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Standard approach to predict the decrease in physical fitness that will occur following a transition to a higher altitude is unavailable. Therefore, the study aimed to design simple mathematical models to predict submaximal exercise performance in various altitude environments, using a simple physical work capacity test conducted at sea level involving >200 subjects. After splitting the subjects’ data in a ratio of 7:3, we used 70% of the data for regression model development and employed 30% for cross-validation testing. All subjects performed submaximal exercise tests using a cycle ergometer at artificial altitudes of 2000 m, 3000 m, 4000 m, 5000 m, and at sea level. We applied simple regression analysis to create a predictive model with the statistical significance set at the level of

Gossypol (GP), a polyphenolic compound in cottonseed, has notable effects on female reproduction and the respiratory system in pigs. This study aimed to discern the alterations in gene expression within swine granulosa cells (GCs) when treated with two concentrations of GP (6.25 and 12.5 µM) for 72 h, in vitro. The analysis revealed significant changes in the expression of numerous genes in the GP-treated groups. A Gene Ontology analysis highlighted that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) primarily pertained to processes such as the mitotic cell cycle, chromosome organization, centromeric region, and protein binding. Pathway analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) indicated distinct impacts on various pathways in response to different GP concentrations. Specifically, in the GP6.25 group, pathways related to the cycle oocyte meiosis, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, and p53 signaling were prominently affected. Meanwhile, in the GP12.5 group, pathways associated with PI3K-Akt signaling, focal adhesion, HIF-1 signaling, cell cycle, and ECM–receptor interaction showed significant alterations. Notably, genes linked to female reproductive function (CDK1, CCNB1, CPEB1, MMP3), cellular component organization (BIRC5, CYP1A1, TGFB3, COL1A2), and oxidation–reduction processes (PRDX6, MGST1, SOD3) exhibited differential expression in GP-treated groups. These findings offer valuable insights into the changes in GC gene expression in pigs exposed to GP.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one of significant contributors to air pollution and have profound effects on human health and the environment. This study introduces a detailed analysis of VOC emissions from various industries within an industrial complex using a high-resolution measurement instrument. This study aimed to identify the VOC profiles and their concentrations across 12 industries. Sampling was conducted across 99 facilities in an industrial complex in South Korea, and VOC analysis was performed based on measurement data using a Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). The results indicated that the emission of oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) was dominant in most industries. Aromatic hydrocarbons were also dominant in most industries, except in screen printing (SP), lubricating oil and grease manufacturing (LOG), and industrial laundry services (ILS) industries. Chlorinated VOCs (Cl-VOCs) showed a relatively higher level in the metal plating (MP) industry than those in other industries and nitrogen-containing VOCs (N-VOCs) showed high levels in general paints and similar product manufacturing (PNT), MP, and ILS industries, respectively. The gravure printing industry was identified as the highest emitter of VOCs, with the highest daily emissions reaching 5934 mg day−1, primarily consisting of ethyl acetate, toluene, butyl acetate, and propene. The findings suggest that the VOC emissions from the gravure printing and plastic synthetic leather industries should be primarily reduced, and it would be the most cost-effective approach to improving air quality. This study can provide the fundamental data for developing effective reduction technologies and policies of VOC, ultimately contributing to enhanced atmospheric models and regulatory measures.

Fruit skin color and physical quality are important for customer acceptability and market value. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of pneumatic defoliation on the fruit quality, coloration, and anthocyanin content of ‘Fuji’ apples. Apple trees were subjected to no defoliation (control) and defoliation at low (0.6 bar) and high (0.9 bar) air pressure 20 days before harvest at 1 km/h of tractor speed. High-defoliation treatment increased the leaf damage rate but did not significantly affect the defoliation rate compared to low-defoliation treatment. Additionally, photosynthetically active radiation and solar irradiance inside the tree canopies were highest in the high-defoliation group, followed by the low-defoliation and control groups. With the exception of higher firmness in the high-defoliation treatment, pneumatic defoliation treatments had little effect on fruit size and weight, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, the starch pattern index, and the sunburn incidence of fruit. Compared with that of the control group, both defoliation treatments significantly increased the a* and C values and decreased the ho values of the fruit color. Moreover, both defoliation treatments significantly increased anthocyanin content and upregulated the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes (MdPAL, MdCHS, MdCHI, MdF3H, MdANS, MdANS, MdUFGT) and the transcription factor (MdMYB10). A Pearson′s correlation analysis also showed that anthocyanin production was strongly correlated with each of the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, especially in the pneumatic defoliation treatments. Conclusively, the results show that pneumatic defoliation at low pressure bars could be an effective strategy for improving the red coloration of ‘Fuji’ apples.

Background/Objectives: The present study examined the effect of 12-week combined exercise training in normobaric hypoxia on arterial stiffness, inflammatory biomarkers, and red blood cell (RBC) hemorheological function in 24 obese older women (mean age: 67.96 ± 0.96 years). Methods: Subjects were randomly divided into two groups (normoxia (NMX; n = 12) and hypoxia (HPX; n = 12)). Both groups performed aerobic and resistance exercise training programs three times per week for 12 weeks, and the HPX group performed exercise programs in hypoxic environment chambers during the intervention period. Body composition was estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis equipment. Arterial stiffness was measured using an automatic waveform analyzer. Biomarkers of inflammation and oxygen transport (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 (IL-6), erythropoietin (EPO), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)), and RBC hemorheological parameters (RBC deformability and aggregation) were analyzed. Results: All variables showed significantly more beneficial changes in the HPX group than in the NMX group during the intervention. The combined exercise training in normobaric hypoxia significantly reduced blood pressure (systolic blood pressure: p < 0.001, diastolic blood pressure: p < 0.001, mean arterial pressure: p < 0.001, pulse pressure: p < 0.05) and brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (p < 0.001). IL-6 was significantly lower in the HPX group than in the NMX group post-test (p < 0.001). Also, EPO (p < 0.01) and VEGF (p < 0.01) were significantly higher in the HPX group than in the NMX group post-test. Both groups showed significantly improved RBC deformability (RBC EI_3Pa) (p < 0.001) and aggregation (RBC AI_3Pa) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The present study suggests that combined exercise training in normobaric hypoxia can improve inflammatory biomarkers and RBC hemorheological parameters in obese older women and may help prevent cardiovascular diseases.

Although coronary artery occlusion can have a negative effect on the myocardium, chronic total occlusion (CTO) exhibits different clinical features from those of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In this study, we identify the differential associations of exosomal miRNAs with CTO and AMI. Exosomes were isolated from the plasma obtained from coronary arteries of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention to treat CTO (n = 29) and AMI (n = 24), followed by small RNA sequencing, target gene predictions, and functional enrichment analyses. Promising miRNA markers were validated using real-time PCR in 35 CTO, 35 AMI, and 10 normal subjects. A total of 205 miRNAs were detected in all subjects, and 20 and 12 miRNAs were upregulated and downregulated in CTO compared to AMI patients, respectively (|fold change| > 4, FDR q < 0.05). The target genes of miRNAs that were higher in CTO patients were associated with “regulation of cell cycle phase transition”, “cell growth”, and “apoptosis”. The target genes of miRNAs that were lower in CTO patients were enriched in terms such as “muscle cell differentiation”, “response to oxygen levels”, and “artery morphogenesis”. On qRT-PCR analysis, the expression levels of miR-9-5p and miR-127-3p were significantly different between CTO and AMI patients. The miRNA expression levels accurately distinguished CTO from AMI patients with 79% specificity and 97% sensitivity. The miRNA contents of plasma exosomes were significantly different between CTO and AMI patients. The miRNAs may play important roles in CTO and AMI.

ABSTRACT The mycelium of the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum exhibits distinct structures for vegetative growth, asexual sporulation, sexual development, virulence, and chlamydospore formation. These structures are vital for the survival and pathogenicity of the fungus, necessitating precise regulation based on environmental cues. Initially identified in Magnaporthe oryzae, the transcription factor Con7p regulates conidiation and infection-related morphogenesis, but not vegetative growth. We characterized the Con7p ortholog FgCon7, and deletion of FgCON7 resulted in severe defects in conidium production, virulence, sexual development, and vegetative growth. The mycelia of the deletion mutant transformed into chlamydospore-like structures with high chitin level accumulation. Notably, boosting FgABAA expression partially alleviated developmental issues in the FgCON7 deletion mutant. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)–quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis confirmed a direct genetic link between FgABAA and FgCON7. Furthermore, the chitin synthase gene Fg6550 (FGSG_06550) showed significant upregulation in the FgCON7 deletion mutant, and altering FgCON7 expression affected cell wall integrity. Further research will focus on understanding the behavior of the chitin synthase gene and its regulation by FgCon7 in F. graminearum. This study contributes significantly to our understanding of the genetic pathways that regulate hyphal differentiation and conidiation in this plant pathogenic fungus.IMPORTANCEThe ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum is the primary cause of head blight disease in wheat and barley, as well as ear and stalk rot in maize. Given the importance of conidia and ascospores in the disease cycle of F. graminearum, precise spatiotemporal regulation of these biological processes is crucial. In this study, we characterized the Magnaporthe oryzae Con7p ortholog and discovered that FgCon7 significantly influences various crucial aspects of fungal development and pathogenicity. Notably, overexpression of FgABAA partially restored developmental defects in the FgCON7 deletion mutant. ChIP-qPCR analysis confirmed a direct genetic link between FgABAA and FgCON7. Furthermore, our research revealed a clear correlation between FgCon7 and chitin accumulation and the expression of chitin synthase genes. These findings offer valuable insights into the genetic mechanisms regulating conidiation and the significance of mycelial differentiation in this plant pathogenic fungus.

BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignant liver tumor in dogs. Although surgical resection is a major treatment option for canine HCC, there are no distinct strategies for unresectable tumor subtypes or adjuvant chemotherapy for tumors with positive margins. We aimed to establish and characterize novel HCC cell lines from canine patients.MethodsThe cellular morphology, general growth features and tumorigenicity of the established cell lines were evaluated. We also examined the sensitivity of the cell lines to multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).ResultsWe established novel canine HCC cell lines from hepatic tumors and an additional kidney tumor of six canine patients. All cell lines showed colony forming and migratory ability. KU-cHCC-001 and KU-cHCC-001-Kidney, two cell lines exhibiting high epithelial–mesenchymal transition characteristics, showed tumorigenicity in xenografted mice. Toceranib, a veterinary TKI that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFR)/platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)/c-kit, effectively inhibited the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and induced apoptosis. The established canine HCC cell lines showed greater sensitivity to toceranib than to sorafenib, a first-line treatment for human HCC targeting RAF/VEGFR/PDGFR. Sorafenib showed improved anti-tumor effects when co-treated with SCH772984, an extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor.ConclusionOur study suggests new therapeutic strategies for canine HCC, and these cell lines are valuable research materials for understanding HCC tumor biology in both humans and dogs.

The coexistence of carbon neutrality and capitalism can be realized if environmentally friendly management is proven to enhance profitability. The focus of green logistics practices (GLPs) is on maximizing energy efficiency in logistics services, potentially leading to cost reductions for companies. Such practices can be supported through public reports, such as Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reports, and government policies, including government certification. The primary objective of this study is to investigate whether the financial efficiency of logistics companies can be improved through the implementation of GLPs and a relevant government policy. To achieve this objective, a two-stage analysis was conducted using Data Envelopment Analysis - Slack-Based Measure (DEA-SBM) and Tobit regression analysis. The DEA-SBM was employed to assess whether the financial efficiency of logistics companies adopting GLPs and a relevant government policy was superior to that of companies not adopting such practices. Additionally, Tobit regression analysis was employed to analyze the effects of GLPs, ESG reports, and a government policy on the financial efficiency of logistics companies. The findings of the study indicate the necessity for collaboration between the private and public sectors to implement GLPs in a financially positive manner. In conclusion, the research demonstrated that the implementation of GLPs, coupled with public disclosure through ESG reports or equivalents and a government policy, had a positive impact on the financial efficiency of logistics companies.

To address the common issues of wrinkling, tearing, and uneven wall thickness in the actual sheet metal stamping process of the outer ring of needle roller bearings, this study analyzes critical technical indicators such as forming limits, thickness distribution, and principal strains in the forming process in detail. Three-dimensional models of the concave and convex dies were constructed. The effects of different process parameters, including stamping speed, edge pressure, sheet metal thickness, and friction coefficient, on the quality of the forming parts were investigated by varying these parameters. Subsequently, the orthogonal experimental method was used to determine an optimal experimental group from multiple sets of experiments. It was found that under the process parameters of a stamping speed of 3000 mm/s, edge pressure of 2000 N, sheet metal thickness of 0.9 mm, and friction coefficient of 0.125, the forming quality of the outer ring of the bearing is ideal.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the magnitude of intraocular lens (IOL) decentration and tilt following conventional and femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) using swept-source anterior optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we enrolled patients who underwent conventional cataract surgery or FLACS with the implantation of hydrophobic 1-piece monofocal IOL. The magnitude of IOL decentration and tilt were measured using SS-OCT. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, spherical equivalent, axial length, contrast sensitivity, and satisfaction questionnaire were evaluated before and one-month post-surgery. Additionally, postoperative internal cylinder measurements were obtained using a wavefront aberrometer. Correlation factors between each parameter and IOL decentration or tilt were analyzed. Results: This study included 100 eyes from 100 patients. Mean IOL decentration and tilt were 0.21 ± 0.13 mm and 5.01 ± 1.49°, respectively. Conventional cataract surgery (versus FLACS, P = 0.001) and male sex (versus female, P = 0.047) were significantly correlated with higher postoperative decentration. Preoperative lens diameter (P

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stands as a leading cause of mortality, and despite recent advancements in the overall survival rates, the prognosis remains dismal. Prunetin 4-O-glucoside (Prunetrin or PUR), an active compound derived from Prunus sp., was explored for its impact on HepG2 and Huh7 cells. The cytotoxicity assessment revealed a notable reduction in cell viability in both cell lines, while exhibiting non-toxicity towards HaCaT cells. Colony formation studies underscored PUR's inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, dose-dependently. Mechanistically, PUR downregulated cell cycle proteins (CDC25c, Cdk1/CDC2, and Cyclin B1), inducing G2/M phase arrest, corroborated by flow cytometry. Western blot analyses exhibited dose-dependent cleavages of PARP and caspase 3, indicative of apoptosis. Treatment with the apoptotic inhibitor z-vmd-fmk provided evidence of PUR-induced apoptosis. Annexin V and PI flow cytometry further affirmed apoptotic induction. Enhanced expression of cleaved-caspase 9 and the pro-apoptotic protein Bak, coupled with reduced anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL, and affirmed PUR's induction of intrinsic apoptosis. Additionally, PUR activated the MAPK pathway, evidenced by elevated phospho p38 and phospho ERK expressions in both cell lines. Notably, a concentration-dependent decrease in mTOR and Akt expressions indicated PUR's inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway in HepG2 and Huh7 cells. These findings illuminate PUR's multifaceted impact, revealing its potential as a promising therapeutic agent against HepG2 and Huh7 cells through modulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, and key signaling pathways.

Natural killer (NK) cells are key effectors in cancer immunosurveillance, eliminating a broad spectrum of cancer cells without major histocompatibility complex (MHC) specificity and graft-versus-host diseases (GvHD) risk. The use of allogeneic NK cell therapies from healthy donors has demonstrated favorable clinical efficacies in treating diverse cancers, particularly hematologic malignancies, but it requires cytokines such as IL-2 to primarily support NK cell persistence and expansion. However, the role of IL-2 in the regulation of activating receptors and the function of NK cells expanded for clinical trials is poorly understood and needs clarification for the full engagement of NK cells in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we demonstrated that IL-2 deprivation significantly impaired the cytotoxicity of primary expanded NK cells by preferentially downregulating NKp30 but not NKp46 despite their common adaptor requirement for expression and function. Using NK92 and IL-2-producing NK92MI cells, we observed that NKp30-mediated cytotoxicity against myeloid leukemia cells such as K562 and THP-1 cells expressing B7-H6, a ligand for NKp30, was severely impaired by IL-2 deprivation. Furthermore, IL-2 deficiency-mediated NK cell dysfunction was overcome by the ectopic overexpression of an immunostimulatory NKp30 isoform such as NKp30a or NKp30b. In particular, NKp30a overexpression in NK92 cells improved the clearance of THP-1 cells in vivo without IL-2 supplementation. Collectively, our results highlight the distinct role of IL-2 in the regulation of NKp30 compared to that of NKp46 and suggest NKp30 upregulation, as shown here by ectopic overexpression, as a viable modality to harness NK cells in cancer immunotherapy, possibly in combination with IL-2 immunocytokines.

The Sengkang General Hospital Orthopaedic Spine Outpatient Service is facing a growing challenge of increasing number of referrals and waiting times, placing a significant burden on the system. Primary care referrals have an average wait time of 61.1 days, with 34.5%f patients waiting longer than 60 days from referral to appointment, to see a spine physician.Back pain is a very common presentation, with the vast majority resolving after conservative management which commonly includes analgesia, physiotherapy and reassurance. Unfortunately, many referrals from primary care involve patients who have yet to explore the avenues of conservative management with 90% of our referrals being managed without surgery. Globally, triage services in Western countries conducted by allied health professionals have shown to be an effective method at addressing the escalating wait times with high satisfaction rates. We have endeavoured to emulate this within our department through the implementation of the Spine Triage and Rehabilitation (STAR) Clinic. The STAR clinic aims to empower physiotherapists with the ability to triage patients into surgical and non-surgical categories with their primary physiotherapy expertise to reduce waiting times and increase outpatient capacity.More than 300 patients were recruited, and their progress was tracked over 13 months under the four Ss of: waiting timeS, cost Savings, Safety and patient Satisfaction. This pilot study has been overwhelmingly positive, with significantly reduced waiting times and high cost savings, without any compromise on patient safety and satisfaction.

Organoids significantly advanced our comprehension of organ development, function, and disease modeling. This Perspective underscores the potential of heart–kidney-connected organoids in understanding the intricate relationship between these vital organs, notably the cardiorenal syndrome, where dysfunction in one organ can negatively impact the other. Conventional models fall short in replicating this complexity, necessitating an integrated approach. By co-culturing heart and kidney organoids, combined with microfluidic and 3D bioprinting technologies, a more accurate representation of in vivo conditions can be achieved. Such interconnected systems could revolutionize our grasp of multi-organ diseases, drive drug discovery by evaluating therapeutic agents on both organs simultaneously, and reduce the need for animal models. In essence, heart–kidney-connected organoids present a promising avenue to delve deeper into the pathophysiology underlying cardiorenal disorders, bridging existing knowledge gaps, and advancing biomedical research.

Abstract A 15‐year‐old Cocker Spaniel was referred to for the evaluation of left forelimb lameness. Radiographic and computed tomography examinations revealed osteolysis of the proximal left third, fourth and fifth metacarpal bones and pathological fractures of the proximal left fourth metacarpal bone. Histopathological examination via bone biopsy did not provide a definitive diagnosis, and the owner elected limb‐sparing surgery. The fourth metacarpal bone and digits were amputated. Subsequently, autologous bone grafts were performed on the lytic area of the third and fifth metacarpal bones. The dog showed improvement in gait 7 weeks after reconstructive surgery. Chronic non‐bacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) was diagnosed by exclusion. To the best of our knowledge, CNO has not been previously reported in dogs.

This study aimed to evaluate fatigue of three stent designs when various forces are applied and perform a comparative analyses. A computer simulation using the finite element method was performed. In particular, we constructed a three-dimensional finite element model of nitinol stents with three designs (S6: single-woven wire, wire diameter: 0.006 inch; D6: double-woven wire, wire diameter: 0.006 inch, and D7: double-woven wire, wire diameter: 0.007 inch) that are used to treat canine tracheal collapse (TC). The stents were subjected to a 200 mmHg compression force, a pure torsion force in a perpendicular direction, and a bending-torsion force combining perpendicular and axial forces. The von Mises stress was calculated to evaluate the extent of stent displacement, and Goodman diagrams were plotted to compare fatigue life cycles. D7 exhibited a longer fatigue life compared to S6 and D6. Under compression, pure torsion, and bending-torsion forces, displacement was the smallest for D7, followed by D6 and S6. Similarly, the fatigue life was the longest for D7, followed by D6 and S6. S6 showed the greatest displacement when subjected to external forces; among stents designed using the same wire, D6 displayed less displacement than S6, and D7 exhibited superior fatigue life when subjected to varying degrees of force. This study showed that the structural stability and fatigue life of stents could be effectively compared using finite element method D7 has the greatest stability and structural rigidity under cyclic load.

Abstract Our study evaluated the clinical outcomes after implantation of a monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) with enhanced intermediate function in eyes with epiretinal membrane (ERM). Patients with preexisting ERM who underwent cataract surgery with implantation of monofocal IOL with enhanced intermediate function were included retrospectively. According to the ERM grade and central subfield thickness (CST) obtained from preoperative optical coherence tomography, patients were divided into non-fovea-involving and fovea-involving ERM groups. At 1 month after surgery, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), contrast sensitivity, defocus curve, and satisfaction questionnaire were evaluated. Postoperative clinical findings were compared with age-matched controls without ERM. A total of 50 patients’ eyes (28 and 22 in the non-fovea-involving and fovea-involving ERM groups, respectively) were compared with 42 control eyes. One month post-surgery, significant differences in UDVA, CDVA, and CST (corrected P was

Abstract The phenolic compounds in Lonicera japonica & Chenpi distillation extract (LCDE) were thoroughly examined for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Phenolic compounds in LCDE were analyzed for five peaks using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) and determined. Five phenolic compounds were identified from the samples and MS data. Ultrafiltration with LC analysis was used to investigate the ability of bioactive compounds to target DPPH. As a result, it was confirmed that the major compounds exhibited a high binding affinity to DPPH and could be regarded as antioxidant-active compounds. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effect of LCDE was confirmed in vitro, and signal inhibition of anti-inflammation cytokines, MAPK and NF-kB pathways was confirmed. Finally, Molecular docking analysis supplements the anti-inflammatory effect through the binding affinity of selected compounds and inflammatory factors. In conclusion, the phenolic compounds of the LCDE were identified and potential active compounds for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were identified. Additionally, this study will be utilized to provide basic information for the application of LCDE in the pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical cosmetics industries along with information on efficient screening techniques for other medicinal plants.

Abstract The relationship between prediabetes and dementia remains controversial. We aimed to examine the association between cumulative exposure to impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and the risk of dementia in the general population. 1,463,066 middle-aged and elderly subjects who had had health examinations for four consecutive years were identified from a Korean nationwide population-based cohort database. IFG was defined as fasting blood glucose 100–125 mg/dL, and the risk of dementia—according to the number of IFG exposure (range 0–4)—was analyzed using the multivariable Cox proportional-hazards model. During the median 6.4 years of follow-up, 7614 cases of all-cause dementia, 5603 cases of Alzheimer’s disease, and 1257 cases of vascular dementia occurred. There was a significant trend towards a higher risk of all-cause dementia (P for trend = 0.014) and Alzheimer’s disease ( Pfor trend = 0.005) according to the cumulative exposure to IFG, but with a modest (approximately 7–14%) increase in the hazards. A significant stepwise increase in the risk of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer’s disease was seen in non-obese subjects, whereas no significant association was observed in obese subjects. This study supports the association between prediabetes and incident dementia and emphasizes that even mild hyperglycemia should not be overlooked.

Abstract Despite recent progress in medical and endovascular therapy, the prognosis for patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) remains poor. In response, various stem cells and growth factors have been assessed for use in therapeutic neovascularization and limb salvage in CLI patients. However, the clinical outcomes of cell-based therapeutic angiogenesis have not provided the promised benefits, reinforcing the need for novel cell-based therapeutic angiogenic strategies to cure untreatable CLI. In the present study, we investigated genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from human bone marrow that continuously secrete stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF1α-eMSCs) and demonstrated that intramuscular injection of SDF1α-eMSCs can provide long-term paracrine effects in limb ischemia and effectively contribute to vascular regeneration as well as skeletal muscle repair through increased phosphorylation of ERK and Akt within the SDF1α/CXCR4 axis. These results provide compelling evidence that genetically engineered MSCs with SDF-1α can be an effective strategy for successful limb salvage in limb ischemia.

Background This study investigated the risk of cause-specific mortality according to glucose tolerance status in elderly South Koreans. Methods A total of 1,292,264 individuals aged ≥65 years who received health examinations in 2009 were identified from the National Health Information Database. Participants were classified as normal glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, newly-diagnosed diabetes, early diabetes (oral hypoglycemic agents ≤2), or advanced diabetes (oral hypoglycemic agents ≥3 or insulin). The risk of system-specific and disease-specific deaths was estimated using multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis. Results During a median follow-up of 8.41 years, 257,356 deaths were recorded. Diabetes was associated with significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57 to 1.60); death due to circulatory (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.46 to 1.52), respiratory (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.47 to 1.55), and genitourinary systems (HR, 2.22; 95% CI, 2.10 to 2.35); and neoplasms (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.32). Diabetes was also associated with a significantly higher risk of death due to ischemic heart disease (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.63 to 1.76), cerebrovascular disease (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.41 to 1.50), pneumonia (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.63 to 1.76), and acute or chronic kidney disease (HR, 2.23; 95% CI, 2.09 to 2.38). There was a stepwise increase in the risk of death across the glucose spectrum (P for trend

Objectives The humidifier disinfectant catastrophe in South Korea was a social disaster caused by toxic chemical substances. The present study aimed to examine the relationships between psychological symptoms and adaptive life functioning in survivors of humidifier disinfectants. This study examined the differential effects of psychological symptoms on life adjustment between survivors of humidifier disinfectant and the general population. Material and Methods A total of 452 individuals (228 general and 224 survivor groups) participated in this research. This study utilized the Adult Self-Report , one of the most widely used comprehensive mental health scales for measuring both psychological symptoms (e.g., anxiety/depression) and life adjustment functioning (e.g., interpersonal relationship). For the data analysis, multi-group structural equation modeling analysis was conducted using AMOS 21.0 program. Results The results of this study indicated that attention problems out of 8 psychological symptoms was the only significant factor related to life adjustment in both general and survivor groups. In addition, there was a significant 2-way interaction effect of group status and somatic complaints on life adjustment. Conclusions When the somatic complaint symptom was higher, participants in the survivor group were less likely to adjust in life than the general group. Taken together, the somatic complaints of the survivors more strongly influence the life adjustment than the general population. Finally, the authors discuss practical implications for survivors of humidifier disinfectants for designing suitable intervention strategies.Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36(5):596–605

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) is a serious disease in watermelon cultivation. Most of commercialized watermelon cultivars to Fusarium wilt are susceptible in Korea. Fon isolates were divided into four races (races 0, 1, 2, and 3), based on pathogenicity in four watermelon differentials including ‘Sugar baby’, ‘Charleston gray’, ‘Calhoun gray’ and ‘PI-296341-FR’. We obtained 7 isolates of Fon and tested to determine race of the fungal strains. Fon KACC 40902 and Fon HA were race 0 and Fon NW1, Fon NW2, Fon CW and Fon KACC 40901 were race 1. And Fon KACC 40905 was race 2, but race 3 isolate of Fon was not founded. We also tested virulence of seven Fon isolates on three-susceptible cultivars of watermelon. The isolates showed different virulence on the cultivars. In addition, to study the resistance characteristics of watermelon to Fon, we selected three moderately or highly resistant cultivars of watermelon and occurrence of Fusarium wilt in seedlings of the cultivars by seven Fon isolates was investigated. Among them, ‘Calhoun gray’ is highly resistant to six Fon isolates except Fon KACC 40905. On the other two cultivars, disease severity of Fusarium wilt caused by each isolate was positively correlated with the virulence of the Fon isolates. The results suggest that resistance of the watermelon cultivars to Fon isolates is likely affected by the virulence of the pathogen.

Zr-Nb alloy have been widely used as fuel rods in nuclear power plants. However, from the Fukushima nuclear accident, the weakness of the rod was revealed under harsh conditions, and research on the safety of these types of rods was conducted after the disaster. The method of depositing chromium onto the existing Zr-Nb alloy fuel rods is being considered as a means by which to compensate for the weakness of Zr-Nb alloy rods because chromium is strong against oxidation at high temperatures and has high strength. In order to secure these advantages, it is important to maintain the Cr thickness of the rods and properly inspect the rods before and during their use in power generation. Eddy current testing is a typical means of evaluating the thickness of thin metals and detecting surface defects. Depending on the size and shape of the inspected object, various eddy current sensors can be applied. In particular, because pancake sensors can be manufactured in very small sizes, they can be used for inspections even in narrow spaces, such as a nuclear fuel assembly.In this study, an eddy current technique was developed to confirm the feasibility of Cr coating thickness evaluations. After determining the design parameters of the pancake sensor by means of a FEM simulation, a FPCB pancake sensor was manufactured and the optimal frequency was selected by measuring minute changes in the Cr-coating thickness using the developed sensor.

Background and Objectives: Fascia iliaca compartment block (FICB) is an effective and relatively safe technique in perioperative pain management for hip surgery. However, blockade of the obturator nerve (ON) using this technique remains controversial. This study aimed to compare dye spread patterns and nerve involvement in the suprainguinal FICB (S-FICB) and infrainguinal FICB (I-FICB) approaches using different volumes of dye. Materials and Methods: Following randomization, 6 S-FICBs and 6 I-FICBs were performed on the left or right sides of 6 unembalmed cadavers. For each block, 30 mL or 60 mL of dye solution was injected. The extent of dye spreading and the staining pattern in the lumbar plexus branches were investigated using anatomical dissection. Results: Twelve injections were successfully completed. The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) and femoral nerve (FN) were consistently stained in all injections. Extended dye spread toward lumbar plexus branches was observed volume-dependently in S-FICBs. However, I-FICBs with an increased volume only showed dye spreading in the caudad direction limited to within the fascia iliaca. When 30 mL of dye was used, the ON was not stained with either approach. A stained ON was only observed in S-FICBs when 60 mL of dye was used. Conclusions: In this cadaveric evaluation, the ON was not stained in either FICB approach with the volume of injectate commonly used in clinical practice. The S-FICBs but not I-FICBs using a high volume of injectate resulted in extended spreading to the lumbar plexus branches.

Glehnia littoralis is a perennial herb found in coastal sand dunes throughout East Asia. This herb has been reported to have hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. It may be effective against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, whether this has been proven through gene-level RNA-seq analysis is still being determined. Therefore, we are attempting to identify target genes for the cell death process by analyzing the transcriptome of Hep3B cells among HCC treated with GLE (Glehnia littoralis extract) using RNA-seq. Hep3B was used for the GLE treatment, and the MTT test was performed. Hep3B was then treated with GLE at a set concentration of 300 μg/mL and stored for 24 h, followed by RNA isolation and sequencing. We then used the data to create a plot. As a result of the MTT analysis, cell death was observed when Hep3B cells were treated with GLE, and the IC50 was about 300 μg/mL. As a result of making plots using the RNA-seq data of Hep3B treated with 300 μg/mL GLE, a tendency for the apoptotic process was found. Flow cytometry and annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining verified the apoptosis of HEP3B cells treated with GLE. Therefore, an increase or decrease in the DEGs involved in the apoptosis process was confirmed. The top five genes increased were GADD45B, DDIT3, GADD45G, CHAC1, and PPP1R15A. The bottom five genes decreased were SGK1, CX3CL1, ZC3H12A, IER3, and HNF1A. In summary, we investigated the RNA-seq dataset of GLE to identify potential targets that may be involved in the apoptotic process in HCC. These goals may aid in the identification and management of HCC.

Recent studies suggest that lactate intake has a positive effect on glycogen recovery after exercise. However, it is important to verify the effect of lactate supplementation alone and the timing of glycogen recovery. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to examine the effect of lactate supplementation immediately after exercise on glycogen recovery in mice liver and skeletal muscle at 1, 3, and 5 h after exercise. Mice were randomly divided into the sedentary, exercise-only, lactate, and saline-treated groups. mRNA expression and activation of glycogen synthesis and lactate transport-related factors in the liver and skeletal muscle were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Skeletal muscle glycogen concentration showed an increasing trend in the lactate group compared with that in the control group at 3 and 5 h after post-supplementation. Additionally, exogenous lactate supplementation significantly increased the expression of core glycogen synthesis enzymes, lactate transporters, and pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha 1 in the skeletal muscles. Conversely, glycogen synthesis, lactate transport, and glycogen oxidation to acetyl-CoA were not significantly affected in the liver by exogenous lactate supplementation. Overall, these results suggest that post-exercise lactate supplement enables glycogen synthesis and recovery in skeletal muscles.

As it has been revealed that the activation of human immune cells through the activity of intestinal microorganisms such as pro- and prebiotics plays a vital role, controlling the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and suppressing harmful bacteria in the intestine has become essential. The importance of probiotics, especially for skin health and the immune system, has led to the emergence of products in various forms, including probiotics, prebiotics, and parabiotics. In particular, atopic dermatitis (AD) produces hypersensitive immunosuppressive substances by promoting the differentiation and activity of immune regulatory T cells. As a result, it has been in the Th1 and Th2 immune balance through a mechanism that suppresses skin inflammation or allergic immune responses caused by bacteria. Furthermore, an immune mechanism has recently emerged that simultaneously controls the expression of IL-17 produced by Th17. Therefore, the anti-atopic effect was investigated by administering doses of anti-atopic candidate substances (Lactobacilus sakei CVL-001, Lactobacilus casei MCL, and Lactobacilus sakei CVL-001 Lactobacilus casei MCL mixed at a ratio of 4:3) in an atopy model using 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene and observing symptom changes for 2 weeks to confirm the effect of pro-, para-, and mixed biotics on AD. First, the body weight and feed intake of the experimental animals were investigated, and total IgG and IgM were confirmed through blood biochemical tests. Afterward, histopathological staining was performed using H&E staining, Toluidine blue staining, Filaggrin staining, and CD8 antibody staining. In the treatment group, the hyperproliferation of the epidermal layer, the inflammatory cell infiltration of the dermal layer, the expression of CD8, the expression of filaggrin, and the secretion of mast cells were confirmed to be significantly reduced. Lastly, small intestine villi were observed through a scanning microscope, and scoring evaluation was performed through skin damage. Through these results, it was confirmed that AD was reduced when treated with pro-, para-, and mixed biotics containing probiotics and parabiotics.

This report describes the successful intrahepatic duct incision and closure for the treatment of multiple cholelithiasis in a dog with untreated hypothyroidism. A 12-year-old spayed female Spitz dog weighing 11.3 kg was diagnosed with multiple cholelithiasis, and a quadrate liver lobectomy and cholecystectomy were performed. Large gallstones were located in the left liver lobe’s intrahepatic duct distal to the anastomosis of the intrahepatic ducts of the left medial and lateral lobes. The dilated intrahepatic duct was packed off with wet gauze, and incision and closure were performed on the most dilated section, which was proximal to the largest gallstone. After surgery, the patient showed normal liver function and was discharged with normal total bilirubin and C-reactive protein levels. On postoperative day 83, no stones were observed in the dilated common bile duct (CBD), and the degree of dilatation of the CBD had decreased from 9 mm to 4 mm, with no obstructions. Right intrahepatic gallstones were confirmed without dilatation. Hypothyroidism was managed medically. Hepatic duct incision and closure can be performed in dogs with multiple cholelithiasis. Although not the first option, intrahepatic bile duct incision proves to be a new alternative for the successful treatment of cholelithiasis in dogs.

Human retinal organoids (ROs) have emerged as valuable tools for studying retinal development, modeling human retinal diseases, and screening drugs. However, their application is limited primarily due to time-intensive generation, high costs, and low reproducibility. Quality assessment of RO differentiation is crucial for their application in research. However, traditional methods such as morphological evaluation and immunohistochemical analysis have limitations due to their lack of precision and invasiveness, respectively. This study aims to identify non-invasive biomarkers for RO differentiation quality using exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs), which are known to reflect cell-specific functions and development in the retina. We differentiated ROs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and classified them into ‘superior’ and ‘inferior’ groups based on morphological and immunohistochemical criteria. Exosomes from the conditioned media were isolated and analyzed for miRNA content. Our findings revealed distinct miRNA profiles between superior and inferior ROs, with superior ROs exhibiting higher miRNA diversity and specifically up- or down-regulated miRNAs. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses indicated that the target genes of these miRNAs are involved in neuron proliferation and differentiation. The study suggests the potential of exosomal hsa-miR-654-3p and hsa-miR-451a as non-invasive biomarkers for real-time monitoring of RO quality, facilitating the development of standardized, efficient, and cost-effective culture methods.

X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS) is a hereditary retinal degeneration affecting young males caused by mutations in the retinoschisin (RS1) gene. We generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from XLRS patients and established three-dimensional retinal organoids (ROs) for disease investigation. This disease model recapitulates the characteristics of XLRS, exhibiting defects in RS1 protein production and photoreceptor cell development. XLRS ROs also revealed dysregulation of Na/K-ATPase due to RS1 deficiency and increased ERK signaling pathway activity. Transcriptomic analyses of XLRS ROs showed decreased expression of retinal cells, particularly photoreceptor cells. Furthermore, relevant recovery of the XLRS phenotype was observed when co-cultured with control ROs derived from healthy subject during the early stages of differentiation. In conclusion, our in vitro XLRS RO model presents a valuable tool for elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying XLRS, offering insights into disease progression. Additionally, this model serves as a robust platform for the development and optimization of targeted therapeutic strategies, potentially improving treatment outcomes for patients with XLRS.

In this study, we propose a method for predicting welding deformation caused by multi-pass welding using the thermal elastic–plastic finite element method (TEP-FEM) by considering the interpass temperature. This method increases the interpass temperature, which has not been considered in the existing TEP-FEM, from 200 °C to 1000 °C, and simultaneously performs thermal and mechanical analyses. In addition, this method can also evaluate temperature history and the time it takes to weld. By predicting the welding deformation using this method, angular distortion prediction was reduced from 16.75 mm to 10.9 mm compared to the case where the interpass temperature was cooled to room temperature. Additionally, the deformation error was significantly reduced from 6.14% to 2.92% compared to that of the strain as directed boundary method used in a previous study. Additionally, our research demonstrated that interpass temperatures above 800 °C can result in increased deformation errors. In conclusion, it is essential to select an appropriate temperature to minimize deformation error.

The study aimed to investigate the extended effects and interrelations of corneal biomechanics, corneal optical density (COD), corneal thickness (CT), and intraocular pressure (IOP) following cataract surgery. Sixteen eyes were analyzed prospectively. The Corneal Visualization Scheimpflug Technology (Corvis ST) device assessed corneal biomechanics, while the Pentacam AxL® (Pentacam) measured COD and CT. Postoperative data were collected around six months after surgery, with a subgroup analysis of data at nine months. The Pearson correlation was used to examine the relationship between surgical-induced changes in corneal biomechanics and COD. At six months, significant postoperative differences were observed in various biomechanical indices, including uncorrected IOP (IOPuct) and biomechanics-corrected IOP (bIOP). However, many indices lost statistical significance by the nine-month mark, suggesting the reversibility of postoperative corneal changes. Postoperative COD increased at the anterior layer of the 2−6 mm annulus and incision site. The changes in COD correlated with certain biomechanical indices, including maximal (Max) deformative amplitude (DA) and stiffness parameter (SP). In conclusion, despite significant immediate postoperative changes, corneal biomechanics, COD, and IOP experienced a gradual recovery process following cataract surgery. Clinicians should maintain vigilance for any unusual changes during the short-term observation period to detect abnormalities early.

Nitrate-rich beetroot juice (NRBRJ) can potentially enhance exercise performance and improve cardiovascular function, leading to an increased use of NRBRJ over the years. However, the combined effects of NRBRJ supplementation and exercise on cardiovascular function remain unclear. Therefore, this study compared cardiovascular function responses to submaximal exercise with either placebo (PLA) or NRBRJ supplementation in healthy men. Twelve healthy men (aged 25.2 ± 2.3 years) completed the 30-min submaximal cycle ergometer exercise trials corresponding to 70% maximal heart rate (HRmax) with either PLA or NRBRJ supplementation in a random order. The mean exercise load, heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were measured during exercise. The brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) were measured before and after exercise. NRBRJ supplementation was more effective than PLA in increasing the mean exercise load and decreasing DBP and MAP during submaximal exercise. Furthermore, baPWV decreased in the NRBRJ trial and was considerably lower after exercise in the NRBRJ-supplemented group than in the PLA-supplemented group. FMD significantly increased in the PLA and NRBRJ trials; however, NRBRJ supplementation demonstrated a significantly higher FMD before and after exercise than PLA supplementation. In conclusion, acute NRBRJ supplementation and exercise were more effective than PLA supplementation and exercise in improving aerobic exercise capacity and cardiovascular function in healthy men.

PurposeWe aimed to evaluate the effect of visit-to-visit variability in blood pressure (BP) on the risk of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in individuals without systemic hypertension using a population-based retrospective cohort study design.MethodsThe Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort database, which collected data of 209,226 individuals between 2002 and 2015, was used to analyze the data of 140,910 eligible participants. The mean follow-up duration was 8.3 years. Visit-to-visit BP variability was assessed using standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), and variability independent of the mean (VIM). Participants were categorized into four groups according to BP variability quartiles. We verified the effect of BP variability by comparing participants of the first to third quartiles of BP variability groups with those belonging to the fourth quartile group. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the hazard ratio (HR) of BP variability in cases of newly diagnosed OAG. Moreover, we conducted subgroup analyses using baseline characteristics.ResultsIn the multivariable analyses, BP variability did not significantly increase the risk of OAG development. However, subgroup analyses revealed significant interactions between age and systolic BP variability in the development of OAG (CV: p = 0.008; SD: p = 0.007). For participants aged

PurposeWe evaluated the clinical outcomes after implantation of a new monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) with enhanced intermediate function in patients with preperimetric glaucoma and compared those with patients without retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defects.MethodsAll patients were implanted bilaterally a new monofocal IOL with enhanced intermediate function. Patients with bilateral RNFL defects and no glaucomatous visual field defects were classified as the preperimetric glaucoma group. A total of 60 eyes of 30 patients with preperimetric glaucoma were compared with 60 eyes of 30 patients without RNFL defects. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), defocus curve, contrast sensitivity, and questionnaire were evaluated 1 month and 3 months after surgery.ResultsNo difference in binocular UDVA, UIVA, and UNVA was evident between the two groups at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. Additionally, there were no significant differences between the two groups regarding the proportion of severe or very severe photic phenomena, such as glare and halos, or the overall satisfaction.ConclusionBilateral implantation of a new monofocal IOL with enhanced intermediate function in patients with preperimetric glaucoma demonstrated commensurate clinical outcomes and could be considered a feasible alternative.

Abstract Hepatic glucose production by glucagon is crucial for glucose homeostasis during fasting, yet the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely delineated. Although CD38 has been detected in the nucleus, its function in this compartment is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that nuclear CD38 (nCD38) controls glucagon-induced gluconeogenesis in primary hepatocytes and liver in a manner distinct from CD38 occurring in the cytoplasm and lysosomal compartments. We found that the localization of CD38 in the nucleus is required for glucose production by glucagon and that nCD38 activation requires NAD+ supplied by PKCδ-phosphorylated connexin 43. In fasting and diabetes, nCD38 promotes sustained Ca2+ signals via transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) activation by ADP-ribose, which enhances the transcription of glucose-6 phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1. These findings shed light on the role of nCD38 in glucagon-induced gluconeogenesis and provide insight into nuclear Ca2+ signals that mediate the transcription of key genes in gluconeogenesis under physiological conditions.

Abstract In this study, using immunohistochemistry with fresh cadavers, deliberate histological profiling was performed to determine which fibers are predominant within each compartment. To verify the fascial compartmentation of the SSC and elucidate its histological components of type I and II fibers using macroscopic, histological observation and cadaveric simulation for providing an anatomical reference of efficient injection of the BoNT into the SSC. Seven fixed and three fresh cadavers (six males and four females; mean age, 82.5 years) were used in this study. The dissected specimens revealed a distinct fascia demarcating the SSC into the superior and inferior compartments. The Sihler’s staining revealed that the upper and lower subscapular nerves (USN and LSN) innervated the SSC, with two territories distributed by each nerve, mostly corresponding to the superior and inferior compartments of the muscle, although there were some tiny communicating twigs between the USN and LSN. The immunohistochemical stain revealed the density of each type of fiber. Compared with the whole muscle area, the densities of the slow-twitch type I fibers were 22.26 ± 3.11% (mean ± SD) in the superior and 81.15 ± 0.76% in the inferior compartments, and the densities of the fast-twitch type II fiber were 77.74% ± 3.11% in the superior and 18.85 ± 0.76% in the inferior compartments. The compartments had different proportions of slow-fast muscle fibers, corresponding to the functional differences between the superior compartment as an early-onset internal rotator and the inferior compartment as a durable stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint.

This article provides evidence-based recommendations and expert opinions to aid urologists in making optimal decisions regarding managing urolithiasis in various clinical scenarios. The most frequently asked questions by urologists in their clinical practice have been collected and answered in the form of FAQs; based on the latest evidence and expert opinions. The natural history of urolithiasis is divided into active treatment and silent phases, with the active treatment stage divided into typical and special situations and peri-treatment management. The authors address 28 key questions, offering practical guidance for the proper diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of urolithiasis in clinical practice. This article is expected to be served as a valuable resource for urologists.

Background: Platelets play a modulatory role in inflammatory response by secreting a vast array of granules and disintegrating into membrane-bound microparticles upon activation. The interplay between eosinophils and platelets is postulated to be implicated in the pathology of allergic airway inflammation. In this study, we investigated whether activated platelets can induce eosinophil extracellular trap (EET) formation, a cellular process by which activated eosinophils release net-like DNA fibers. Methods: Platelets were stimulated with the calcium ionophore, A23187, and the platelet agonists, thrombin and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Platelet cultures were fractionated into conditioned medium (CM) and pellet, which were then overlaid on eosinophils to examine EET formation. Results: The CM and pellet from A23187-activated platelets stimulated eosinophils to generate EET, whereas those from thrombin- or ADP-activated platelets failed to induce such generation. The EET-inducing activity of the A23187-activated platelet culture was linearly proportional to the number of activated platelets. Interestingly, while EET formation induced by the direct stimulation of eosinophils with A23187 was NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent, EET formation induced by A23187-activated platelets was NOX-independent and significantly inhibited by necroptosis pathway inhibitors. Conclusions: Activated platelets and their products may induce EET formation, thereby potentiating their role in eosinophilic airway inflammation.

Background A precise anatomical understanding of the adductor canal (AC) and its neural components is essential for discerning the action mechanism of the AC block. We therefore aimed to clarify the detailed anatomy of the AC using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), histological evaluation, and immunofluorescence (IF) assays. Methods Gross dissections of 39 thighs provided morphometric data relevant to injection landmarks. Serial sectional images of the AC were defined using micro-CT and ultrasonography. The fascial and neural structures of the AC proper were histologically evaluated using Masson’s trichrome and Verhoeff-Van Gieson staining, and double IF staining using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and neurofilament 200 antibodies. Results The posteromedial branch insertion of the nerve to vastus medialis (NVM) into the lateral border of the AC proper was lower (14.5 ± 2.4 cm [mean ± SD] above the base of the patella) than the origin of the proximal AC. The AC consists of a thin subsartorial fascia in the proximal region and a thick aponeurosis-like vastoadductor membrane in the distal region. In the proximal AC, the posteromedial branch of the NVM (pmNVM) consistently contained both sensory and motor fibers, and more ChAT-positive fibers were observed than in the saphenous nerve (27.5 ± 11.2 / 104 vs. 4.2 ± 2.6 / 104 [counts/µm2], P < 0.001). Conclusions Anatomical differences in fascial structures between the proximal and distal AC and a mixed neural component of the neighboring pmNVM have been visualized using micro-CT images, histological evaluation, and IF assays.

Black rot of Chinese cabbage caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is one of the most severe diseases in crop cultivation. To define the resistance characteristics of Chinese cabbage to Xcc, we tested the virulence of eight Xcc isolates in four susceptible cultivars of Chinese cabbage. The isolates of Xcc showed different the virulence on the cultivars. On the other hand, we selected 22 resistant or moderately resistant cultivars of Chinese cabbage to Xcc and tested the occurrence of black rot on the cultivars caused by the isolates of Xcc. Mean disease severity of black rot on the Chinese cabbage caused by each isolate was also positively correlated with the virulence of Xcc isolates. Furthermore, the development of black rot in each cultivar increased according to virulence of Xcc isolates. The number of resistant cultivars of Chinese cabbage to eight isolates of Xcc decreased according to the virulence increase of bacteria. Taken together, these results suggest that resistance of Chinese cabbage cultivars to Xcc is likely affected by the virulence of Xcc isolates, but not result from race differentiation.

Background: Despite many environmental problems, plastic waste emissions have been a significant surge during last few decades in the Republic of Korea. Furthermore, the emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has lead to an increased use and disposal of plastic waste worldwide. This paper tried to present summarized data related to the production and disposal of plastics especially before and after the COVID-19 pandemic with environmental impacts of plastics. Also, review of plastic waste reduction policies and feasible policies to promote an act for a safe, sustainable environment are presented. Results: Plastics cause many environmental problems due to their non-degrading properties and have a huge direct and indirect impact on Ecosystems and Public Health. Microplastics need a lot of attention because their environmental effects are not yet fully identified. Despite plastic’s significant impact on climate change, the impact is not yet widely known to the public. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of plastic has surged and recycling has decreased due to the increase in delivery food and online shopping. Korea is introducing very active plastic and waste management policies, but it is necessary to implement more active policies by referring to the cases of other countries. Conclusions: In this article, we have scrutinized the evolution of plastic waste generation in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic and delved into policy frameworks adopted by other nations, which South Korea can draw valuable lessons from. The formidable challenges posed by plastic waste, the remarkable shifts witnessed during the COVID-19 era, and the multifaceted response strategies elucidated in this paper all play a pivotal role in steering South Korea toward a sustainable future.

Abstract The perception regarding lactate has changed over the past decades, and some of its physiological roles have gradually been revealed. However, the effects of exogenous lactate on skeletal muscle synthesis remain unclear. This study aimed to confirm the effects of a 5‐week lactate administration and post‐exercise lactate administration on skeletal muscle synthesis. Thirty‐two Institute of Cancer Research mice were randomly assigned to non‐trained + placebo, non‐trained + lactate, trained + placebo, and trained + lactate groups. Furthermore, 3 g/kg of lactate or an equivalent volume of saline was immediately administered after exercise training (maximum oxygen uptake: 70%). Lactate administration and/or exercise training was performed 5 days/week for 5 weeks. After the experimental period, it was observed that lactate administration tended to elevate skeletal muscle weight, increased protein kinase B (p

Abstract In the last decade, contact electrification has gained attention for its potential in energy harvesting, addressing fundamental physics. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has evolved as a powerful platform, enabling the in situ characterization/manipulation of a sample's tribological/electrical properties at nanoscale. However, although both the sliding and tapping modes are available in the energy harvesting, the lateral sliding using contact mode SPM has predominantly been employed in triboelectric study. In this work, contact electrification on polydimethylsiloxane is investigated, using peak force tapping atomic force microscopy (PF‐AFM). As PF‐AFM quasi‐discretely offers vertical tapping motions of the probe with a regulated force amplitude, resembling a vertical‐type triboelectric nanogenerator, while minimizing lateral forces. The subsequent surface potential measurements reveal that the generated tribocharge is influenced by both the effective work function difference and energy dissipation at the interface. Furthermore, the accumulation of transferred charges is explored by measuring tip‐sample current during the PF‐AFM operation, showing the comparable results with the surface potential measurement. The results can be attributed to the contact potential difference assisted by the energy dissipation at the interface. This study offers an advanced opportunity to understand and study charge generation behavior based on surface properties without damaging the sample.

Conclusion: Lumbar UBE offers a promising option for safe and effective reoperation in spinal surgery. Our technique, emphasizing bone-centered manipulation and specific strategies for scar tissue management, provides excellent visibility and enables precise tissue handling. Overall, UBE facilitates relatively simple and safe reoperations, contributing to improved patient outcomes in the challenging field of spinal surgery.