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The topic of Cryptocurrencies is emerging rapidly. Many investors and public want to invest in digital currencies. So, the nature of cryptocurrency and its theoretical understanding is essential currently. The aim of this research is to study major Cryptocurrencies having capitalization above $1bn and construct directed networks. Eleven major Cryptocurrencies are Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Cardano (ADA), Binance Coin (BNB), Tether (USDT), Ripple (XRP), Doge Coin (DOGE), USD Coin (USDC), Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Chainlink (Link) and Litecoin (LTC). By using returns Granger Causality test was conducted. This test help in concluding that whether change in one price of cryptocurrency cause a change in other Cryptocurrencies or not. After analysis of results, it was concluded that there is a variation in the Cryptocurrencies relation. Some shows a direct cause and effect relation, while some have a unidirectional relation. However, some of them also showed no meaningful relationship. The relationship among these Cryptocurrencies was then showed using directed networks.

This paper investigates soil fluidisation at the microscale using the discrete element method (DEM) in combination with the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Numerical simulations were carried out at varying hydraulic gradients across the granular assembly of soil. The development of local hydraulic gradients, the contact distribution, and the associated fabric changes were investigated. Microscale findings suggest that a critical hydromechanical state inducing fluid-like instability of a granular assembly can be defined by a substantial increase in grain slip associated with a rapid reduction in interparticle contacts. Based on these results, a new micromechanical criterion is proposed to characterise the transformation of granular soil from a hydromechanically stable to an unstable state. The constraint ratio (ratio of the number of constraints to the number of degrees of freedom) is introduced to portray the relative slippage between particles and the loss of interparticle contacts within the granular fabric. Its magnitude of unity corresponds to the condition of zero effective stress, representing the critical hydromechanical state. In practical terms, the results of this study reflect the phenomenon of subgrade mud pumping that occurs in railways when heavy-haul trains pass through at certain axle loads and speeds.

This study presents a microscale approach for evaluating the internal instability of natural granular soils using the discrete element method. The coordination number and the stress reduction factor are combined to assess the internal instability of soil. Distinct boundaries are identified between various soils that are internally stable and unstable. The microscale investigations are then compared with constriction and particle size-based criteria. The findings reveal that the constriction-based criterion predicts internal instability with significantly better accuracy. The relationship between microscale parameters and the constriction-based retention ratio is also examined for practical purposes.

Background This review assessed the case definitions, diagnostic criteria, antimicrobial resistance, and methods used for enteric fever outbreaks and utilization of any unified outbreak score or checklist for early identification and response in Asia and Africa from 1965-2019. Methods We searched enteric fever outbreaks using PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane library. Studies describing a single outbreak event of enteric fever in Asia and Africa from 1965-2019 were reviewed. We excluded case reports, letter to editors, studies reporting typhoid in conjunction with other diseases, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) trip reports, the World Health Organization (WHO) bulletins report, data from mathematical modeling and simulation studies, reviews and ProMed alert. Also, non-typhoidal salmonella outbreaks were excluded. Results A total of 5063 articles were identified using the key terms and 68 studies were selected for data extraction. Most (48, 71%) outbreaks were from Asian countries, 20 (29%) were reported from Africa. Only 15 studies reported the case definition used for case identification during an outbreak and 8 of those were from Asia. A third (20, 29%) of the studies described antibiotic resistance pattern. 43 (63%) studies contained information regarding the source of the outbreak. Outcomes (hospitalization and deaths) were reported in a quarter of studies. Only 23 (29%) of the studies reported outbreak control strategies while none reported any unified outbreak score or a checklist to identify the outbreak. Conclusion This review highlights the variability in detection and reporting methods for enteric fever outbreaks in Asia and Africa. No standardized case definitions or laboratory methods were reported. Only a few studies reported strategies for outbreak control. There is a need for the development of a unified outbreak score or a checklist to identify and report enteric fever outbreaks globally.

Autophagy, an essential intracellular recycling process, is linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases including Crohn’s disease (CD). Factors that lead to the development of impaired autophagy during intestinal inflammation remain largely unexplored. Here, we report the impact of the interaction between serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine;(5-HT)] and autophagy in colitis in mouse and human studies. In mice, increased gut 5-HT inhibited autophagy and led to enhanced colitis susceptibility. Reciprocally, mice with reduced 5-HT exhibited up-regulated autophagy via the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, which resulted in significantly decreased colitis. Deletion of autophagy gene, Atg7, in an epithelial-specific manner, in concert with reduced 5-HT, promoted the development of a colitogenic microbiota and abolished the protective effects conferred by reduced 5-HT. Notably, in control and patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we uncovered that 5-HT treatment inhibited autophagy. Our findings suggest 5-HT as a previously unidentified therapeutic target in intestinal inflammatory disorders such as CD that exhibits dysregulated autophagy.

Introduction: Despite the profound burden of disease, a strategic global response to optimise musculoskeletal (MSK) health and guide national-level health systems strengthening priorities remains absent. Auspiced by the Global Alliance for Musculoskeletal Health (G-MUSC), we aimed to empirically derive requisite priorities and components of a strategic response to guide global and national-level action on MSK health. Methods: Design: mixed-methods, three-phase design. Phase 1: qualitative study with international key informants (KIs), including patient representatives and people with lived experience. KIs characterised the contemporary landscape for MSK health and priorities for a global strategic response. Phase 2: scoping review of national health policies to identify contemporary MSK policy trends and foci. Phase 3: informed by phases 1–2, was a global eDelphi where multisectoral panellists rated and iterated a framework of priorities and detailed components/actions. Results: Phase 1: 31 KIs representing 25 organisations were sampled from 20 countries (40% low and middle income (LMIC)). Inductively derived themes were used to construct a logic model to underpin latter phases, consisting of five guiding principles, eight strategic priority areas and seven accelerators for action. Phase 2: of the 165 documents identified, 41 (24.8%) from 22 countries (88% high-income countries) and 2 regions met the inclusion criteria. Eight overarching policy themes, supported by 47 subthemes, were derived, aligning closely with the logic model. Phase 3: 674 panellists from 72 countries (46% LMICs) participated in round 1 and 439 (65%) in round 2 of the eDelphi. Fifty-nine components were retained with 10 (17%) identified as essential for health systems. 97.6% and 94.8% agreed or strongly agreed the framework was valuable and credible, respectively, for health systems strengthening. Conclusion: An empirically derived framework, co-designed and strongly supported by multis

Thorough characterization of mixing behavior and separation efficiencies of large-scale distillation trays is important especially in their design phase. A precise account of the tray operation would allow modifying their mixing and mass-transfer characteristics (via design modifications) for better separation efficiencies (see design strategy in Fig. 1, left). Fig. 1. Design strategy for distillation trays (left), and relevant data on the distributions of liquid holdup, residence time, RTD variance, and species concentration (right). The existing literature lacks a thorough hydrodynamic description of large-scale distillation trays. Thus, the CFD studies have relied either on trivial measurements (such as those of pressure drop, liquid weeping and entrainment, visual froth height, etc.) or the available low-resolution residence time data for model validation rather than on refined data on flow path and local mixing. Meanwhile, an extensive description of the tray hydrodynamics can be made available using the recently proposed flow profiler.1 Based on recent developments in that regard, the distributions of liquid holdup, residence time and mixing are obtained over the entire deck (see Fig. 1, right) for several gas and liquid loadings at high resolution. The acquired data permits to predict the tray efficiency by applying models that relate liquid flow patterns with the tray performance, such as the recently proposed ‘Refined RTD (RRTD) model’ that considers the mixing behavior at intermediary tray locations.2 Eventually, experimental data on air stripping of isobutyl acetate from the aqueous solution at tray loadings same as those during the hydrodynamic experiments can be applied to validate the proposed efficiency model. An example of species concentration distribution (i.e., examined using UV spectroscopy) over the tray deck is also shown in Fig. 1 (right). [1] Vishwakarma, V., Schleicher, E., Schubert, M., Tschofen, M. and Löschau, M., 2020. Sensor zur Vermess

This work reports the hydrodynamic description of a large-scale sieve tray equipped in an air/water column mockup. The test tray accommodates a multi-probe flow profiler for simultaneous conductivity measurements. 3D liquid holdup distribution, liquid residence time distribution and effective froth height distribution are obtained at high spatiotemporal resolution for several gas and liquid loadings. The liquid flow and mixing patterns are visualized via tracer-based experiments. The methodologies used for acquiring these distributions are discussed in this work. Thorough examination of the processed experimental data reveals the hydrodynamic characteristics of an operational sieve tray for the studied loadings.

Understanding the tray hydrodynamics is important for their effective design as well as for the assessment of their separation performance. Currently, the clear liquid height is considered as one of the most important hydrodynamic parameters [1]. For example, it is utilized to correlate dispersion density, liquid entrainment rate, weeping flux and flow regime transitions. This height is usually measured at a point on the tray floor by continuously flushing out the liquid into the manometer. It is debatable whether such point reading is representative for the true liquid content on large trays or three-dimensional analyses should be performed. For this purpose, a sieve tray column (800 mm dia.) mockup facility is used in this work with air and tap water at respective loadings of 1.4 – 2.0 Pa0.5 and 1.0 – 3.0 m3/h that correspond to the froth regime. A novel conductivity-based sensor [2] is developed for the 3D two-phase flow quantification at high spatial and temporal resolution. Basically, the local phase holdups at multiple locations along the sensor measurement plane and at different dispersion heights are determined here. It is assessed if the integration of the holdup profiles can lead to better estimates of the clear liquid height. Pressure drops and weeping rates are also measured. Furthermore, stimulus-response experiments with de-ionized water as tracer are performed at selective dispersion heights for identifying the flow profiles via residence time distribution. These new 3D tray hydrodynamic data may also serve as a reference for establishing CFD models in the future, which so far have largely relied either on clear liquid height data only or on the low resolution data of Solari and Bell [3]. [1] Lockett, M.J., 1986. Distillation tray fundamentals. [2] Vishwakarma, V., Schleicher, E., Schubert, M., Tschofen, M. and Löschau, M., Deutsche Patentanmeldung DE 10 2018 124 501.7, Sensor zur Vermessung von Strömungsprofilen in großen Kolonnen und Apparaten. [3]

A finite-difference numerical code is written in MATLAB to predict excess pore pressures and settlements under stepped/square wave cyclic loads. The numerical code is developed by approximating the Terzaghi's 1D consolidation equation under time-dependent loading using the Crank Nicolson scheme. A method of applying the stepped/square wave cyclic loads is proposed. The code considers the nonlinear inelastic stress ~ strain relationship and can be used for both homogeneous and heterogeneous layers. The code is validated by comparing the results with analytical, experimental, and field monitoring data in the literature. A good agreement of the results shows that the code is well developed and can be used in predicting the settlements in practice. The analyses show that the maximum steady-state degree of consolidation calculated based on settlement and the maximum steady-state average degree of consolidation calculated based on dissipation of excess pore pressures decrease as the time period decreases. Below a specific time period, both remain unchanged. For a specific time period, both increase as the percentage of loaded portion in a cycle increases. Besides, the maximum steady-state degree of consolidation based on settlement, for a specific time period, increases with an increase in stress levels, which is due to the nonlinear stress ~ strain behavior.