Search

Background This study is focused on a rapid and safe transfer when there are many people who need rescuing in unapproachable location. Generally, a stretcher, a basket or a mesh drawing is used to transfer injured people or survivors in the emergency rescue, however, it turned out that it takes long time to transfer a number of people with a stretcher and it is difficult to transfer injured people safely with a basket or a mesh drawing. It would expect to transfer many people who need rescuing promptly and harmlessly. Methods In this article, Targeted Acceptable Responses to Generated Events of Tasks (TARGETS), an event-based team performance measurement methodology was used to investigate the effects of Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) on the behavioral processes underlying team performance during simulated rescue tasks while wearing chemical protective equipment. In addition, this study determined which team processes were related to team performance outcomes. Results of six primary analyses indicated that team process performance was not degraded by MOPP 4 on any rescue task and that the team processes critical for successful task performance are task-dependent. Results As a result, authors have developed a new life-saving equipment. Numerous people who need rescuing can be quickly and safely rescued and transferred to the hospital with it. From a medical point of view, it reduces the risk of secondary damage from transport and helps avoid missing the golden time for first aid caused by delay in transferring emergency patients as numerous people can be transferred safely and quickly. Conclusion The article is due to introduce the equipment which can transfer people who need rescuing promptly and effectively in a situation such as when numerous people need rescuing in the mountain. In a rescue situation such as mountain rescue, rope connected life-saving equipment is dropped to the rescue site with a rope from a rescue helicopter and laying down the injured on the life-saving equipment body and equip life-saving equipment to the rope consecutively. In this way, it is expected to transfer the injured rapidly and safely.

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium silicate (Ca2SiO4) are widely used fillers for fire retardant to polymer and other materials. In recent years, reducing greenhouse gas has become a key issue for environmental concern. Capturing CO2 gas as a solid form in room temperature and ambient condition is attractive method to reduce the greenhouse gas and uses as a fire retardant, such as CaCO3–SiO2 composite. Calcium carbonate–silica composite (CaCO3–SiO2) has been synthesized by bubbling CO2 gas into an aqueous Ca(OH)2 medium with NH4OH catalyst. Completely dissolved and transparent Ca(OH)2 solution was prepared to react Ca(OH)2, tetraethoxy orthosilicate (TEOS), and CO2. The characteristic FTIR absorption peaks of CaCO3 and SiO2 appeared at 1450, 1100, 875 and 712 cm−1. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images show mixed particle sizes with small particles (approximately several hundred nanometers) and large particles (approximately several micrometers). Using completely dissolved Ca(OH)2 and TEOS with NH4OH catalyst is one of the effective method not only capturing CO2 greenhouse gas and use as fire retardant.

Multifactor lithographic process conditions have been achieved in order to fabricate 3-D single mode waveguide. One of the key factors is the heating (preheating and post-baking) process. Good waveguides were formed with 30 min of pre-heating at 100 °C. Sol gel waveguides have low light loss (0.16 dB/cm), which was achieved with an aged sol gel slab waveguide. By carefully controlling the index difference between cladding and core, light was easily launched into 4-inch lengths of single mode 3-D ridge waveguides. As the heating time increases, the luminescence intensities increase until 65 h and ceased further post-baking process at 110 °C. The thermally produced chromophore luminescence intensity was reduced about 10% after deep UV exposure for 12 min and no further reduction was observed.

Large surface area and fire-inert property of sub-micrometer silica spheres were employed to improve the fire retardant performance by attaching large number of Si–O–Al(OH) $$_{2}$$ groups. Various amounts of AlCl $$_{3}$$ were attached to the surface of silica spheres and the residual –AlCl $$_{2}$$ was hydrolyzed by adding excess amount of KOH. Although the FESEM image of pure silica spheres showed smooth surface, the surface-modified silica spheres exhibited nanoparticles on the surface of silica spheres. The characteristic absorption peaks of Al–OH and Si–O–Al were detected by FTIR spectra. Silica spheres attached with Si–O–Al(OH) $$_{2}$$ were uniformly distributed on the surface of cellulose acetate films. The performance of the fire retardant was greatly enhanced by increasing the amount of aluminum hydroxide.

This research focused on the practical training program provided by government and practiced by human resources development service of Korea to fire protection engineers to analyze the training program is suitable to improve their productive capacity. To continually improve job skills through the educational program for fire protection engineers, we propose the following suggestions. First, the educational programs of the practical training for the fire protection engineers should be separated with the educational programs of practical training for the fire protection inspection and testing engineers and associate fire protection engineers. Second, diverse educational programs for the fire protection engineers should be provided. Finally, the government needs to recommend to Korea fire safety association to improve the educational program and to provide diverse educational programs. Otherwise, the government needs to allow enter the practical training program to the other institutions outside Korea fire safety association.

This research proposed new fire alarm systems to solve the drawbacks: false alarms about current fire alarm systems in apartments, increased prices on manufacturing and installation of the alarm systems which developed recently. Although the new alarm sys-tems are more expensive than the current ones which consists of 4 steps, their strengths are that they cost less than the one recently developed for manufacturing and installa-tion, and also reduce false alarms efficiently. The new fire alarm systems consist of 5 steps. If fire detector detects a fire, a receiver receives it and warns to safety center, send a fire signal. In the case of a false alarm, you can stop the alarm and recover the signal by handling the smartphone application or pressing the switch on the receiver. Other-wise, it is regarded actual and the system sends an alarm to fire automatically to let con-cerned people know about it. Another feature of the alarm systems is that the monitoring is possible all the time. Even if the fire safety supervisor is absent for a while, he or she can monitor the fire-related information frequently with the smartphone application.

The most efficient method for obtaining high concentration, monodispersed quantum dots is the sol gel method. This manuscript reports room temperature photoluminescence (PL) of lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots with the effect of a capping agent. Lead sulfide quantum dots were prepared from a waveguide sol gel material with an organic-inorganic capping agent. The quantum dots were made using silica, a photoreactive methylmethacrylate group and a zirconia sol gel solution to give various concentrations of PbS quantum dots. UV-visible absorption spectra linearly increased with increasing PbS quantum dot concentration up to 10 649 ppm, after which increase was nonlinear. At room temperature, strong photoluminescence was achieved with a weak excitation light source, and the intensity increased almost linearly. This indicated that the quantum dots were distributed uniformly in the sol gel matrix. The thermal process slightly reduced the luminescence intensity. A red shift due to band gap energy was observed from 1.55 eV to 1.49 eV.

This research focused on the communication noise level depending on the distance for conventional fire detection systems (RS-485 codetransmitter) in comparison to the newly developed optical cable automatic fire detection system (optical communication code-transmitter. The noise levels of the RS-485 code-transmitter were respectively 10, 200, 1200, and 2400 mV for the communication distances of 0, 1, 40, and 80 m and showed a correlation between the increase of the communication noise with the increase of the communication distance. However, the optical communication code-transmitter did not show any sign of communication noise at these four different distances. Therefore, the newly developed optical communication system is an ideal system to avoid false alarms in automatic fire detection system.

The notification of a fire situation on smartphones by a simple text message was developed recently. To improve these drawbacks, smart phone applications linked with fire alarm control panel in automatic fire detection system have been developed for monitoring the fire situations in situ including occurrence of fires, fire control related equipment, short circuit of the fire detectors, and status of the control panel. As a result, the fire related information in situ can be monitored by the fire officers anywhere and anytime.

Fire alarm systems are essentially installed in specific firefighting equipment and serve as one of important alarm equipments which senses fire early. The main goal of the study is to find methods for improving the structure of fire alarm needs. This study is about false alarms of fire indicating equipment in fire alarm systems. It is found that false alarms false alarms by fire alarm systems are constantly occurring and fire safety manager is neglecting his duty of work by turning alarm bell stop switch on even during usual times. To prevent this, the alarm bell stop switch should be changed into an automatically resettable manual operation type so that it can automatically reset to its original state even though fire safety manager turns the switch on. As a result, aid in correcting fire safety managers' wrongful practices by making the alarm bell ring whenever an actual fire occurs, and ultimately reduce false alarms by eliminating fundamental causes when false alarms occur.

This research focused on the temperature change in the fire chamber and corridor, the smoke layer height change, and the concentration change of CO, CO2 and O2 for children's house in case of fire without smoke vent and with smoke vents of 1, 2 and 3m 2 . The simulation results show that the air vent reduced the fire room and hallway temperatures and the smoke layer height. Moreover, the smoke height maintained 1.8 m in case of 3 m 2 air vent, which was respiratory limit. Additionally, the CO concentration became far less than 1,400 ppm, and CO2 concentration maintained less than 5 % in the hallway. The O2 concentration maintained higher than 15 % (limit of the life safety standards) to increase the evacuation time.

이 연구는 노인관련시설에 스프링클러 설치유무와 종류에 따른 연기층 및 공기층의 온도변화와 연기층의 높이변화를 화재시뮬레이션을 통해 비교한 것으로 복사열은 거실에 표준반응형 헤드가 작동한 경우는 플래시오버 발생조건을 초과하였으나 조기반응형 헤드는 플래시오버가 발생되지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 인체표면의 경우도 조기 반응형 헤드가 작동하면 열유속의 최대값이 2,293W/m²에 머물러 인체화상 위험조건인 4,000W/m² 이하가 되어 거주자가 열에 의해 인체화상은 입지 않는 것을 알 수 있다. 화재실의 최고온도는 연기층 및 공기층 모두 인명안전기준을 초과하였으나 일정시간 후 급격히 하강하여 인명안전기준에서 요구하는 온도 이하로 유지되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 연기층의 높이는 조기반응형 헤드가 작동하면 연기층을 1.1 m 이상으로 유지할 수 있어서 표준반응형 헤드가 작동한 경우보다 연기층 하강을 더 지연시킬 수 있음을 알 수 있다.

화재 시 발생하는 독성 가스인 CO, HCl, HCN, SO₂를 방독면에 의해 제거하는 효율은 화재로 인한 인명구조의 핵심 요소이다. 머리와 목끈이 없는 탄력있는 방독면은 전방을 주시할 수 있는 창, 탄력후드, 가스정화기와 공기 환풍구로 되어 있어서 화재 시 빠르고 쉽게 착용할 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 방독면의 CO, HCl, HCN, SO₂ 제거 효율에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. 실험결과 CO 제거 효율은 최초 농도가 2505.0 ppm인 경우 3.5분 후에 99.99%였고, 8.5분 후에는 99.98%로 나타났다. 8.5분 후에는 CO 농도가 급격히 증가하는 특성을 보였다. HCl, HCN, SO₂에 대해서는 최초 농도가 각각 1003.0, 399.0, 100.3 ppm인 경우 20분 동안 제거 효율이 100%로 나타났다.

구획된 소규모 공간내부에 각 경우별로 서로 다른 두 종류의 가연물로부터 발생된 연기(smoke)를 채운 후 미분무 헤더를 통해 분사압력과 분사시간을 서로 달리하면서 미분무를 분사하였으며, 이후 시간경과에 따른 광소멸상수의 변화 값을 측정하였다. 미분무가 구획된 공간내부에서 분사될 경우 각각의 실험조건에 따른 연기제거효과의 패턴과 차이점은 감광식 연기농도계를 통해 고찰하였다. 실험에 이용된 감광식 연기농도계를 통해 시간변화에 따른 연기밀도의 변화값을 직류전압(DC voltage)의 변화값으로 확보할 수 있었으며, 이를 통해서 광소멸상수의 변화를 알 수 있었다. 훈소(glowing)에서 발생한 연기가 불꽃연소(flaming combustion)에서 발생한 연기보다 연기의 제거효과가 컸으며, 분사압력이 높을수록, 분사시간이 길수록 연기제거효과는 크게 나타났다.ABSTRACTWater mist was sprayed on small compartment areas filled with smoke that formed from two different combustibles.The water-mist injection pressure and time were varied, and changes in the light extinction coefficient were measuredover time. The smoke removal effect was analyzed with a light sensing smoke meter in different experimental conditions.Using the meter, the changes in smoke density were converted to changes in DC voltage over time to obtain the changesin the light extinction coefficient. The water mist was more effective in eliminating the smoke formed from glowing com-pared to flaming combustion. The smoke removal effect was significantly better with greater injection pressure and injec-tion time.Keywords : Smoke removal, Water mistm, Lignt extinction coefficient

이 연구는 기존의 미터링 오리피스보다 유량계수가 작은 미터링 벤츄리를 이용하여 포소화약제 혼합장치를 실무에서 주로 사용하는 직경으로 제작하여 혼합비가 적정한지를 평가한 연구로써 3%용 혼합비의 경우 가압수 직경 76.2 mm(포원액 직경 31.75 mm)는 3.1~3.5%의 혼합비의 변화를 나타내었고, 가압수 직경 101.6 mm(포원액 직경 38.1 mm)는 3.3~3.7%의 변화를 나타내어 포소화약제혼합장치등의 성능인증 및 제품검사의 기술기준인 3.0~3.9%를 만족하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 6% 혼합비의 경우 가압수 직경 76.2 mm는 6.4~6.8%의 혼합비의 변화를 나타내었고, 가압수 직경 101.6mm는 6.25~6.5%의 변화를 나타내어 포소화약제혼합장치등의 성능인증 및 제품검사의 기술기준인 6.0~7.0%를 만족하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

At a time of growing importance of safety management in the social welfare facility by the increase of social welfare facilities, this study analysed safety perceptions about facility management, facility conditions, and facility structure and arrangement. This study sample consisted of 204 service providers and service users in 12 social welfare facilities. T-test and ANOVA were used to find the group differences among facility types. The findings were as follows. Firstly, safety perceptions of the service providers were significantly higher than those of service users in terms of facility management, and facility structure and arrangement. Secondly, in terms of facility types, the respondents in the family service center had lower safety perceptions than the respondents in other service in all three areas. Thirdly, facilities that are of 10 years or older had higher safety perceptions than the respondents of facilities that are 6 to 10 years old in the area of facility management, and facility structure and arrangement. Fourthly, in regard to building heights, the respondents in 3 to 4 story facilities had statistically higher safety perceptions than respondents in 1 story facilities. Finally, looking at the relationship between floor area and safety perceptions, safety perceptions of the respondents of less than 400 m facilities or 600 m and more facilities were significantly higher than those of 400 m ~less than 600 m facilities.

The purpose of this article is to search stakeholders` recognition related to Fire Construction Surveillance system; a client(order), fire fighting officer, supervision company, construction company, design company, other. The paper provides 4 important things. Firstly, a client(order) suggested the lowest recognition in the needs about the need of separation order, that of contract for any construction work limited registered companies, and that of standard price for engineering.. Secondly, the design company is lowest recognition in guidance and control participating in construction-design phase. Thirdly, the design company is lowest in adjustment about manpower-allocation according to allocation criteria of technical manpower. Fourthly, a client(order) and supervision company are relatively lower than other stakeholder in necessity on special education and training system for auditor in fire protection construction. Almost all related matters are related to more or less stakeholders` interest.

This study is to search cooperation plan about fire investigation based on the public-private partnership. Especially focused on the partnership with 4 sector; the academic world, insurance sector, industrial world, professionalist of private fire investigation. In conclusion, Firstly a partnership with the academic world should have courses or school subject extensions related to fire investigation. Secondly, a partnership with insurance sector should secure trust through unifying estimate standard about the origin of damage. Thirdly, A partnership with industrial company is presented making collaboration team to investigate the fire investigation. Lastly, the partnership with the private professionalist related to fire investigation should strengthen credibility and expertise.

The purpose of this study is to make sure what the stress causes of women's EMTs within the firehouse are, and is to suggest ideas (plans) that are possible to resolve this problem. The reasons are because of difficulties such as not only the overwork at one's tasks, the uncomfortable working environment and circumstances, women's pregnancy, but also shift work or the shift system. It's own ideas about the way to resolve these difficulties are as follows: a separate operation of first-aid department, environmental improvement within a fire house (fire station) via remodeling, activation of substitute man power, alterating women's EMT services into daywork system, mutual encouragement and solicitude among co-workers, reinforcement of the number of the working force to be mobilized, and adoption about the rest year system in employment.

In this study, the riskiness of fire accidents on 9 V primary battery and secondary battery was investigated experimentally, their batteries were likely to occur the short circuit with a conductor contact. For this experiment, conductors of which short circuit are probable if they are left with 9 V batteries were selected as samples. And the possibility of a fire was experimented by bringing samples in contact with tissue paper, assuming that the 9 V battery and a sample have in short circuit. To consider a fire accident by the short circuit of a battery and a conductor, the theoretical resistance was calculated and the correlation between the experimental results and the theoretical resistance was studied. As a result, the sample(ball point pen`s spring) of which length was the longest, cross-section was small and shape had a rolled like a coil was caught a fire. It is proved experimentally so the ball point pen`s spring was likely to occur the concentration of heat that it was caught a fire.

Comparative investigations of the conventional analog and optical communication analog fire detector signal attenuations with various numbers of fire detectors were performed in this research. The conventional fire detector signals with 1, 2, 16 and 32 fire detectors were 4.5, 4.0, 2.2 and 0.8 V, respectively. The fire detector signals were drastically decreased with the increase of the number of fire detectors. However, the optical communication fire detector signals were not changed with increasing the number of fire detectors. Therefore, optical communication fire detector system is a promising fire detection system for eliminating the false alarms.

Fire retardancy was greatly enhanced by using large surface area of polyaluminum hydroxide (PAH) attaching on the surface of uniform size silica spheres. The PAH was synthesized on the surface of silica spheres by simple hydrolysis and condensation reaction using KOH or NH4OH as a catalyst. Although partial segregation between silica spheres and PAH was observed when KOH was used as a catalyst, there was no such segregation was observed when NH4OH was used as a catalyst. Characteristic absorption peaks of Al–OH and Si–O–Al were detected by FTIR spectra after completely washing silica spheres. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images show large amount of long chain of PAH. Various amounts of PAH were attached on the surface of silica spheres and mixed with cellulose acetate for testing fire retardancy. The fire retardancy was greatly enhanced by increasing the amount of PAH and proved by FESEM images.

Bright luminescence was achieved with excess amount of aluminum hydroxide with silica spheres. Various amounts of aluminum hydroxide were attached to silica spheres to improve the performance of fire retardancy. Although silica spheres attached with 60[Formula: see text]wt.% of AlCl3 (AlOH-A) showed no color change and luminescent chromophores, silica spheres attached with 80[Formula: see text]wt.% of (AlOH-B) and 100% of (AlOH-C) of AlCl3 changed the color and produced luminescent chromophores. The solution colors became intense yellow and brown for AlOH-B and AlOH-C, respectively, after 15 days. The FTIR spectra showed the characteristic absorption peaks of Al–OH and Si–O–Al. The concentration dependent photoluminescence (PL) intensities were continuously increased until 242[Formula: see text]mg addition of the colored solution and then slightly decreased thereafter for both AlOH-B and AlOH-C. The PL peaks shifted toward red by increasing the excitation wavelength for both AlOH-B and AlOH-C. Large Stoke shifts, such as 73 and 68[Formula: see text]nm for AlOH-B and AlOH-C, respectively, were observed.

The study found out the cause of false positive and suggested improvement plan for case study for decreasing false positive of automatic fire notification system in Korea. The main cause of false positive was negligence of management of fire safety warden, dust invasion inside of smoke detector, not handling with care of automatic fire notification system of user, not considering installation place of fire detector. For preventing false positive, firstly, fire safety education strengthening for fire safety warden, secondly, providing penalty and intensive for fire safety warden for a thorough inspection of fire protection, thirdly, setting period of use of smoke detector, fourthly, fire safety education & training strengthening of user, lastly, keeping thoroughgoing supervision of fire protection system constructor.