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Background: Astrocyte elevated gene 1 (AEG-1), also known as metadherin, is an oncogene which is overexpressed in various types of cancer, playing important roles in invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and chemotherapy resistance. Hence it might be used as a therapeutic target. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of AEG-1 as a novel molecular marker in oral squamous cell carcinomas and establish correlations with clinicopathologic factors. Materials and Methods: Thirty formalin fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of OSCC cases and 30 samples of normal oral mucosa with minimal inflammation were selected and stained immunohistochemically for AEG-1. Staining intensity and percentage of stained cells were scored according to nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of epithelial cells. Relationship between immunoreactivity and clinicopathologic factors were examined by T-test and Mann-Whitney. Results: AEG-1 expression in OSCCs was greater than in normal oral mucosa (P0.05). Conclusion: The current results support some role of AEG-1 in genesis of oral squamous cell carcinomas.

Actinomycosis is an infection of filamentous, gram-positive anaerobic bacteria. Actinomycosis of jaw bone is rare and the diagnosis is often difficult. The aim of this patient report is to present an actinomycotic osteomyelitis of mandible in a 30-year-old male patient. The patient presented with a chief complaint of pain and unhealed dental socket after mandibular teeth extractions. Radiographs showed ill-defined radiolucencies and perforation of buccal and lingual cortical plate; several biopsies and different therapy could not improve the lesion because of fault diagnosis and improper treatment. Finally, the authors' histopathological examination revealed granulation tissue surrounded bacterial colonies compatible with actinomycotic colonies. Follow-up examinations showed that the patient was well 6 months after prolonged treatment without any pain and discharge from dental socket.

Background: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is a malignant salivary gland neoplasm with poor long-term prognosis. Differentiating between AdCC and other salivary gland neoplasms can be a diagnostic challenge, particularly in examining tissues obtained from small incisional biopsies. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate c-kit expression in four common benign and malignant salivary gland neoplasms. Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemical techniques were used to analyze the level of c-kit expression in normal salivary gland (n = 10) and four different types of salivary gland tumors: Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) (n = 17), AdCC (n = 9), polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) (n = 4) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) (n = 6). Samples were immunostained using monoclonal antibody against c-kit. Results: The immunoreactivity for c-kit was found in all cases of AdCC, PLGA and MEC and majority of PAs. Positive reactivity was observed in more than 50% of the tumor cells of AdCC and less than 50% in PLGA. PA did not show strong immunostaining and c-kit was predominantly localized to the cell membrane. Furthermore, the difference in the expression of c-kit between the benign and malignant neoplasms was not statistically significant. Conclusions: CD117 expression itself cannot be used as a marker in differential diagnosis of salivary gland neoplasms. However, the percentage of the CD117 immunoreactive cells and the staining intensities appeared to be important factors in distinguishing AdCC from PLGA and PA.

Smoking is the most important etiologic factor of oral cancer. Exfoliative cytology is the best method for early detection of oral cancer. Toluidine blue staining is used for detection of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. The aim of this study was to enhance the accuracy of oral exfoliative cytology in evaluating dysplastic features using toluidine blue staining.This clinical trials study was performed on 60 male smokers and nonsmokers without clinically oral lesion. Oral exfoliative cytological smears were prepared before and after application of toluidine blue and stained with Papanicolaou and evaluated under light microscope. Cytological features such as cellular clumping nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, micronuclei, binucleation, presence of bacterial colonies, and keratin flakes were assessed and compared before and after application of toluidine blue.Results showed that cellular clumping and micronuclei were significantly decreased after application of toluidine blue and conversely cellular and nuclear pleomorphisms were significantly increased. Frequency of micronuclei and binucleation were greater in smokers than nonsmokers which were insignificant. Cellular and nuclear pleomorphisms were significantly higher in smokers than nonsmokers after application of toluidine blue.Toluidine blue improved cellular, nuclear, and structural features of oral cytological smears and filtered false-positive or false-negative results. Thus, application of toluidine blue in combination with oral exfoliative cytology for early detection of oral cancer is recommended. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:513-519. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

OBJECTIVE Ameloblastoma and keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KOT) is characterized by a benign but locally invasive behavior with a high risk of recurrence. MDM2 (murine double minute 2), an amplifier of cell proliferation, and p53, a tumor suppressor gene, are overexpressed in some odontogenic lesions. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of MDM2 and p53 in ameloblastoma and KOT as 2 lesions with similar biologic behavior, by immunohistochemistry. METHODS The expressions of MDM2 and p53 proteins were determined in 39 ameloblastomas (15 follicular types, 15 plexiform types, and 9 unicystic types) and 15 KOTs. RESULTS P53 protein was expressed in 100% of KOTs and 77.8% of ameloblastomas, and MDM2 was detected in 74.8% of ameloblastomas and 80% of KOTs. There was no statistical difference between MDM2 and p53 expressions in different subtypes of ameloblastomas and also when KOTs were compared with them (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference between immunohistochemical reactivity of MDM2 among subtypes of ameloblastomas (P < 0.05). MDM2 and p53 expressions were positively correlated. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of p53 and MDM2 is associated with the pathogenesis and oncogenesis of ameloblastomas and KOT. Overexpression of these markers can contribute to similar biologic behavior of these lesions.

A hermetic seal of the root canal space following canal preparation is important in endodontics. This study evaluated the effect of canal curve on adaptation of gutta-percha to dentinal walls of canals obturated using the Herofill system. For this in vitro study, 80 mesial roots of mature human first molars with length of 16 mm, curve between 5° and 45°, and no caries or resorption of the root surface were selected. A cone beam computed tomography system was used to evaluate the presence or absence of a gap in the samples. Photographs were taken in three sections: 2 mm above the curve, at the curve and 2 mm below the curve. The gap area was identified using Photoshop and AutoCAD software. Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze the data mounted in a castcurve. There were significant differences between the two lateral condensation groups with various curves; roots with more curve had more gaps. When the Herofill and lateral condensation groups were compared without considering the sections and curve, there was a significant difference between these groups and the Herofill group had less gaps. The Herofill system is an alternative to the lateral condensation technique in severely curved canals. (J Oral Sci 53, 43-50, 2011)

Lymphomas are malignant neoplasms of component cells of lymphoid tissues. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) are a relatively common group of neoplasms. Up to 40% of all NHLs arise at extranodal sites. Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of bone are quite rare, but among jaw lesions, they more frequently arise in the maxilla than in the mandible. Herein, we report a case of primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the mandible, in which the patient presented with diffuse painful swelling on the right body of the mandible.

INTRODUCTION Lymphoma is the second most common malignancy of head and neck. Many studies have been carried out in different population groups to detect the subtypes of oral and jaw lymphoma, but such research has not been conducted in Iran. The purpose of this study was to determine the subtypes of oral and jaw lymphoma by immunohistochemistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 36 paraffin-embedded blocks (25 males and 11 females) with primary diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma were studied by immunohistochemical markers according to cellular morphology. RESULTS The frequencies were diffuse large B-cell (41.1%), low-grade B-cell (35.2%), peripheral T-cell (11.7%), Burkitt (5.8%), and Hodgkin lymphomas (5.8%). The involved sites were salivary gland (26.4%), maxillary bone (23.5%), mandibular soft tissues (17.6%), maxillary sinus (14.7%), mandibular bone (8.8%), tonsils and tongue (5.7%), and lip and vestibule (2.9%), and 2 cases (5.5%) turned out to be undifferentiated carcinomas. The most common lymphomas in male and females were diffuse large B-cell and low-grade B-cell lymphomas, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The epidemiology of different types of oral lymphoma in a sample of Iranian population was not similar with other populations of the world. Immunohistochemistry and molecular methods are required to prove the diagnosis in addition to typing of lymphoma.

Odontogenic cysts are among the most frequent destructive lesions of jaws which their pathogenesis and growth mechanism are not cleared. With respect to different roles of mast cells, they may play a role in the pathogenesis and growth of odontogenic cysts. The aim of present study was to evaluate mast cells in the most common odontogenic cyst.Thirty paraffin-embedded tissue blocks including 10 radicular cysts, 10 dentigerous cysts and 10 odontogenic keratocysts were used and 5 micron sections stained with toluidine blue and observed by light microscope under ×400 magnification to evaluate mast cells within these cysts. For each case, 5 high-power field areas, selected from hot-spot areas, were considered and each area divided into 3 zones: intra-epithelial zone, sub-epithelial zone and deep zone.Most of the studied cyst showed presence of mast cells. There was not any significant difference in mast cell count between studied cysts ( P -values0.05).With respect to intra-epithelial, sub-epithelial and deep zones, there was not any significant difference between three studied cysts. There was not any significant difference between sub-epithelial zone and deep zone within each of these cysts. There was only significant difference between intra-epithelial zone and sub-epithelial zone within dentigerous cysts and odontogenic keratocysts ( P -value0.05).Prevalence of mast cells in fibrous wall of odontogenic cysts suggests their activity in these cysts. Mast cells may not be directly involved in the pathogenesis of odontogenic keratocysts.

Introduction: Ischemia-associated depression and anxiety may occur due to brain damage caused by oxidative stress. A number of reports indicated that treatment with herbal plant extracts with antioxidant properties could lead to a significant reduction in Ischemic complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behaviors of ischemic rats through animal models of anxiety and exploratory behavior (open field) to determine the efficiency of pomegranate seed extract (PGSE) as antioxidant. Methods: In this study, 21 male Wistar rats (250 ± 20 g) were randomly divided into 3 groups with 7 in each: 1) Control; 2) Ischemic; 3) Ischemic plus PGSE (14 days). In order to create ischemia/hypoperfusion, carotid arteries were ligatured and cut bilaterally. Then, plus maze and open-field tests were used for the measurement. Results: Ischemic rats showed a significant increase in anxiety or decrease approach and reduction locomotor activity compared to control group. Fourteen days administration of PGSE significantly improved the immobilization and ischemia-induced anxiety. Conclusion: PGSE exhibits therapeutic potential for anxiety and depression, which is most likely related, at least in part, to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging actions.