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The prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders, such as constipation, has been increasing. Genetic factors and lifestyle are some of the etiologies of this issue, affecting the health of the populati...

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T17:00:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The objective of this study was to evaluate and select morphological and physicochemical descriptors for the characterization of mangaba tree germplasm. We used 30 descriptors in 54 plants from 10 accesses in the fruiting stage (CA, AB, PT, PR, TC, PA, LG, BI, IP and AD) from the Active Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Coastal Tablelands located in the Experimental Field of Itaporanga d'Ajuda, Sergipe, Brazil, faithful trustee of the species. The diversity was verified between and within the accesses, however, without direct relation with its origins. The mean vitamin C content was considered high (394.45 mg/100g) and there was no difference between the accesses. There was a significant difference for most descriptors related to the growth of the plants and the physicochemical characteristics of the fruits. The results are important for the conservation actions of the species and individuals selection for future improvement programs. Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Aracaju, SE, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Brazil Univ Fed Sergipe, Campus Sao Cristovao, Sao Cristovao, SE, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Brazil CNPq: 461020/2014-9 CNPq: 301476/2015-2

The economic and scientific interest in Hancornia speciosa Gomes (mangabeira) has increased in recent years, especially due to the commercialization of its fruits and the extraction of natural compounds with high pharmacological potential. This paper aims to determine and correlate the main physical and biometric characteristics of fruits and seeds of mangaba tree, as well as identifying the most appropriate substrate for the seedling emergence test. The following physical and biometric traits were measured in 100 fruits and 100 seeds: longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, thickness, fresh mass, pulp fresh mass, volume, number of seeds. To identify the best substrate, a completely randomized design with two treatments (substrates) and ten replications of 20 seeds was used. The evaluated substrates were: sand and commercial substrate (Plantmax HT®). The shoot height, root length, stem diameter, total dry mass, and the relation between shoot height and stem diameter were evaluated at 50 days after sowing. Mangaba fruits and seeds showed great variations in their biometric traits, in addition to significant and positive correlation predominant in most characteristics. High fruit pulp yield can be optimized with the selection of plants with fruits show greater fresh mass due to the high degree of association between this characteristic and pulp yield. The use of the commercial substrate resulted in higher shoot height, greater number of leaves, and higher shoot height/stem diameter ratio.

HIGHLIGHTS The seeds obtained from the fruit pulp industry have a physiological quality for seedling propagation. There is a high potential for reducing fruit pulp industry residues by using these seeds for propagation. Higher pixel density is observed for full seeds with an efficiency of forming normal seedlings. RESUMO O beneficiamento de sementes de espécies nativas normalmente é um processo demorado e requer método manual. Uma possível alternativa são sementes oriundas do beneficiamento mecânico na indústria de polpas de frutas. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do beneficiamento manual e mecânico na qualidade física e fisiológica de sementes de mangaba. Avaliou-se concentração de água, peso de 1.000 sementes, danos mecânicos por imagens radiográficas, condutividade elétrica, germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, comprimento e massa de matéria seca de plântulas. As imagens radiográficas permitiram a classificação quanto ao desenvolvimento do embrião e a ocorrência de danos. Não houve diferenças para concentração de água, porcentagem de germinação, primeira contagem e comprimento de plântulas. Sementes beneficiadas mecanicamente apresentaram menor condutividade elétrica e suas plântulas maior massa seca. Os métodos de beneficiamento utilizados não afetam o potencial fisiológico das sementes de mangaba.

Hancornia speciosa is a fruit tree, popularly known as mangabeiras. The mangaba, fruits of this tree, are quite appreciated for their organoleptic characteristics. Because it is a climacteric fruit, this fruit has very high perishability. The use of products that extend the useful life is necessary. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) has been shown to be an alternative in post-harvest because it promotes few changes in fruit quality and increases the storage period. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate quality attributes of mangaba fruits in two stages of maturation, 'Immature' and 'Mature', submitted to CaCl2 application, in four storage times (0, 2, 4 and 6 days) under ambient atmosphere. During the experiment, the loss of fresh weight, color, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids and SS/TA ratio were evaluated. It was verified that the 'mature' fruits showed a higher acidity and soluble solids content, even with the application of CaCl2, the difference that the loss with the application of CaCl2 was smaller. Unlike '‘Immature’ and ‘Immature’ fruits with CaCl2 in which these characteristics were acquired as the experiment was conducted, in addition to presenting lower values for weight loss, pH and color. Hancornia speciosa es un árbol frutal, conocido popularmente como mangabeira. El mangaba, frutos de este árbol, son muy apreciada por sus características organolépticas. Debido a que es una fruta climatérica, esta fruta tiene una perecibilidad muy alta. Es necesario el uso de productos que prolonguen la vida útil. Se ha demostrado que el cloruro de calcio (CaCl2) es una alternativa en poscosecha porque promueve pocos cambios en la calidad de la fruta y aumenta el período de almacenamiento. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar atributos de calidad de frutos de mangaba en dos etapas de maduración, “de vez” y “caer”, sometidos a aplicación de CaCl2, en cuatro tiempos de almacenamiento (0, 2, 4 y 6 días) en atmósfera ambiente. Durante el experimento se evaluó la pérdida de peso fresco, color, pH, acidez titulable, sólidos solubles y relación SS/TA. Se verificó que los frutos 'caídos' mostraron mayor acidez y contenido de sólidos solubles, aún con la aplicación de CaCl2, la diferencia que la pérdida con la aplicación de CaCl2 fue menor. A diferencia de los frutos ''de vez” y “de vez” con CaCl2 en los que estas características se adquirieron a medida que se realizaba el experimento, además de presentar valores más bajos de pérdida de peso, pH y color. Hancornia speciosa é uma árvore frutífera, popularmente conhecida como mangabeira. A mangaba, frutos dessa arvore, são bastante apreciados pelas suas características organolépticas. Por ser um fruto climatérico, esse fruto tem perecibilidade muito alta. O uso de produtos que prolonguem a vida útil se faz necessário. O cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2) mostra ser uma alternativa na pós-colheita por promover poucas alterações na qualidade dos frutos e aumentar o período de armazenamento. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar atributos de qualidade de frutos de mangaba em dois estádios de maturação, ‘de vez’ e ‘de queda’, submetidos a aplicação de CaCl2, em quatro tempos de armazenamento (0, 2, 4 e 6 dias) sob atmosfera ambiente. Durante a condução do experimento foram avaliados a perda de massa fresca, cor, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis e relação SS/TA. Foi verificado que os frutos ‘de queda’ apresentaram uma maior acidez e teor de sólidos solúveis, mesmo com a aplicação de CaCl2, a diferença que a perda com a aplicação do CaCl2 foi menor. Ao contrário dos frutos ‘de vez’ e ‘de vez’ com CaCl2 em que estas características foram adquiridas conforme a condução do experimento, apresentando além disso, menores valores para perda de massa, pH e cor.

Mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) is a fruit species native to Brazil, belonging to the Apocynaceae family. Its cultivation is predominantly extractivist and its antioxidant properties have been recently reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in fruits of accession from the Active Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Coastal Tablelands (BI, CA, LG, PR, PT and TC). The extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which identified chlorogenic acid (93.71 - 131.66 mg.100g-1), ferulic acid (0.85 - 2.27 mg.100g-1) and rutin (238.59 -442.94 mg.100g-1). The accessions CA and PR showed the highest values of total phenols (1179.39 and 1167.05 mg GAE.100g-1, respectively). The accessions CA and TC had the highest concentration of the major compound rutin (436.78 and 442.94 mg.100g-1, respectively). Antioxidant activity values ranged from 125.95 to 158.67 g.g-1 DPPH. Principal component analysis grouped the accessions into four groups, due to the genetic variability verified in previous studies. The results will be useful to guide actions of selection and future breeding program of the species. RESUMO A mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) é uma espécie frutífera nativa do Brasil, pertencente à família Apocynaceae. Seu cultivo é predominantemente extrativista e suas propriedades antioxidantes têm sido recentemente relatadas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante em frutos de acessos oriundos do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros (BI, CA, LG, PR, PT e TC). Os extratos foram analisados em cromatografía líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) e identificou-se o ácido clorogênico (93,71 - 131,66 mg.100g-1); ácido ferúlico (0,85 - 2,27 mg.100g-1) e rutina (238,59 - 442,94 mg.100g-1). Os acessos CA e PR apresentaram os maiores valores de fenóis totais (1179,39 e 1167,05 mg EAG.100g-1, respectivamente). Os acessos CA e TC apresentaram a maior concentração do composto majoritário rutina (436,78 e 442,94 mg.100g-1, respectivamente). Os valores da atividade antioxidante variaram entre 125,95 e 158,67 g.g-1 DPPH. A análise de componentes principais agrupou os acessos em quatro grupos, em consequência da variabilidade genética previamente verificada em estudos anteriores. Os resultados serão úteis para direcionar ações de seleção e futuro programa de melhoramento genético da espécie.

The objective of the current study was to assay the germination behavior of seeds from fruits collected from three natural populations of H. speciosa, located in remnant areas of Cerrado in the municipality of Porto Nacional, Tocantins state, Brazil. The studied populations were: Canaã, São Judas Tadeu and Providência. Seven genotypes were selected from each population and twenty fruits of each genotype were collected. After ripening, the fruits were manually pulped and seeds of the same genotype pooled. After cleaning, removing adhered pulp and exterior sterilization, seeds were sown in a nursery. The experimental used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Four seeds of each genotype were sown per polyethylene bag and the germination monitored until the 45th day after sowing. Variables used to assay germination behavior were: Germination (G,%); Mean Time of Germination (MTG, days); Average Speed ​​of Germination (ASG, d-1), Germination Time Variation Coefficient (VCt) and Germination Synchrony Index (Z). For germination data, nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was performed, followed by Dunn's test at 5% probability. There was a difference between populations for all germination variables, with the Providência population performing the best. The variables MTG, ASG and Z were significantly higher for the Providencia population. In absolute terms, ​​the Providencia population had the highest percentage of germination (G), but did not differ significantly from the São Judas Tadeu population. The results generated are important for understanding the germination of seeds of different populations of H. speciosa. This information is relevant for the ex situ spread of the species. KEYWORDS: Cerrado, mangabeira, conservation. RESUMO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a resposta germinativa de sementes provenientes de frutos coletados em três populações naturais de H. speciosa, localizadas em áreas remanescentes do Cerrado no município de Porto Nacional, estado do Tocantins, Brasil. As populações estudadas foram: Canaã, São Judas Tadeu e Providência. Foram selecionados sete genótipos em cada população e coletados vinte frutos de cada genótipo. Depois de maduros, os frutos foram despolpados manualmente e as sementes de um mesmo genótipo foram agrupadas. Após a limpeza retirando ao máximo a polpa aderida e posterior assepsia das sementes procedeu-se a semeadura em viveiro. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizado (DIC) com três repetições. Foram semeadas quatro sementes de cada genótipo por saco de polietileno e a germinação foi considerada até o quadragésimo quinto dia após a semeadura. As variáveis utilizadas para avaliar a germinação foram: Germinação (G, %); Tempo Médio de Germinação (TMG, dias); Velocidade Média de Germinação (VMG, d-1), Coeficiente de Variação do Tempo de Germinação (CVt) e o Índice de Sincronia de Germinação (Z). Com os dados de germinação foram realizadas análises de variância não paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis, seguidas do teste de Dunn a 5% de probabilidade. Houve diferença entre as populações para todas as variáveis de germinação, sendo a população Providência a que obteve melhor desempenho. As variáveis TMG, VMG e Z foram significativamente maiores para a população Providência. Em valores absolutos a população Providência obteve o maior percentual de germinação (G), mas não diferiu siginificativamente da população São Judas Tadeu. Os resultados gerados são importantes para o entendimento sobre a germinação de sementes de diferentes populações de H. speciosa, informações relevantes para a propagação ex situ da espécie. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cerrado, mangabeira, conservação.

The objective of the current study was to measure the genetic variability of natural populations of Hancornia speciosa using RAPD type molecular markers to assay variation in existing sampled genotypes, using morphological variables, and so assess germplasm bank composition. Morphological and chemical characteristics H. speciosa fruits and seeds were evaluated using descriptive statistics and principal components analysis. Cluster analyzes was conducted using Jaccard's similarity index, via the UPGMA hierarchical agglomerative method. Phenotypic variability was found in the two studied populations. However, variability was higher in the São Judas population, where the variables: pulp yield and soluble solids content were higher than those in the Canaã population. High genetic variability was found in both study populations, and between- and within-population morphological and genetic variation was present in the studied populations. The nine primers generated 70 bands, of which 68 were polymorphic, with the primers A-08 and C-04 generating the highest number of polymorphic bands. The two populations differ principally in the pulp ratio and the proportion of total solids in the pulp (°Brix). RAPD markers used gave acceptable results and, to initiate the Federal University of Tocantins Active Mangaba Germplasm Bank, seven genotypes were sampled from the Canaã population and five from the São Judas Tadeu population.

Hancornia speciosa is a medicinal plant with proven antihypertensive activity. The cyclitol l -(+)-bornesitol is the main constituent of its leaves and is a potent inhibitor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme. We herein investigated the pharmacokinetic properties of bornesitol administered orally to Wistar rats, as well as bornesitol permeation in Caco-2 cells. Bornesitol was isolated and purified from an ethanol extract of H. speciosa leaves. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to quantify bornesitol in rat plasma based on Multiple Reaction Monitoring, using pentaerythritol as an internal standard. Pharmacokinetics was evaluated by the administration of single doses via intravenous in bolus (3 mg/kg) and gavage (3, 15 and 25 mg/kg). Bornesitol permeation was assayed in a transwell Caco-2 cells model, tested alone, or combined with rutin, or as a constituent of H. speciosa extract, using a developed and validated UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. All assayed validation parameters (selectivity, residual effect, matrix effect, linearity, precision, accuracy and stability of analyte in plasma and solution) for the bioanalytical method met the acceptance criteria established by regulatory guidelines. Bornestiol reached peak plasma concentration within approximately 60 min after oral administration with a half-life ranging from 72.15 min to 123.69 min. The peak concentration and area under the concentration-time curve of bornesitol did not rise proportionally with the increasing doses, suggesting a non-linear pharmacokinetics in rats and the oral bioavailability ranged from 28.5%–59.3%. Bornesitol showed low permeability in Caco-2 cells, but the permeability apparently increased when it was administered either combined with rutin or as a constituent of H. speciosa extract. In conclusion, bornesitol was rapidly absorbed after a single oral administration to rats and followed a non-linear pharmacokinetics. The obtained data will be useful to guide further pre-clinical development of bornesitol-containing herbal preparations of H. speciosa as an antihypertensive agent.

Fluoride (F) is considered one of the most phytotoxic pollutants, even when present in low concentrations. When dispersed in the air, F can be transported to about 100 km from the polluting source, reaching plants, animals and humans and causing serious damage. Nevertheless, studies are still scarce on the effect of fluoride in Cerrado species integrating morphological, anatomical and physiological responses. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of simulated rainfall containing potassium fluoride (KF) on Hancornia speciosa leaves and roots, to determine its bioaccumulator potential. Young plants at approximately 45 days of emergence were treated daily with simulated KF rain at four concentrations (0, 4, 8 and 12 mg L−1), and four replicates. The experiment was carried out for 40 days, in completely randomized design. After KF exposure, visual, morphological and chlorophyll a fluorescence analyses were performed, alongside fluoride accumulation assessments in roots and shoots. Hancornia speciosa did not present any visual, anatomical and physiological symptoms in response to fluoride; however, it showed an accumulation of phenolic compounds in mesophyll root and leaf cells in all treatments. Physiological characteristic preservation and fluoride accumulation in roots and leaves allow us to suggest that Hancornia speciosa displays tolerance potential at the investigated doses.

The mangabeira is a native fruit tree from Brazil with fruits that present significant potential for exploitation. This species is experiencing genetic erosion, which increases the importance of elucidating the genetic diversity that exists in mangabeira populations to support conservation programs. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the diversity and genetic structure of mangabeira populations from the Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Meio-Norte using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. A total of 29 accessions from Brazil were characterized, including one from Sergipe, one from Bahia, three from the Distrito Federal, 11 from Piauí and 13 from Paraíba. The 11 ISSR primers provided 166 loci, among which 120 were polymorphic. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 69.66% of the observed genetic variability occurred within populations and that the populations showed high genetic differentiation. The results obtained from the STRUCTURE analysis indicated the existence of two genetic groups. The Nei and Shannon indices of genetic diversity varied from 0.15 to 0.24 and from 0.22 to 0.34, respectively. The coefficient of similarity ranged from 0.57 to 0.94, with a mean of 0.76. The mean was used as the cut-off point in the dendrogram, and seven groups were identified. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the presence of low or moderate genetic diversity within the studied mangabeira populations and high genetic differentiation between the populations. The results indicate a need to increase the number of mangabeira population samples from different collection sites as a strategy to achieve more significant results for the conservation and genetic improvement of this species. The mangabeira is a native fruit tree from Brazil with fruits that present significant potential for exploitation. This species is experiencing genetic erosion, which increases the importance of elucidating the genetic diversity that exists in mangabeira populations to support conservation programs. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the diversity and genetic structure of mangabeira populations from the Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Meio-Norte using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. A total of 29 accessions from Brazil were characterized, including one from Sergipe, one from Bahia, three from the Distrito Federal, 11 from Piauí and 13 from Paraíba. The 11 ISSR primers provided 166 loci, among which 120 were polymorphic. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 69.66% of the observed genetic variability occurred within populations and that the populations showed high genetic differentiation. The results obtained from the STRUCTURE analysis indicated the existence of two genetic groups. The Nei and Shannon indices of genetic diversity varied from 0.15 to 0.24 and from 0.22 to 0.34, respectively. The coefficient of similarity ranged from 0.57 to 0.94, with a mean of 0.76. The mean was used as the cut-off point in the dendrogram, and seven groups were identified. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the presence of low or moderate genetic diversity within the studied mangabeira populations and high genetic differentiation between the populations. The results indicate a need to increase the number of mangabeira population samples from different collection sites as a strategy to achieve more significant results for the conservation and genetic improvement of this species.

The mangaba is a fruit tree with great potential for the northeast of Brazil. Due to the scarcity of improved cultivars, and as it is a species that is still in the process of domestication, exploitation has been based on rational and sustainable extractivism by farmer-gatherers. The aim of this study was to analyse the correlations between technological variables of the mangaba, and to carry out an early selection of the genotypes that make up the base population of the mangaba improvement program of Embrapa Meio-Norte. The variables fruit weight, pulp weight and percentage pulp show significant correlation with fruit length and fruit diameter, allowing indirect selection for the first set of variables by means of the latter, which are easily measured. Genotypes 4, 13, 16, 21, 25, 32, 35 and 49 show a positive association with fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, pulp weight and percentage weight, and are therefore candidates for selection. Principal component 1 is associated with fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, skin weight, number of seeds per fruit, seed weight, TTA and pulp weight. These variables can be selected with greater mathematical certainty, since this component concentrates more information regarding variability and is therefore more important. Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-28T04:39:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ART20001.pdf: 472671 bytes, checksum: 9d02d2be9575adb8197b3fe8623a36de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Phenological studies that aggregate local ecological knowledge on the expression of phenophases may be useful in the elaboration of management strategies of species that are important to a given local system. In this study, we seek to answer the following questions: 1) How do the different phenophases of two important native food species are expressed in the three phytophysiognomies of the Cerrado (Brazilian savannah) where they are collected? 2) How does rainfall influence the expression of the phenophases of these species on the evaluated phytophysiognomies? 3) Does the local ecological knowledge of the residents of the Araripe National Forest (hereafter FLONA) on the phenophases of native species of high importance correspond to what occurs in the three phytophysiognomies of the Cerrado? The phenological monitoring was executed monthly from January 2012 to December 2013. In order to retrieve the local knowledge about phenophases, key informants from three communities located around the FLONA were selected. Rainfall is a limiting factor for the expression of the reproductive phenophases of Caryocar coriaceum, differently from what occurs for the vegetative phases and for Hancornia speciosa. There were no significant differences between the local knowledge of communities that collect resources in the forest and most of the data collected in the phenological evaluation. In addition, there was no difference in the expression of the phenophases among the three phytophysiognomies, also corroborating with the local ecological knowledge. As for the community that collects in agroforestry yards, there were significant differences between knowledge and expression of phenophases. Thus, the use of local ecological knowledge of people who collect resources in the forest has proved to be reliable and may be promising mainly in rapid diagnoses of biodiversity.

Hancornia speciosa is a fruit tree that is in the process of domestication. This time the propagation in vitro when well developed can promote conditions for the production of quality seedlings for this fruit. In vitro culture technologies are of great importance for conservation programs of genetic resources and genetic improvement of mangabeira. The objective of this study is to establish a methodology the micropropagation of Hancornia speciosa, Gomes, of three varieties (cuyabensis, gardneri and pubescens) by in vitro germination of seeds under different growth regulators. Fruits were collected at School of Agronomy of the Federal University of Goiás, transported to the Laboratory of Biotechnology, Federal Institute Campus Urutaí - Goiás, inoculated for germination in test tubes containing MS growth medium with 50% of salts concentrations, with five different concentrations of IBA. It was observed that the in vitro germination of cuyabensis, gardneri, and pubescens were 66.00 %, 64.05 % and 76 %, respectively. The beginning of germination occurred from three days for gardneri variety, six days for pubescens variety, and eigh day for cuyabensis variety, extending to the 16 days for gardneri variety, and 28 days for the other varieties. Explants of different varieties differ in their manifestations when cultured in vitro. The aseptic method was effective for the control of fungal agents

The aim of this study was to analyze the stress effects caused by sowing depth and the amounts and in the substrate; characterize the fruits and seeds of Hancornia speciosa (Mangaba); to analyze the germination and the initial development, 150 days after planting. A total of 572 fruits, collected in three localities in the Porto Nacional - TO region, were analyzed for longitudinal and transverse length, fresh mass, number of seeds and seed mass. The results showed values higher than those found in other studies, indicating that the fruits presented larger size and mass, although they presented a higher number of seeds per fruit. Germination potential was analyzed in the laboratory, and the effects of seeding depth and percentage of sand on the substrate, germinability and development were studied in the plant nursery. In the laboratory and plant nursery, respectively, the percentage of germination was 74.4% and 51.5%; mean germination time of 11 and 17 days and synchronization of germination of 2.79 and 2.75. The Weibull cumulative model to express germination behavior of H. speciosa had a good fit of the model to describe the observed data and its parameters (G, , ) served to compare the effect of germination expression on time. Both germination and early development characters should be best when applied at 1 cm depth and add up to 15% sand to the substrate.

The propagation of mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) occurs mainly by seeds, a lower cost method that guarantees genotypic diversity. The great barrier is the lack of knowledge of the proper transplanting time of these seedlings. This way, the objective of this study was to evaluate the development of mangaba seedlings transplanted at different ages during the summer in Goiânia, Brazil. A randomized complete block design was used in a 2x4 factorial arrangement, with two mangaba subspecies (gardneri and cuiabenses) and four transplanting ages [45, 60, 75 and 90 days after sowing (DAS)], with four replications. Before transplanting, a destructive analysis was carried out on three plants of each subspecies to determine the biometric characteristics as a function of seedling age. The field evaluations initiated at120 DAS, evaluating monthly the seedling survival (%), plant height, stem diameter and number of live leaves per plant until 210 DAS. The biometric characteristics were not affected by the mangaba subspecies. The plant survival decreased linearly throughout the experimental period, regardless of the subspecies. The interaction age transplanting x DAS showed that at 210 DAS the seedlings transplanted later presented greater growth in height and number of live leaves. Regardless of the subspecies, the mangaba presents limitations for establishment in the field, and it is recommended the transplantio of seedlings with 90 days of age.

The objective of this work was to estimate the repeatability coefficients of mangaba (Hancornia speciosa) fruit traits, in order to define the number of fruit needed for an accurate selection of superior genotypes, as well as to conjecture about the nature of the phenotypic variation of these traits. Evaluations were performed for 160 fruit of 16 genotypes from two native H. speciosa populations of Goiás Velho and Padre Bernardo, in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Repeatability was estimated by the analysis of variance, principal component analyses based on covariance and on the correlation matrix, and structural analysis based on the correlation matrix. Repeatability estimates for fruit weight, diameter, and length, as well as seed number and weight, were of low magnitude, from 0.02 to 0.62, indicating low heritability. Repeatability estimates for ºBrix, titratable acidity, and ºBrix/acidity ratio were higher, from 0.34 to 0.91, indicating a low to potentially moderate heritability. The number of fruit for an effective selection of the best genotypes for titratable acidity, ºBrix, ºBrix/acidity ratio, and fruit weight is four for a 0.85 accuracy level. However, seven fruit would allow 0.90 accuracy for the same traits, and 0.85 accuracy for fruit length and diameter. The number and weight of seed per fruit are not effective for predicting the real value of a genotype. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os coeficientes de repetibilidade de características dos frutos de mangaba (Hancornia speciosa), para definir o número de frutos necessários para seleção precisa de genótipos superiores, assim como conjecturar sobre a natureza da variação fenotípica dessas características. Avaliaram-se 160 frutos de 16 genótipos de duas populações nativas de H. speciosa de Goiás Velho e Padre Bernardo, no Estado de Goiás. A repetibilidade foi estimada por análise de variância, análise de componentes principais com base na covariância e na matriz de correlação, e por análise estrutural baseada na matriz de correlação. As estimativas de repetibilidade quanto à massa, ao diâmetro e ao comprimento dos frutos, bem como quanto ao número e à massa de sementes, foram de baixa magnitude, de 0,02 a 0,62, o que indica baixa herdabilidade. As estimativas de repetibilidade quanto a ºBrix, à acidez titulável e à relação ºBrix/acidez foram maiores, de 0,34 a 0,91, o que indica herdabilidade que varia de baixa a potencialmente moderada. O número de frutos para seleção efetiva dos melhores genótipos quanto à acidez titulável, a ºBrix, à relação ºBrix/acidez e à massa de fruto é de quatro para um nível de acurácia de 0,85. No entanto, sete frutas permitiriam acurácia de 0,90, para as mesmas características, e acurácia de 0,85 para comprimento e diâmetro do fruto. O número e a massa de sementes por fruto não são eficazes para prever o valor real de um genótipo.

Por ser a mangabeira hoje, uma das mais importantes produtoras de materia-prima para a industria de sucos e sorvetes do Nordeste e Centro-Oeste, por ser o Estado de Sergipe o maior produtor no Brasil, pelo aumento do valor agregado a mangaba nos ultimos anos (polpas, sorvetes, entre outros), e pela intensificacao dos conflitos e da pratica do seu extrativismo em diversas areas do Estado de Sergipe, entre outros, faz-se necessaria a geracao de conhecimentos que fundamentem o cultivo e a permanencia da Hancornia speciosa em Sergipe. Para tanto, o objetivo desse estudo foi realizar uma analise da distribuicao e aproveitamento da Mangaba (Harconia speciosa Gomes) em Sergipe. Os procedimentos metodologicos aplicados nesse estudo acompanharam o metodo de abordagem, nesse caso, o modelo GTP – Geossistema/Territorio/Paisagem. Dentre os principais resultados obtidos com essa pesquisa, destaca-se que a maior producao da mangaba, no estado de Sergipe, encontra-se no litoral Sul. Discute-se a criacao da Associacao das Catadoras de Mangaba no municipio de Barra dos Coqueiros, assim como, as principais ameacas e demandas por povoado em cada municipio. Destaca-se como principal ameaca a fragilidade e/ou ausencia de organizacao social entre as catadoras e como principal demanda, o acesso a terra. Conclui-se que a distribuicao fitogeografica da mangaba corrobora o confronto de dados entre as condicoes edafoclimaticas exigidas por esta especie e as condicoes encontradas na area de estudo, sendo o foco no litoral sul de Sergipe. A B S T R A C T Given that mangaba tree is currently one of the most important raw materials for the juice and ice cream industry in the Northeast and Midwest regions of Brazil. The State of Sergipe is the largest producer in Brazil, and the value added to mangaba has increased in the last few years (pulps, ice creams, among others). Among other factors, there is an intensification of conflicts as well as the extractivism in several areas of the State of Sergipe, therefore, the need to generate knowledge on the cropping and permanence of Hancornia speciosa in Sergipe is of utmost importance. Accordingly, this study was intended to accomplish an analysis of the distribution and exploitation of Mangaba ( Hancornia speciosa Gomes) in Sergipe. The methodological procedures applied in this study followed the approach method, in this case, the GTL model – Geosystem/Territory/Landscape. Among the main results obtained with this research, the fact that the largest mangaba production in the state of Sergipe can be found on the South coast stands out. Thus, this paper discusses the establishment of the Association of Mangaba Pickers in the town of Barra dos Coqueiros, besides the main threats and demands per village in each town of this region. The main threat to be highlighted is the frailty and/or lack of social organization among the pickers, and the main demand is the access to land. The conclusion is that the phytogeographic distribution of mangaba corroborates the confrontation of data among the edaphoclimatic conditions required by this species and the conditions found in the study area, which focused on the south coast of Sergipe. Keywords: Threats, Cultivation, Phytogeography, GTL.

This study aimed to characterize three natural populations of mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa) located in parts of the Cerrado in the region of Porto Nacional, State of Tocantins, as well as to evaluate phenotypic variability in individual plants based on the physicochemical properties of their fruits. Ten genotypes were selected from each population, and 20 fruits of each genotype were collected for analysis. Fruits were analyzed for transverse and longitudinal diameters, total mass, pulp mass and yield, and number and fresh mass of seeds. Two seeds were taken from each fruit for the measurement of longitudinal and transverse diameter and thickness. Furthermore, pH and soluble solids were measured in the total pulp of each genotype. Descriptive statistics were performed on the data from morphological characterization, and populations were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn's test at 5% probability level. The relationship between variables was estimated by the Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Phenotypic variability was verified using the principal component analysis. All three natural populations of mangabeira investigated here exhibited similar characteristics regarding fruit morphology and pH. Significant differences were detected only in the transverse diameter of the seed (Canaã had the highest value) and for total soluble solids content (Providência had the highest value). Significant correlations were found for corresponding morphological variables and pH in each population, except for several negative correlations that were observed in the Canaã population, which produced more homogeneous fruit. The Providência population presented the largest and most massive fruit. The greatest phenotypic variabilities were observed in the São Judas Tadeu and Providência populations. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar três populações naturais de mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) localizadas em áreas de Cerrado na região de Porto Nacional-TO e estudar a variabilidade fenotípica através de atributos físico-químicos de frutos. Foram selecionados dez genótipos em cada população e coletados vinte frutos de cada genótipo para análise. Nos frutos foram mensurados: o diâmetro transversal e longitudinal, a massa total, a massa e o rendimento de polpa, o número de sementes e a massa fresca das sementes. De cada fruto foram retiradas duas sementes e mensurados o diâmetro longitudinal, transversal e espessura. Da polpa total de cada genótipo foram mensurados o pH e sólidos solúveis. Para caracterização morfológica foi realizada estatística descritiva, a comparação entre as populações foi realizada através do teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido do teste de Dunn a 5% de probabilidade. A relação entre as variáveis foi estimada pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Para o estudo da variabilidade fenotípica foi realizada a análise de componentes principais. As populações naturais de mangabeira estudadas apresentam características semelhantes quanto à morfologia do fruto e pH, sendo encontrado diferenças significativas apenas para o diâmetro transversal da semente, com maior valor para Canaã e sólidos solúveis totais, com maior valor para Providência. As correlações significativas em cada população ocorrem para as mesmas variáveis morfológicas e pH, com exceção das correlações negativas que ocorreram na população Canaã que se destacou por apresentar frutos mais homogêneos. Providência apresentou frutos maiores e com maior massa. Nas populações São Judas Tadeu e Providência foram observadas maiores variabilidades fenotípicas.

O látex vegetal é excretado pelo sistema de defesa da planta, em resposta a estresses. Em certos casos, o látex pode apresentar toxicidade, mas sua utilização é viável, pois seus componentes podem possuir atividades biológicas variadas, como: antibacteriana; antitumoral; antioxidante; antifúngica, anti-inflamatório; larvicida, dentre outras. Diferentes famílias botânicas produzem látex, uma das principais e mais abrangente é a Apocynaceae. Diante dessa abrangência, torna-se necessário a realização de estudos sobre a aplicabilidade do látex. Deste modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo promover a busca por trabalhos científicos que descrevessem sobre o uso do látex das espécies: Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton; Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br; Cryptostegia madagascariensis Bojer; Hancornia speciosa Gomes; Himatanthus drasticus Mart.; Allamanda blanchetti A. DC. por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica. Os trabalhos científicos foram selecionados sob critérios de exclusão e inclusão, nas bases de dados: “Periódicos CAPES”, “Science Direct”, “Scielo”, “PubMed”,”Google Scholar” e “SciFinder” sob um intervalo de tempo de 37 anos (1984-2021), sendo utilizados trabalhos nos idiomas: inglês e português. Os resultados apontam que o látex das espécies, podem atuar como: antimicrobiano, anti-helmíntico, antitumoral, anticâncer, anti-inflamatório, quimioterapêutico, larvicida, inseticida, dentre outras atividades. Conclui-se que, o látex vegetal é uma fonte promissora para a síntese de fármacos, repelentes, cosméticos, e pode estimular pesquisas que visem a extração consciente de recursos naturais.

This study characterized the phenolic profile in siriguela, umbu-cajá and mangaba, as well in their frozen pulps (FPs). The bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of the FP dialysates were determined following exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The profile of phenolic compounds identified in fruit and FPs were relatively similar. After pulp processing, increases of 33.60% and 68.72% in free phenolics were observed for mangaba and umbu-cajá, respectively, whereas in siriguela, the free phenolic was reduced by 56.55%. Generally, phenolic levels decreased after exposure to simulated gastric conditions in all FPs. The bioaccessibility of phenolics varied among the evaluated FPs. The highest bioaccessibility was observed for gallic acid in the umbu-cajá FP (73.92%) and the lowest for gentisic acid in the mangaba FP (8.71%). Siriguela and umbu-cajá FP dialysates presented the highest capacity for the capture of the radical 2,2'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate, whereas the mangaba FP dialysate demonstrated the highest iron reducing capacity.

Mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes - Apocynaceae) is a native fruit of Brazil which is of great importance in its areas of occurrence. This species has been subjected to habitat fragmentation that is mainly due to human activity, and requires conservation. The aim of the present review was to evaluate the biotechnological advances in the species. This paper deals with recent studies on the genetic diversity and bioactive compounds. Key words: Hancornia speciosa Gomes, bioactive compounds, genetic resources, conservation.

Mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes var. gardneri) is one of the most important fruit trees in the cerrado biome, its fruits being highly valued both for in natura consumption and for processing. Although its seeds are delicate, losing viability within a few hours after collection, seeds still represent the predominant tool of propagation multiplication of this species, since the plant encounters limitations in the formation of adventitious roots, hindering vegetative propagation. Thus, the present work aims to evaluate the in vitro establishment of Mangabeira seedlings as a function of the extent of natural desiccation and the sucrose concentration in the culture medium. Four sucrose concentrations (15, 30, 45 and 60 g L-1) and four natural drying periods (24, 48, 96 and 192 h after the seed pulping) were used in a factorial experiment. 60 days after in vitro culturing of the naked embryos, the following variables were evaluated: germination %, germination speed index (GSI), mean germination time (MGT), oxidation index, culture medium contamination index, length of the largest root, stem diameter, seedling height and number of live and dead leaves. The interaction between desiccation times and sucrose concentrations was not significant for any of the variables analyzed. Germination was influenced only by the desiccation time, being reduced after 106 hours of natural drying. Increasing concentrations of sucrose up to 60 g L-1 reduced GSI and seedling height. In contrast, leaf mortality decreased, which contributed to the production of seedlings with greater ability of acclimatization to field conditions. Key words: Germination, in vitro cultivation, desiccation, Hancornia speciosa Gomes.

Mangabeira fruits are collected from native populations under anthropic pressure. It is therefore essential to obtain morphogenetic information to genetically improve populations, thereby preventing genetic erosion. This research was carried out in the state Amapá and aimed to verify the morphological dissimilarity between two populations, one composed of 36 native progenies and one of eight progenies from Paraiba, outlined in lattices with two replications and six plants per part. The evaluated characteristics were: agronomic value (VA), treetop circumference (CCP), plant height (ALP), estimated number of fruits per plant (NEF), fruit color (COF), average weight of 10 fruits (PMF), fruit diameter (DF), average pulp weight of ten fruits (PMP), average length of 10 fruits (CMF), average number of seeds of 10 fruits (NMS). Our results indicate that the phenotype was mainly determined by responses to environmental changes; in the correlations, inherent fruit characteristics (weight, size, and color) did not affect the VA, while biometric characters influenced VA values. Higher plants presented larger fruits and a larger diameter, bigger quantities, there is also apparent contrast, with a larger amount of smaller size; the populations are dissimilar, indicating the possibility of obtaining of diverging superior segregating. As frutas de mangabeiras são coletadas extrativamente em populações nativas sob grande pressão antrópica, devendo-se obter informações morfogenéticas para ações com reflexos no melhoramento genético que possam evitar a sua erosão genética. Esta pesquisa realizada no Amapá, teve como objetivo verificar a dissimilaridade morfológica entre duas populações, uma composta por 36 progênies nativas e outra com 8 da Paraíba, delineados em látices, com duas repetições e seis plantas por parcela. As características avaliadas foram: valor agronômico (VA); circunferência da copa da planta (CCP); altura da planta (ALP); número estimado de frutos na planta (NEF); cor do fruto (COF); peso médio de dez frutos (PMF); diâmetro do fruto (DF); peso médio da polpa de dez frutos (PMP); comprimento médio de dez frutos (CMF); número médio de sementes de dez frutos (NMS). As principais conclusões obtidas indicaram que o fenótipo foi devido principalmente as respostas às variações ambientais; nas correlações, características inerentes aos frutos (peso, tamanho e cor) não influenciaram o VA, enquanto que os caracteres biométricos influenciaram, plantas mais altas apresentaram frutos maiores e as com maior diâmetro maior quantidade, há também aparente compensação, com maior quantidade de frutos, estes são menores; as populações são dissimilares, indicando possibilidade da obtenção de segregantes divergentes superiores.