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Being a part of the Chinese cultural area, the Korean Peninsula adopted Chinese characters and literary language in the first centuries C.E. Nevertheless, its colloquial language remained native Korean, genealogically and typologically different from Chinese, and in the first half of the 15th century the Korean alphabet was created. From the end of the 19th century, Korean was proclaimed the official written language, although the mixed script was mainly used (Sinokorean words were written in Chinese characters, and native words and grammatical formants in Korean alphabet).After liberation from the Japanese colonial rule (1910-1945), both the North and the South proclaimed abolition of writing in Chinese characters. But unlike the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, in the Republic of Korea the transition dragged on for more than half a century. And though at schools of both Korean states Chinese characters are still being taught, young generation has a rather low level of their knowledge.Upon thorough analysis of current South Korean newspapers and other materials, the author has made the conclusion that nowadays the usage of Chinese characters even in the South is extremely limited and is in fact occasional and depends on: 1) the topic of the text (it is present more widely in historical and classical literature); 2) the need to distinguish homonyms and difficult words with an unclear meaning; 3) writer’s preferences. Using Chinese characters is a personal choice, and one can choose to replace them with more wordy expressions instead.At the same time the article concludes that it is necessary to teach Chinese characters in certain quantities to students, including those majoring in Korean studies at non-linguistics universities including MGIMO. This recommendation takes into consideration, first, the existence of a huge layer of Sinokorean words (social and political vocabulary, terminology), which requires elementary knowledge of Chinese characters for better understanding; second, the task of reading current South Korean newspapers with some Chinese characters used, not to mention older publications written in mixed script.

Korea is probably one of the few countries, if not the only one, that observes a holiday in honor of the national language's alphabet. Hangulnal, which falls on October 9, is the Korean Alphabet Day. Each year, the government hosts events to celebrate one of the most prized possessions of the country, Hangul – the writing system of the national language. Created by King Sejong and his Royal Academy Scholars in the 15th century, Hangul is recognized as one of ‘the world's most scientific writing systems ever created by man’ (Sohn, 2001: 13). To outsiders, such pride may appear somewhat overblown, but Koreans do take great pride in Hangul.

This study examined how lexical properties, such as word frequency, word length, and morphological features, affect the word recognition of Korean Hangul among adult readers. Ninety-four native Korean students performed a lexical decision task on disyllabic and trisyllabic words and nonwords. Results of cross-classified and hierarchical linear modeling showed a significant frequency effect but null effects of word length and their interactions on word recognition. The null syllable effect might be contributable to the block structure of syllables, which does not require syllabic decomposition in recognition. Given that Chinese-derived Sino-Korean words account for about 70% of the Korean lexicon, morphological features embedded in the word were examined in order to further understand the morphological undercurrent of multisyllabic word recognition. Word type (bound-morphemic words vs. compound words), word origin (native or semi-native words vs. Chinese-derived words), and morphemic transparency (opaque morpheme vs. transparent morpheme) were significant predictors of the speed of visual word recognition. An analysis of frequency split showed that compound words and morpheme transparency facilitated word recognition for high frequency words, while the number of morphemes within the word, Korean native and semi-native words, and morphemic transparency facilitated word recognition for low frequency words. These results suggest that high and low frequency words function differently according to morphological information available within the multisyllabic word in visual word recognition in Hangul.

U radu se analizira život korejskoga kralja Sejonga Velikog (15. svibnja 1397. – 8. travnja 1450). Vladao je Korejom od 1418. do 1450. kao četvrti kralj dinastije Joseon (Choson) koja će vladati idućih 500 godina, te je bio jedan od samo dva kralja u korejskoj povijesti koji se nazivaju “Velikim”. Kao treći sin Taejonga, Sejongov uspon na prijestolje bio je neočekivan. Na prijestolje dolazi vlastitom zaslugom, a ne prvorodstvom – prema konfucijskom učenju kojeg će primjenjivati za vrijeme svoje čitave vladavine. Sejong je vladao i pisao zakone u skladu s konfucijanskim idealima. Smatrao je da zakoni moraju odgovarati volji i uvjerenju naroda, da ih treba slijediti kralj, kao i narod i da se oni ne mogu mijenjati ili ukidati bez odgovarajuće rasprave. Na tragu tog učenja riješio je mnoge probleme u zemlji koji su patili siromašan narod. Veliku pažnju posvećivao je obrazovanju.Vjerovao je da svatko ima pravo učiti, što je bio njegov krajnji cilj u poboljšanju nacije, obrazovanja i životnog standarda. Na početku svoje vladavine osnovao je državni istraživački institut, Dvoranu dostojnih (Chiphyonjon), gdje se okružio talentiranim službenicima, koji su bili poticani na provođenje različitih istraživačkih aktivnosti potrebnih za intelektualni procvat monarhije. Tako je postavljeno novo učenje za poboljšanje i kvalitetu vlasti. Njegovo najveće postignuće bilo je stvaranje hangula (korejskog pisma), osim toga njegovo ulaganje i poticaj u poljima znanosti, tehnologije, književnosti i medicine imalo je velik utjecaj na Koreju i Korejce.

While the theoretical models of morphological processing in Roman alphabets indicate prelexical activation, a model established in Korean suggests postlexical activation. To extend the model of Korean morphological processing, this study examined within-scriptal (Hangul-Hangul prime-target pairs) and cross-scriptal (Hanja-Hangul prime-target pairs) priming effects on the recognition of Sino-Korean compound words in Hangul as a function of adult readers’ Hanja proficiency using priming lexical decision tasks. Experiment 1 (n = 54) examined the constituent morphemic effects of Hangul and Hanja primes, while Experiment 2 (n = 67) investigated morphemic decomposition in Hangul and Hanja primes. Participants with skilled Hanja proficiency showed robust constituent morphemic effects with both Hangul and Hanja primes in isolation, while less-skilled participants did not show the effects with Hangul and Hanja primes (Experiment 1). The skilled group showed efficient morphological decomposition in both within- and cross-script conditions. However, the less-skilled group did not show morphological effects in the cross-script condition but the same effect in the within-script condition (Experiment 2). The skilled group showed ortho-phonological inhibitory effects on Hangul recognition resulting from competitions among activated neighbors, but the less-skilled counterpart did not show the effect. Based on the findings of this study, two differing pathway models of morphological processing in Hangul are proposed for readers with different Hanja proficiency. Morphological processing in Sino-Korean compound words seems to be prelexical for skilled readers, whereas it is postlexical for less-skilled readers.

The Korean Hangul writing system conforms to the alphabetic principle to the extent that its graphs (i.e., its minimal orthographic components) represent phonemes, but it differs from the standard convention of alphabetic orthography by configuring its syllables as blocks. This paper describes the orthographic, phonological, and morphological characteristics of the Korean language and Hangul and reviews a selection of psycholinguistic studies that have investigated Hangul word recognition. In contrast to the results of studies employing Roman alphabetic orthographies, the reviewed evidence highlights at sublexical levels both the dominance of syllable-based processing and a propensity to process CVC syllables as body (CV) plus coda (C) units rather than as onset (C) plus rime (VC) units, which together indicate a script-specific decoding of Hangul words. Although the morphological characteristics of Korean have yet to be fully investigated, consistent with the fact that approximately 70 percent of the Korean lexicon consists of Sino-Korean vocabulary, studies have also observed morphological effects on Hangul word recognition. Based on the psycholinguistic evidence reviewed, this paper concludes by proposing to refer to Hangul as a morphosyllabic alphabet writing system, to the extent that the term appears to adequately capture the orthographic, phonological, and morphological characteristics of the script.

This study aims to clarify the general principle of the pattern where traditional conceptual literacy is advanced to the advanced level, focusing on the ability to understand and use spoken and written words by the media of Korean alphabet phonemes and characters. And this study analyzes the contribution of a poet Yoon, Dong Ju to raise the level of aesthetic literacy of the Korean discourse community. To this end, it will first identify the general principles of literacy development, and classify the rhetoric applied in Yoon, Dong Ju’s poems as Mimesis, Allegory, and Irony. Through this analysis, it aims to reveal the value that intellectuals of the 21st century can gain by improving Korean literacy.

본 연구에서는 한글파일의 보다 효율적인 활용성을 위해 E-mail 에 첨부된 표와 텍스트 기반의 한글 파일을 웹브라우저에서 바로 확인할 수 있도록 한글 파일을 HTML파일로 변환하는 소프트웨어를 구현하였다. 관공서나 공공기관에서는 내부 결재 및 공문을 한글로 작성하고, 작성된 문서를 게시판이나 E-mail을 통해 공유하고 있다. 이런 문서는 대부분 표와 텍스트로 구성되어 있고 대부분 편집이 아닌 열람을 목적으로 웹에서 공유되고 있다. 이러한 사용목적에 효율적인 변환 소프트웨어를 구현하기 위해 기존에 존재하는 변환 소프트웨어의 실행적 번거로움과 변환 오버헤드를 줄이는 방법을 제시한다. 표와 텍스트의 특성을 이용하여 서식파일의 패턴을 사용하고, 변환 후 구조를 단순화 하도록 구현하였다. 본 논문에서 제시한 방법으로 변환된 문서와 기존의 변환기에서 생성된 HTML 문서와 비교했을 때, 태그 속성의 사용이 대폭 감소되었고, 변화 후 2개의 파일만 생성되어 변환 결과가 단순화되었음을 보여주었다.

This study assessed the effects of four types of teaching instruction for Hangul learning in Korean kindergartners. Forty-five four-year-old children participated in a Hangul learning experiment where they were taught 6 new Korean Guljas (Korean written syllable) in each of four conditions–whole Gulja, alphabet letter, CV (consonant + vowel) body and coda subsyllabic units, and copying. Participants were separated across three reading levels, namely, emergent readers, novice readers who could read regular Hangul words, and good readers who could read regular and irregular words. Effective training methods were different depending on children’s reading level. Holistic whole Gulja instructions were effective for Hangul Gulja learning in emergent readers, whereas copying and analytic CV-coda instructions facilitated Hangul learning in novices. However, there were no differences among the four types of instructions among good readers. Copying apparently facilitates learning to read Hangul, but the effect of letter instruction is limited to the beginning level of Hangul learning. These results highlight the effectiveness of teaching instructions depending on children’s reading level and the characteristics of Hangul.

We propose a large-scale Hangul font recognizer that is capable of recognizing 3300 Hangul fonts. Large-scale Hangul font recognition is a challenging task. Typically, Hangul fonts are distinguished by small differences in detailed shapes, which are often ignored by the recognizer. There are additional issues in practical applications, such as the existence of almost indistinguishable fonts and the release of new fonts after the training of the recognizer. Only a few recently developed font recognizers are scalable enough to recognize thousands of fonts, most of which focus on the fonts for western languages. The proposed recognizer, HanFont, is composed of a convolutional neural network (CNN) model designed to effectively distinguish the detailed shapes. HanFont also contains a font clustering algorithm to address the issues caused by indistinguishable fonts and untrained new fonts. In the experiments, HanFont exhibits a recognition rate of 94.11% for 3300 Hangul fonts including numerous similar fonts, which is 2.49% higher than that of ResNet. The cluster-level recognition accuracy of HanFont was 99.47% when the 3300 fonts were grouped into 1000 clusters. In a test on 100 new fonts without retraining the CNN model, HanFont exhibited 57.87% accuracy. The average accuracy for the top 56 untrained fonts was 75.76%.

This paper examines the aspects of the Chinese language notation of Ahakphyeon compiled by Ji Seok-yeong in 1908 and looks at the Chinese phonology that they reflect. For this purpose, by using Chinese characters in Hangul in this book, the current paper looked at what was the appearance of Chinese initials in this notation. In addition, this paper reviewed the common notions and differences of the consonant system of the Chinese language reflected in this notation and this text compared with the foreign language textbook of the previous period. As a result of this study, it is seen that the degree of reflection of palatalization is much wider in Ahakphyeon compared with the Junggan Nogeoldaeeonhae. This is understood to indicate that the spread of palatalization in Chinese was further advanced after the late 18th century. In alveolar, it reflects the palatalization of the alveolar. As a result, palatalization and non-palatalization coexist. What is noticeable is that there are many things related to individual change patterns that are understood on the basis of Beijing Mandarin, but there are many that are not. And the consonant group which used ‘o’ were widely used. This is seen in ‘ᅄ’, ‘ᅈ’, ‘ᅉ’, ‘ᅅ’ and so on. In the case of consonant group notations presented in this paper, it should be noted that in relation to affixing ‘ㅇ’, ‘ᅄ’, ‘ᅈ’, ‘ᅉ’ and ‘ᅅ’ It seems to be lighter and weaker than the sound of ''ㅅ''. However, it is necessary to examine the phonological characteristics of the sounds in which ‘ㅇ’ is written. In fact, they all have a common connection with the alveolar. In relation to the use of ‘ㅇ’ in the indication of the phonetic sounds, ‘ㅇ’ can be understood as indicating the common phonological qualities in the articulation position related to dental.

This study investigated the grapho-motor patterns used in writing Chinese characters. A Chinese patient, CSC, who demonstrated post-brain-injury mirror writing, was recruited. In Experiment 1, non-mirrored writing responses were obtained when CSC was instructed to copy asymmetrical non-verbal symbols and pictures. Resembling the patterns observed in a patient's writing reported in a previous study, it was hypothesized that CSC's mirror writing was a result of untransformed preserved grapho-motor patterns. In Experiments 2 and 3, CSC was further instructed to copy real Chinese characters, pseudo-characters with authentic radicals and logographemes (i.e., stroke clusters that frequently occur in radicals), and Hangul characters with stroke clusters resembling the shapes of authentic logographemes. The results showed that CSC demonstrated mirror writing only when authentic Chinese orthographic units were involved. Non-mirrored writing responses were obtained from stimuli without authentic Chinese orthographic units. In sum, CSC's performance supported the existence of grapho-motor patterns of Chinese orthographic units represented in the brain. Theoretical implications were discussed.

Previous studies involving ex-illiterate and young readers of alphabetic scripts have shown that processing of non-verbal visual stimuli may be affected by literacy, which is attributable to intensive perceptual training during reading acquisition. This study examined whether the characteristics of one's native writing system, with respect to visual complexity and overall shape of orthographic unit, would influence the processing of pictured objects using event-related potential (ERP) with linear mixed-effects modeling. Kanji and Hangul constitute an interesting contrast as they differ in visual complexity but are similar in orthographic shape. Neural responses to pictures were analyzed in N170 and N400 reflecting ease of recognition and access to semantic representation, respectively. Trilingual speakers with Japanese or Korean as L1, who learned to read Chinese and English as non-native languages, as well as native Chinese and native English readers participated in a repetition detection task in which mixed blocks of pictures and words (Chinese or English) were presented. The overall results showed bilaterally distributed N170 and N400, and group differences in the N400 were confined to the anterior region. More importantly, Japanese readers exhibited more negative N170 and less negative N400 than Korean participants regardless of language context. The present findings have provided insights into the possible impact of reading acquisition on non-linguistic visual processing, and suggest that one's early experience of a visually complex orthography has positive transfer to processing of line drawings in terms of more efficient visual recognition and semantic access.

Korean is the official language in the Republic of Korea and the DPRK, where it is called Hangul and Chosongyl respectively. For a long time, Koreans had used a complex system of Khancha before in 1444 King Sejon the Great created the Korean alphabet, but Khanch remains an important element in the life of Koreans to these days. The current research aims to find out what writing system was the predecessor of the new writing system, particularly, whether the Mongolian square script could have become the “progenitor” of Korean writing. The question of the origin of Hangul is interesting and, at the same time, challenging for many researchers. In Russia, L. R. Kontsevich, a Soviet and Russian Orientalist-Korean scholar, studied this issue. In this article we examine the theory of American Korean scholar Gary Ledyard and his assumption about Hangul originating from the Mongolian square script.

The purpose of this paper is to argue that the various patterns of the Korean abbreviations should be interpreted as cultural icons. Leading approach to research: classification by types of abbreviations and theoretical analysis of their properties. The authors argue that the phonetic but also graphic nature of the Korean alphabet system makes the structure very innovative and unique. Moreover, the authors claim that along with the common borrowing of English abbreviations, the typological differences in writing produce unique abbreviations patterns, especially in Korean. As for the theoretical analyses, we take the examples from various papers on neologism and the online dictionaries. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that the abbreviated expressions are considered as a unique tool of modern communication, especially for the young generation. In this regard, this study can also contribute to the typological research on writing systems. From a practical point of view, the result of this study can serve a reference material as well as a good basis for subsequent research on coinage of neologism.

This bachelor thesis is focused on the extension of the existing font family TeX Gyre Pagella with Korean glyphs defined by Unicode Hangul jamo blocks. In the theoretical part is initially discussed the issue of the Korean language and its alphabet – Hangul. Later, the concept of the font, its formats and their use in the TeX system is described. And last but not least is an analysis of the fonts available on the market. In the practical part is written the design and construction of characters together with a description of the font creation process in the FontForge program in the regular format. As a conclusion, there is a presentation of created characters divided into blocks Hangul Jamo, Hangul Jamo for Compatibility, Hangul Jamo Extended-A and Hangul Jamo Extended-B.

U ovom završnom radu uvodno je predstavljen povijesni razvoj HTML-a od njegovog nastanka do pojave HTML5 i canvas elementa. U prvom dijelu rada definirano je što je canvas element, te opisano kako se koristi JavaScript jezik za crtanje na canvas-u. Većina metoda i svojstva canvas-a opisana je kroz primjere koda i uz prikaze rezultata u web pregledniku. Prikazano je crtanje više tipova linija, likova i slika, kao i uporaba i stilizacija teksta. U drugom dijelu rada opisana je izrada multimedijskog tutorijala za Hangul, korejsku abecedu. Objašnjena je primjena metoda i svojstva za crtanje sadržaja te kako dijelove sadržaja napraviti interaktivnim i animiranim. Također, prikazana je uporaba bitnih značajki multimedijskog tutorijala poput slike i zvuka, te kviza. Cjelokupni sadržaj implementiran je pomoću jednog canvas elementa bez uporabe drugih HTML elementa. The paper presented the historical development of HTML from its origin to the appearance of HTML5 and the canvas element. In the first part, the paper defined the canvas element and described the usage of JavaScript for drawing on canvas. Majority of methods and properties were shown through code examples and screenshots of the results in the web browser. The paper explained how to draw different lines, shapes, and pictures, as well as the usage and stylization of text. In the second part, it explained the making of the multimedia tutorial for Hangul, the Korean alphabet. The work demonstrated the implementation of methods and properties for content drawing and how to make the content interactive or animated. Also, the work showed the usage of the important features of the multimedia tutorial, such as image, sound, and quiz. The overall content is implemented on only one canvas element and without the usage of other HTML elements.

Mirror invariance or generalisation is the ability to recognise objects as being the same regardless of their spatial orientation. However, when, for example, learning to read Roman script, children need to hone these skills so that they can readily discriminate between mirror letters such as b/d or p/b. Korean Hangul makes a particularly interesting comparison as it has both lateral and vertical perceptually similar mirror letter pairs (i.e., ㅏㅓ, ㅑㅕ, ㅗㅜ, ㅛㅠ). In the current study, we investigated the mirror generalisation effect in native readers of Korean Hangul. We used a similar negative priming paradigm as used by (Ahr et al., Brain and Cognition 117:1–8, 2017) with Roman script readers. In contrast to their findings, we did not find evidence of negative priming due to either lateral (e.g., ㅏ + ㅓ) or vertical (e.g., ㅗ + ㅜ) mirror letter primes in Korean readers. One explanation for these results is that adult readers of Korean Hangul may not experience mirror invariance to the same extent as Roman script readers due to script-specific characteristics. Thus, learning to read this distinctive script may result in readers being less sensitive to mirror reversals than Roman script readers.

Korean language is one of the languages that are becoming widely known in the world, along with the occupation of Korean music (K-POP). Hangul is a character used to write Korean, which is not like Latin, which is relatively more easily understood by the majority of people in this world. This research aims to analyze the performance of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in recognizing Hangul characters with a simplified optical character recognition (OCR) method. The OCR process is carried out by entering characters in a 15x13 tile area, then the characters that enter fully on the tile will be changed to value 1 while others become 0 values so that a binary image is generated. The next step is the character pattern crafting process towards the field. The results were recognized by ANN, in an experiment using four types of training data composition: testing, namely 50%: 50%, 60%: 40%, 70%: 30%, and 80%: 20%. The dataset used is 40 Hangul characters in which there are 10 sample data each, so in total there are 400 data. Based on testing, the highest accuracy is produced with a composition of 50%: 50% where the accuracy is 97%.

Malware detection of non-executables has recently been drawing much attention because ordinary users are vulnerable to such malware. Hangul Word Processor (HWP) is software for editing non-executable text files and is widely used in South Korea. New malware for HWP files continues to appear because of the circumstances between South Korea and North Korea. There have been various studies to solve this problem, but most of them are limited because they require a large amount of effort to define features based on expert knowledge. In this study, we designed a convolutional neural network to detect malware within HWP files. Our proposed model takes a raw byte stream as input and predicts whether it contains malicious actions or not. To incorporate highly variable lengths of HWP byte streams, we propose a new padding method and a spatial pyramid average pooling layer. We experimentally demonstrate that our model is not only effective, but also efficient.

The purpose of this paper is to reveal the ability that Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have on the novel task of image-to-image language conversion. We propose a new network to tackle this task by converting images of Korean Hangul characters directly into images of the phonetic Latin character equivalent. The conversion rules between Hangul and the phonetic symbols are not explicitly provided. The results of the proposed network show that it is possible to perform image-to-image language conversion. Moreover, it shows that it can grasp the structural features of Hangul even from limited learning data. In addition, it introduces a new network to use when the input and output have significantly different features., Published at ICDAR 2019