, and comparative experimental results indicate that the proposed coordinated ADRC consensus control strategy can achieve a better tracking performance than the strategy with only ADRC.

Typically, users engage with smartphones in either single-hand or dual-hand mode. To design antennas that operate at 28 GHz and have high pattern integrity for both modes of operation, an orthogonal beam switching module is required as a single phased-arrays would fail. First, a corner bent corporate fed array operating at 28 GHz is proposed, which has a forward gain of 8.5 dBi and a high-front-to-back ratio of 20 dB. Second, a corner bent printed Yagi antenna that also operates in the 28 GHz band is proposed. Both the corner bent antennas are compatible with the panel edge of commercial smartphones. The radiation from both antennas is mostly directed away from the user. A corner bent co-polarized orthogonal beam switching module is presented and characterized. The antenna module also has a shared ground, making it a potential candidate for future 5G smartphones. Detailed results are presented with adequate justification.

Lithium-ion batteries have become one of the most promising technologies for speeding up clean automotive applications, where electrode plays a pivotal role in determining battery performance. Due to the strongly-coupled and highly complex processes to produce battery electrode, it is imperative to develop an effective solution that can predict the properties of battery electrode and perform reliable sensitivity analysis on the key features and parameters during the production process. This paper proposes a novel tree boosting model-based framework to analyze and predict how the battery electrode properties vary with respect to parameters during the early production stage. Three data-based interpretable models including AdaBoost, LPBoost, and TotalBoost are presented and compared. Four key parameters including three slurry feature variables and one coating process parameter are analyzed to quantify their effects on both mass loading and porosity of battery electrode. The results demonstrate that the proposed tree model-based framework is capable of providing efficient quantitative analysis on the importance and correlation of the related parameters and producing satisfying early-stage prediction of battery electrode properties. These can benefit a deep understanding of battery electrodes and facilitate to optimizing battery electrode design for automotive applications.

This research work designs a power amplifier with the use of Silicon-based Double-Gate (DG) MOSFET. It is a novel device used to amplify the input signal of an audio signal, etc. This research paper provides information on the problem identification in the existing models and its design objectives with its design constraints. It also reduces crossover distortion due to DG MOSFET instead of BJTs and MOSFETs in the class-B power amplifier. This is a low-power device for the mA range using SiO2 as a dielectric material.