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Background: Learning losses does not mean forgetting only curricular learning but slipping back of fundamental learning abilities that learner would have acquired during schooling. School closures in India have severely disrupted learning processes of children resulting in learning losses and social gaps in academic outcomes. Though school closure is a global phenomenon, its adverse effects on learning outcomes are unevenly distributed in the society. Purpose: The paper aims to trace the phenomenon of learning losses resulting from a prolonged school closures during COVID 19 pandemic at the national level since march 2020.The study further is directed to trace accessibilities and uses of digital resources in India. Method: The study used secondary sources of data mainly of Bihar to ascertain the trend of learning losses. The data were regenerated to measure the emerging trend. Results: Learning loss was unevenly distributed in the society. Those who were digitally equipped had compensated their learning losses during school closures. The Bihar had mere 5 per cent computer and 15 internet facilities. The rural households had only 3 per cent computer and 13 per cent internet facilities. Primary grade children especially of disadvantaged groups in Bihar suffered more because they have very limited home learning resources. Learning crisis was more prominent at elementary school level where both the home resources and digital tools were inadequate. They spent hours in surfing social media for private purposes. The phenomenon of cyber loafing was widely seen among young students, showing a serious problem of internet abuse by secondary school students. Conclusion: Despite constraints Bihar managed to continue school learning programme during COVID 19. It had a largest force of digitally-equipped teachers (about 1.25 lakh) known as Potential Learning Community (PLC) who were ready to deliver e-contents to beneficiaries. Teachers established connectivity with parents and learners who had no android mobile. They started running Schools on Mobile (SOM) classes. The paper discusses learning recovery plan such as engaging community, reallocating resources for schools, etc.

Background: Universal masking, with additional layered prevention strategies, was an essential tool for limiting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and ensuring a safe return to in-person learning for kindergarten through 12th grade (K-12) students and staff. Few studies have examined mask adherence in this setting and none have described types of masks worn or locations of mask adherence. This project sought to assess mask adherence, types worn, and location of mask adherence in K-12 settings. Methods: This study used direct in-person observations to measure the proportion of persons wearing masks correctly; type of masks worn; and location of mask adherence in 19 K-12 schools in Georgia. Results: A total of 16,222 observations were conducted. Among those observed, 85.2% wore masks, with 80.3% wearing the mask correctly. Persons in high school were less likely to wear masks correctly. Correct mask use was most often observed among persons wearing N95-type masks. The prevalence of persons wearing masks correctly in transitional spaces was 5% higher than in congregate spaces. Conclusion: In K-12 schools with a universal masking policy, correct mask adherence was high among individuals. Examining adherence to recommended prevention measures can provide K-12 schools feedback to inform targeted messaging and policies during future disease outbreaks.

Limited health literacy and access to engaging, relevant, understandable health promotion and disease prevention materials are barriers to achieving and maintaining health. The We-Engage-4-Health program co-created the graphic-style story "Foamy Soap Fun" with community members to reinforce the importance of the primary preventive strategy--handwashing--in limiting spread of COVID-19. Pre/postsurveys were administered, and a modified focus group was conducted to learn community participants' preferences for reading stories (aloud together and/or silently to themselves), versus reading typical health promotion information sheets. Three themes were identified related to reading the story aloud: increased enthusiasm, increased attentiveness, and improved interpretation skills, vocabulary, and information processing skills. Educational constructs included: empathy with the story's characters, engagement with previous health experiences, enthusiasm with sharing health information, and explanation of complex health topics. This study supports the value of graphic-style stories in helping communities to better understand the science behind health topics.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are at higher risks of developing chronic oral health conditions. This trial compared the efficacy of two tooth-brushing educational interventions on the oral hygiene status {Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S)} among 7-15-year-old students with ASD in Tehran. Four schools were divided to intervention (video modeling) and comparison (social story) school groups. The OHI-S of 137 participants had been evaluated at baseline and 133 were analyzed finally after one month. Baseline characteristics were similar between both groups. OHI-S improvement was significantly higher in intervention group. We concluded that tooth-brushing educational intervention using video modeling based on modern technologies would improve oral hygiene status more than traditional social stories (standard education) in individuals with ASD. Trial registration number: IRCT20200208046413N1, Registration date: 2020-07-05.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders and other developmental disabilities (ASD/DD) often need to be explicitly taught personal hygiene skills (e.g., menstrual care, penile care and washing and cleaning of intimate body parts). The taboo and private nature of intimate care skills has often led practitioners to avoid teaching these skills which may leave individuals with ASD/DD more vulnerable to abuse and other health concerns. The purpose of the current synthesis was to examine interventions to teach intimate care skills to individuals with ASD/DD, and examine the social validity of these interventions. The findings suggest that interventions for acquisition of personal hygiene skills can benefit individuals with ASD/DD. Strengths, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of the training provided by the professional and caregivers in developing menstrual care skills of girls with intellectual disabilities. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 22 moderate girls with intellectual disabilities randomly assigned to G-I and G-II. Both groups received training program using chaining technique and modeling on a doll and on itself for 8 weeks. Assessments were made on the 1, 15, 30 and 60 days. Results: The girls' median age was 15 (14-18) years. Scores skill of menstrual care were significantly increased in both groups (p < 0.05; effect size = 0.61). G-I's a pad placement and changing dirty pad skill scores were higher than G-II (p = 0.05; effect size = 0.44). Conclusion: The training process performing by caregivers can be affected by the complexity of the menstrual self-care skills. School-parents cooperation-based reproductive health programs may be facilitated the teaching of complex menstrual care skills of girls with intellectual disabilities.

Resuming in-person teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic implies that schools must deploy strategies to enforce adherence to the safety protocols to help contain and reduce the spread of the corona virus disease among school children. Thus, the current qualitative study adopted a case study design to explore strategies that were deployed to enforce adherence to the COVID-19 safety protocols among elementary school students. A semi-structured interview guide was used to gather data from 30 teachers enrolled in a one-year master's degree in Educational Leadership and Management program at a public university in Ghana. The study showed that strict and compulsory handwashing before entering the school was deployed to ensure adherence to handwashing safety protocol, provision of veronica buckets contributed to adherence to handwashing. Also, interventions that were deployed to enforce social distancing were spacing of desk, having mealtime in class, eating meals in turns, suspension of assembly and other social gatherings, split class for shift system. Additionally, schools ensured students wore nose masks by providing nose masks to students who could not afford.

According to today's understanding of health, the most important responsibility for the protection of one's health falls on him. For this, it is necessary to develop a positive attitude and value towards the subject. Considering this, the importance of bringing cleanliness, hygiene and being healthy to our children as a value, especially in epidemic conditions, increases even more. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to apply and test the effectiveness of the activities developed by using value education methods in order to help students who have negative or low attitudes towards cleanliness and being healthy to gain an understanding of hygiene and cleanliness as a value. For this purpose, experimental design with pretest posttest control group, which is one of the quantitative research designs, was used. In the collection of data, a scale form was used for cleaning, hygiene and COVID-19 pandemic measures. In the analysis of the collected data, Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between groups. As a result, it was seen that the application of the activities developed in accordance with the values education methods significantly increased the attitude scores of the experimental group students towards cleanliness and being healthy. No significant change was observed in the control group.

The purpose of this study is to describe the policies of the West Java regional government to overcome stunting, the factors that cause stunting in West Java, and strategies that can be applied to overcome stunting in West Java. A qualitative approach and literature review were used as the research method. Data were gathered using interviews and from various relevant studies published between 2020 and 2022. West Java, Indonesia, was selected as the research location. Data analysis shows that, first, Indonesia remains committed to overcoming the stunting problem by mobilizing all assets or resources by forming a young family guidance group, integrated service post, community nutrition development, clean and healthy living behavior socialization and integrated service post empowerment, providing training to anti-stunting ambassadors. Second, the causative factor is the lack of parental awareness of the importance of nutritious food for children. Third, the strategy to overcome stunting is to make improvements in six dimensions, namely, education, nutrition, food, health, social protection, and housing.

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting mandate that everyone wear a mask affected communication and the accessibility of human speech. According to an article in "Audiology Today" (Atcherson et al., 2020), up to 20dB of the human voice can be lost due to wearing a clear face mask and even more if a shield is worn in addition to a mask. As masks also hide the mouth and often much of the face, visual cues to the speaker's words are severely limited, too. This can be devastating for individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. This article provides answers to the question teachers must address: How can one provide support to deaf and hard of hearing students so that they continue to learn, especially those who rely primarily on audition?

Hygiene education is becoming increasingly popular and is now addressed in both formal and informal education systems. Examining hygiene education research and developing a vision for the future will lead to creating a roadmap for future research as well as an analysis of past research. Research on hygiene education encompasses a variety of subtopics. It is critical for future researchers and thematic studies in this area to determine if there is a pattern to these concerns that cover a wide range of topics. The purpose of this study is to examine the topic of hygiene education using bibliometric analysis. From the Scope Database, 503 records remain for bibliometric analysis. This results in an average number of 5.02 publications per year. 1973 people contributed to the study. Among the top 10, most influential sources in terms of the number of articles are four websites related to dental hygiene. The United States leads the world in both the number of publications and a total number of citations, followed by Canada and China. Most of the research was related to oral hygiene education.

The onset of the COVID-19 global pandemic presented a unique global crisis that institutions of higher education were forced to engage with simultaneously. In this study, we provide insight into the use of websites by institutions in the United States (U.S.) during the pandemic. The sample for this study included public flagship universities within the U.S. and their institutional webpages focused on COVID-19 between January 2020 and April 2020. Guided by chaos theory (CT), we utilized a quantitative thematic analysis that involved the coding of institutional websites and public communications to develop a unique dataset capturing the information that institutions provided on campus websites (e.g., institutional decisions, timing of those decisions, public communications, and informational website structure). Findings indicated that all institutions in our sample engaged in moving to online instruction, implementing work-from-home policies, and canceling face-to-face events. In addition, we found variance in the accessibility and utility of websites.

The present research aims to ascertain the views of the people in Russia, about their levels of awareness in terms of hygiene and personal care for protection against the coronavirus. Data for this research were collected through an online questionnaire developed by researchers using a quantitative research approach. A total of 439 people living in different districts of the Russian Federation were involved to the research based on simple random sampling. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages. Results revealed that the participants paid attention to not having close contact with other people to protect themselves against the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings also revealed that they wash their hands after visiting the toilet and stand one meter away from other people. It was also found that television is the mass medium through which they follow the information on personal care and hygiene-related to the COVID-19 pandemic most frequently.

Oral health is a very critical component of individuals' physical and psychological well-being. The present study aimed to investigate the dental health knowledge, attitude, and practice among schoolchildren in Abha. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted. Each student completed a questionnaire regarding oral health. The participants were 800 students: 54.8% were male and 45.2% were female. Knowledge scores showed that -59.1% of the participants have fair knowledge. Statistically significant results were found between the age, school type, and students' educational level with the knowledge of oral health care (p < 0.05). More than half of the participants had positive attitudes (57.2%) and less than half demonstrated satisfactory oral health habits (45.3%). Students' educational level was significantly associated with attitudes and practices (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that the average knowledge, attitude, and practice level was 53.9%, which is not a positive indicator and needs to be strengthened.

The COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly around the world and has had significant impact on changing the social practices of everyday behavior and interpersonal communication of people. In Russia, the Moscow Region was one of the leaders in the number of people infected with COVID-19. Therefore, the focus of the present study is on the everyday social practices of students in the Moscow Region during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the attitude of young people to restrictions and measures aimed at countering the spread of coronavirus infection in the region. The findings of the study are based on the results of a questionnaire survey of more than 2,500 young respondents studying at universities, colleges, and technical schools in the Moscow Region, conducted during the second wave of the pandemic. The conducted analysis has shown that more than half of the respondents admitted that they were afraid of contracting coronavirus and considered it a very dangerous disease. Nevertheless, young people's adherence to safety standards was often due to the strict requirements of the authorities and the public to comply with them. The most common measures taken by respondents to prevent COVID-19 included frequent handwashing with soap, wearing face masks in public places, wiping hands with antiseptic, and avoiding contact with sick people.

Purpose: Teachers are occupational voice users with significant vocal demand. This study examined if a vocal hygiene program could mitigate the effects of occupational vocal demand in primary school teachers across 1 month. Method: Sixty female teachers participated, with 30 in an experimental group receiving vocal hygiene education plus daily home practice for 1 month and 30 in a control group with no intervention. Their vocal changes across the month were quantified with (a) acoustic measures on fundamental frequency (f[subscript o]), vocal intensity, jitter and shimmer, harmonics-to-noise ratio, and smoothed cepstral peak prominence and (b) Voice Handicap Index (VHI-10) and Vocal Fatigue Index (VFI) scores. Results: Analysis of covariance showed significantly larger changes (significant decreases) in conversational f[subscript o] and in jitter for the experimental group relative to the control group. Post hoc pairwise comparisons following repeated-measures analysis of variance showed significant decreases in conversational f[subscript o] and in jitter across the month for the experimental group. No significant differences in VHI-10 and VFI scores were found between the groups. Conclusions: Vocal demand-related changes in acoustic measures could be partially mitigated with the vocal hygiene program. Future studies with a more refined intervention program and more long-term follow-up are recommended to better understand the long-term benefits of vocal hygiene programs on primary school teachers.

Background: Test-to-stay (TTS) is a strategy to limit school exclusion following an exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We evaluated the use of TTS within universally masked kindergarten through 12th grade (K-12) school settings following household SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Methods: Three hundred twenty-two participants were enrolled. Serial rapid antigen testing was performed up to 15 days post-exposure. Analysis-eligible participants completed the 15-day testing protocol, tested positive any time during the testing window, or received a negative test on or after day 9. Primary outcomes included within-school tertiary attack rate (TAR) (test positivity among close contacts of positive TTS participants), and school days saved among TTS participants. Results: Seventy-three of 265 analysis-eligible participants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (secondary attack rate of 28% [95% CI: 16-63%]). Among 77 within-school close contacts, 2 were positive (TAR = 3% [95% CI: 1-5%]). Participant absences were limited to 338 days, resulting in 82% of 1849 school days saved. Implications for School Health Policy, Practice, and Equity: TTS facilitates continued in-person learning and can greatly reduce the number of missed school days. Conclusions: Within universally masked K-12 schools, TTS is a safe alternative to school exclusion following household SARS-CoV-2 exposure.

The study explored menstrual challenges that female adolescents encountered while in school. The sequential explanatory mixed-method design was used, and both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed in analyzing the data. The study revealed that the girls were predisposed to intense and varied menstrual-related challenges, which affected quality education as they had difficulty concentrating in class coupled with social and emotional problems. The Guidance and Counseling Units in schools' continuous organization of programs to sensitize and enlighten girls on how to manage menstrual-related challenges would help to avoid the shackles the monthly experience brings.

This study examines the quantity and quality of child-directed speech across household activities in a socioeconomically diverse sample of Argentinian Spanish-speaking children, an understudied population. Thirty children (mean: 14.3 months) and their families were audio-recorded for four hours. The middle two hours were transcribed and analysed using computerised language analysis (CLAN) to: (a) calculate lexical quantity (tokens) lexical diversity (VOCD) and syntactic complexity (MLU); (b) identify nouns and verbs. The procedures also involve the coding of regulative versus referential utterances and ongoing activities with defined spatial and temporal boundaries --feeding, play, booksharing, grooming and household chores -- as well as calculating the proportion of 21 types of concrete nouns and action verbs. Regression analysis showed effects of SES and type of activity on: (a) the quantity, lexical diversity and syntactic complexity of child-directed speech; (b) the proportion of referential and regulative utterances addressed to the child; (c) certain degree of semantic regularity in word-activity associations; and (d) an effect of SES on a variety of nouns and verbs (e.g. toys; utensils). These results highlight qualitative differences in input across daily activities and the contribution of SES to variance in lexical diversity and word semantics. Results provide evidence needed to inform public policies responsible for the promotion of early childhood language development and education.

Background: We examined fidelity and feasibility of implementation of COVID-19 preventive measures in schools, and explored associations between adherence to these measures and staff well-being, to inform policy on sustainable implementation and staff wellbeing. Methods: Surveys were conducted across 128 schools in England with 107 headteachers and 2698 staff-members with reference to autumn term 2020, examining school-level implementation of preventive measures, adherence, and teacher burnout (response rates for headteacher and staff surveys were 84% and 59%, respectively). Results: The median number of measures implemented in primary and secondary schools was 33 (range 23-41), and 32 (range 22-40), respectively; most measures presented challenges. No differences were found regarding number of measures implemented by school-level socio-economic disadvantage. High adherence was reported for staff wearing face-coverings, staff regularly washing their hands, (secondary only) desks facing forwards, and (primary only) increased cleaning of surfaces and student hand-washing. Adherence to most measures was reported as higher in primary than secondary schools. Over half of school leaders and 42% (517/1234) of other teaching staff suffered from high emotional exhaustion. Higher teacher-reported school-wide adherence with measures was consistently associated with lower burnout for leaders and other teaching staff. Conclusions: Findings indicate a tremendous effort in implementing preventive measures and an urgent need to support investments in improving teacher wellbeing.

Because of the pandemic and its restrictions on children, a professor and two graduate students employed in early childhood intervention investigated teachers and families in three states to determine if learning and development are affected by inability to physically attend school. The authors also explored if and how academic and social-emotional learning and communication is affected by the wearing of masks when in-person learning resumed. Results indicated both learning and behavioral differences in young children due to inability to physically attend school. Results also indicated that mask wearing had detrimental effects on learning and behavior. Teachers and parents indicated that by the wearing of masks, developmental speech and language were the most affected areas. Finally, authors solicited and reported successful intervention techniques.

This study aims to investigate the parental views of pre-school children during the COVID-19 pandemic and is conducted using a basic qualitative research design from qualitative research methods. In the study, parents of children attending pre-school institution were identified through criterion sampling techniques from non-selective sampling methods. The study prepared a semi-structured interview form for parents with children attending pre-school institution as an instrument for data collection. The data from the semi-structured interview form was collected through online interviews with parents whose children attend the pre-school facility. As a result of the study, parents indicated that during the pre-school children's pandemic process, there were more activities with family members at home, the children spent more time with technological devices, terms such as pandemic, diseases, and viruses were frequently used in their daily conversations, and their negative, boring, and aggressive behaviors increased. It was also noted that children were sleeping and waking up later during this time, thus changing their sleep patterns. Another finding observed by the parents was that irregular eating habits increased in the children's eating behavior. It was observed by the parents that children were washing their hands more frequently than before the pandemic. Another finding of the study was that children spoke with longing about their school life due to the disruption of personal instruction in schools.

The current study was carried out to determine the problems that preschool children experience during COVID-19 and also what could be done from perspectives of preschool prospective teachers. The working group of the study was made up of 45 projects prepared by 15 preschool prospective teachers attending to the midterm exam of lecture of "Practices of social service" in Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Faculty of Education, Department of Preschool Education. As a data collection tool, the project preparation form (A unstructured survey form) that was prepared by the researcher was used. The study was carried out by qualitative research methods and the projects comprising the working group of the study were analyzed with content analysis technique. At the end of the study, the problems that preschool children might experience in the pandemic period, the purposes to decrease these problems to minimum, the concepts and values to be attained and recommendations for projects were determined. Various recommendations were made in line with the findings obtained. [This study was presented as an oral presentation in International Conference on Studies in Education and Social Sciences (ICSES)-2020, Istanbul, Turkey.]

The current study aimed to examine the perceptions and experiences of Reggio Emilia-inspired early childhood educators in Turkey regarding the difficulties they experienced in the New Normal. The study utilized the method of phenomenography. Data collection included an online questionnaire consisting of open-ended questions and demographic information questions. Data analysis included both the content analysis and the thematic analysis. The study involved 226 Reggio Emilia-inspired educators from different schools in Turkey. The findings showed that many of the participants were not aware of different ways to do distance education and adhered to online education only. Most of those educators, who adhered to online education, complained about difficulties and negative experiences related to online education and they thought that online/distance education is suitable for children aged 6 and up but not for younger ones. Only a few of them agreed that online education was effective in supporting children's development and learning. On the other hand, all of them agreed that face-to-face education was effective during the pandemic. The findings of the current research also showed that some educators received both parents' support and others' support (e.g., own relatives, managers, colleagues) but some of them received no support at all during the pandemic.

The purpose of this preliminary study was to identify oral problems and promote a healthy lifestyle at gimnazial school pupils, from a Romanian disadvantaged area. We wanted to identify the progress made by pupils following theoretical or practical interventions. Thus, along with the theoretical notions transmitted, either in the optional course of Health Education, to 6th grade pupils, or in Biology lessons, to 7th grade pupils, the new factor brought was the reinventing of the visit method, by extending the documentary feature, with that of practical applicability, extremely useful for participants coming from rural environment. Theoretical elements have been presented to all pupils. Additionally, at the 5th grade pupils, we added a practical intervention, respectively a dental control made during a visit to the dentist. Both through theoretical and practical methods, pupils have made progress concerning intellectual and practical skills in oral hygiene, which are essential to a healthy and responsible behavior. The visit at the dentist's office, the identification of the oral diseases, the recommendation and the treatment offered contributed decisively awareness of the importance of oral disease prevention, but also to identifying concrete solutions, connected to food, regular visits and correct brushing.

Purpose: Education is known to unravel environmental problems in various ways, including through the application of students' creativity and innovation. This study aimed to determine whether students' creativity and innovation, supported by environmental care character education in their curriculum, formed a part of their attitude and behavior. Methodology: In this qualitative research design, data collection was carried out by conducting in-depth interviews with informants and collecting various supporting documents during observation. The data was then analyzed descriptively using triangulation to test the data validity. Findings: The results revealed that environmental care could involve a variety of subjects like principals, vice principals, geography teachers, and intra-school organizations to develop the character of environment care in schools. Students' creativity and innovation were also found useful in maintaining the school environment, supported by intra-curricular, co-curricular, and extracurricular activities. Implication to Research and Practice: This research will contribute to resolving environmental problems in schools, thereby reducing the impact of school hygiene through waste recycling into high economic value. By integrating environmental care character education in curriculum will also foster environmental care attitude and behavior among students.

The COVID-19 pandemic of 2019 meant higher education was forced to delivering education online. For most, the transition to emergency remote teaching was a natural next step to support continuity of education. However, there were some examples where education remained on campus. Where after taking all COVID-19 safety measures of social distancing, hand hygiene measures and other health protocols, institutions decided to continue to deliver face-to-face on-campus offerings with limited capacity. The COVID-19 and higher education literature have focused primarily on rapid digitalisation. This manuscript adds value to the literature by focusing on three case studies of on-campus delivery for face-to-face teaching in the classroom and practical lessons during the pandemic in Australia, the United Kingdom, and Pakistan. The changes to the learning process affected students' interactions with the lecturer, other students, and the equipment they were learning to use. Also, it affected interactions with each other in practical activities due to limited numbers of participants, motivation in learning and achieving learning outcomes. Not only the students, but the lecturer's capability in delivering the course was affected by fatigue due to spending more time teaching within a 'COVID-19 safe' environment. This study will provide important documentation on the effect of COVID-19 on on-campus delivery, as well as opportunities to support greater student engagement in class environments through the sharing of learning equipment, fostering positive motivation, managing learning outcomes, and self-monitoring of lecturer capability in more highly stressful teaching and learning environments practical training affected.