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In the second half of the nineteenth century, many American cities built water systems using lead or iron service pipes. Municipal water systems generated significant public health improvements, but these improvements may have been partially offset by the damaging effects of lead exposure through lead water pipes. We study the effect of cities' use of lead pipes on homicide between 1921 and 1936. Lead water pipes exposed entire city populations to much higher doses of lead than have previously been studied in relation to crime. Our estimates suggest that cities' use of lead service pipes considerably increased city-level homicide rates.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, many American cities built water systems using lead or iron service pipes. Municipal water systems generated significant public health improvements, but these improvements may have been partially offset by the damaging effects of lead exposure through lead water pipes. We study the effect of cities' use of lead pipes on homicide between 1921 and 1936. Lead water pipes exposed entire city populations to much higher doses of lead than have previously been studied in relation to crime. Our estimates suggest that cities' use of lead service pipes considerably increased city-level homicide rates.

This article is a summary of a symposium that took place at the Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association. The symposium focused on George Steinmetz's book, "Colonial Origins of Modern Social Thought: French Sociology and the Overseas Empire," which explores the relationship between French sociology and colonialism from the 1930s to the 60s. The symposium included discussions on the historical context of French sociology, methodology, the role of race and censorship, the construction of "strangeness" between colonies and the metropole, and the rediscovery of colonial sociology as a subfield. The author, George Steinmetz, also responded to the critiques raised by the commentators. [Extracted from the article]

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This article examines the historical transformations and contemporary state of affairs with human science laboratories. Humanitarian laboratories are explained in the form of social networks and interactive venues where social experts and practitioners encounter together in order to construct and exchange common senses. The laboratory gets an explanation by taking into account uniqueness of human sciences, differences in modes of knowledge production, and understanding social technologies as nonmaterial entities (not ‘artefacts’ as in STS). Inside natural sciences, the laboratory serves for experimentation and purposeful intervention into nature by empirical scholars equipped with technical devices, including cognitive, semiotic, and discursive tools. The laboratory in human sciences exists as an institutional locus for empirical investigation, social experimentation and professional, skilled communications. The exchange of information flows between cognitive and practical actors, measuring common viewpoints, accumulating behavioral data, explaining social situations, and setting rational policy for them. The morphology and progressive advancements of human science laboratories (in past and present) frame the scope of research. Conforming to its main idea, the laboratory is perceived as a vehicle for human progress. Usually, it is a professional organization aiming to synthesize theoretical, empirical, and applied knowledge with social activism in the light of incoming demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines techniques of amorous matching in the work of the "utopian socialist" Charles Fourier (1772–1837), recovering the practices and the institutions he proposed for the management of love, as well as his political arguments for their centrality in a perfected society. In doing so, it argues more broadly for the need to position the management of love at the origin of early social science. Much as early defenses of capitalism had at their core a discourse of the passions, so too was Fourier's socialism invested in exploring how problems of political economy were those of passional economy. To rectify the latter, Fourier attempted to articulate both a mathematical system—a calcul des passions —and a centralized information system for the gathering and sorting of personal data. The recovery of his vision thus has the potential to inform critically a radical politics of algorithmic matching through Big Data—the province today not of utopian socialism but of online dating apps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algorithmically driven online dating platforms today promise the ability to sort through relevant data and identify one's ideal amorous matches effectively. Yet the appeal of technological and scientific solutions to the messy problem of finding partners is hardly new. This introduction to the Focus section "It's a Match!" argues that the history of amorous matching has long been part and parcel of the history of science, in particular the social sciences. Taking matching as an "applied science of social harmony," the authors argue that concern over more reliable techniques for determining the suitability of partners has formed an essential part of both the maintenance of social order and the shaping of subjectivities, enabling discourses of informed choice and the rational management of the passions, while also reinforcing and subverting structures of age, gender, race, and sexuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a quantitative analysis of the geographic distribution of spending through the 1964 Economic Opportunity Act (EOA). Using newly assembled state- and county-level data, the results show that the Johnson administration directed funding in ways consistent with the War on Poverty's rhetoric of fighting poverty and racial discrimination: poorer areas and those with a greater share of nonwhite residents received systematically more funding. In contrast to New Deal spending, political variables explain very little of the variation in EOA funding. The smaller role of politics may help explain the strong backlash against the War on Poverty's programs.

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Sociais is the property of Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Sociais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the article, the author presents his vision of behavioral science in the management of people with diabetes as the practice celebrates its 50th anniversary as of January 2021. Also cited are how the disease affected some members of her family, the psychosocial landscape of diabetes affecting 34.2 million people in the U.S., and the advancements in behavioral science to characterize the emotional and psychosocial effects of type 1 and 2 diabetes.

The history of Brazilian social sciences has been continuously revisited, usually taking as an inaugural landmark the creation of the undergraduate courses in social sciences. Recognizing that the social sciences had different temporalities in the different regions of the country, and that their process of institutionalization occurred sometimes through classes in other undergraduate courses, this work seeks to bring an original contribution to the discussion for this area. The article focuses on the analysis of the first classes of social sciences (cultural anthropology and sociology) created at Faculdade Catarinense de Filosofia (Catarinense Faculty of Philosophy), an institution founded in the 1950’s in Florianópolis, through the "teaching reports" produced by the first professors of these classes. It is important to note the character of the formation of a cultural elite that the institution possessed, and the affinity of the discussions developed in this space with the intellectual debate of that time.

Copyright of NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to problematize the vision of Brazilian essayism from the 1920s to 40s crystallized by the social sciences and the uniformizing tendency of the different interpretations of Brazil developed through this form of sociological imagination. This analytical procedure is understood as a prerequisite for rethinking the status of the essay and its interrogatory capacity contemporaneous with the Brazilian social sciences and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice and profession of evaluation is continually evolving. From its early origin in the Great Society years of the 1960s, through its golden years of the 1970s, its transformation under the fiscal conservatism of the Reagan era in the 1980s, and in its maturation during the performance and results era of the 1990s, the field of evaluation continues to evolve in response to broader trends in society. This article examines recent developments and trends in the practice and profession of evaluation. Structured around the evaluation theory tree, the presentation of these developments elaborates on the three main branches of evaluation: methods, use, and valuing. The concluding discussion briefly addresses the central role of evaluation—and other types of knowledge production—in providing actionable evidence for use in public policy and program decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of solidarity has a long history in the social sciences and humanities, and has received considerable attention in recent migration and refugee scholarship. However, there is no consistent definition of or approach to this concept in this literature. Rather, various types of solidarity with different philosophical underpinnings coexist. In this article, we draw on existing solidarity scholarship to develop a typology of the concept of solidarity; we then apply this typology to a systematic sample of recent scholarly migration and refugee articles. Our results show the complex, multi-dimensional, and normative application of the concept of solidarity in this sample. We find that various types of solidarity align with particular themes, such as religion and family, European Union refugee politics, humanitarianism and hospitality, and migrant activism and labour organising. Nevertheless, there is considerable overlap and connections between types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociologia & Antropologia is the property of Sociologia & Antropologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Through the synthesis of business history into a coherent and powerful analytical framework, Alfred Chandler made an enduring intellectual contribution to the social sciences. This essay outlines the implications of Chandler’s perspective for the theory of innovative enterprise, embeds that theory in the “social conditions of innovative enterprise” analytical framework, demonstrates the illogic of the neoclassical “monopoly model”, and contends that the analysis of the dynamics and performance of industrial capitalism requires a methodology that integrates theory and history. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The following sentence on page two of this article (Amasyali [1]):"The mass expulsions of Armenians and Greeks led to an almost complete removal of these communities over a short time span, so that by 1927, 99 percent of the newly founded Turkish Republic registered as Muslim."Should read as:"The mass expulsions of Armenians and Greeks led to an almost complete removal of these communities over a short time span, so that by 1935, 98 percent of the newly founded Turkish Republic registered as Muslim."By Emre AmasyaliReported by Author [Extracted from the article]

Suppressed on ideological grounds, banned as academic discipline, and dismantled as scientific infrastructure in the first postwar years, sociology was re-institutionalized in communist Romania during the 1960s, largely on political grounds. Subsequently, the discipline developed and augmented within an impressive scientific infrastructure - several university departments were established, research centres and facilities initiated, and specialized periodicals issued. Still, the prosperous period of Romanian sociology concluded after just one decade, through another political decision, which confined the study of sociology to post-graduate specialization and restricted research. My paper explores sociology’s institutional infrastructure, as it was established after the discipline’s renewal, focusing on the institutions created, but also on the biographical analysis of those involved within these processes. My paper will address the matter from a historical perspective, discussing the developments and the evolutions in the field by circumscribing to the political, cultural, and socio-economic contexts.

Copyright of Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article assesses the trajectory of postsocialism as a concept and mounts a fivefold critique of postsocialism as: referring to a vanishing object; emphasising rupture over continuity; falling into a territorial trap; issuing from orientalising knowledge construction; and constraining political futures. This critique serves to sketch the contours of an alternative project that still recognises difference but foregrounds links and continuities, develops a political edge, and theorises not just about but with and from this part of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnography – also referred to as ethnology by the GDR – was a "minor subject" in which typical big science problems such as mass‐study and large‐scale research played no role. It was therefore not the focus of science policy interventions by the state and/or its ruling party. Nevertheless, ethnographic research, exemplified by the sub‐discipline related to Africa, remained within the limits set by the state and ruling party. Despite of these relative restrictions, the two East German universities in Berlin and Leipzig, as well as the ethnological museums in Leipzig and Dresden, have succeeded in presenting research results that are relevant and remain valid to the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By analyzing debates about social "complexity" in the American policy sciences and in intellectual discourse of the 1970s, this article draws attention to the social embeddedness of concept formation and theory building in the social sciences. In the 1970s, a new concept of social "complexity" emerged in the social sciences, when scholars transferred and adapted elements of complexity theory from mathematics, computer science, cybernetics, and general systems theory to refine social theory. The article analyzes the context and conditions in which this transfer occurred. It shows that the scholarly debates about social complexity were entwined with broader public‐political discourses, dealing in particular with the challenges of government and public policy in the advanced Western democracies. The discourse on complexity among social scientists had additional layers of meaning: even in academic discourse, "complexity" was also used as a buzzword and as a metaphor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review essay addresses publications in the history of science and the history of knowledge since 2013/14, focusing on three main fields: the history of the natural sciences, the history of the humanities, and the history of the social sciences. The essay follows the thesis that the recent history of knowledge continually supersedes the traditional history of science, a process that transforms the history of science into a general history of scientific knowledge in society, concentrating on circulation processes, practices, and such concepts and methods that do not clearly assign either to the sciences or the humanities. The aim of this review essay is to show the diversity of the history of scientific knowledge and to work out the desiderata for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue is the product of a conference, The Future of the History of the Human Sciences, which was held at the University of York in April 2016. The meeting brought together scholars from a wide range of disciplinary backgrounds and at various stages of their careers to reflect on what were identified as major challenges and opportunities for the research that History of the Human Sciences publishes. The articles included here are a sample of the responses that were generated and contain reflections on not only the boundaries of history of the human sciences research but also the methods used within the discipline. As this introduction explains, the overall aim of the conference was to explore these questions in order to think about both future directions for research and ways in which we can ensure the field remains dynamic and vital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, based on a presentation at the Future of the History of the Human Sciences workshop (2016), discusses some of the potential benefits and pitfalls of digital humanities (DH) tools and approaches for historians of the human sciences. It reviews some of the major approaches that form DH and draws on the author's experience as part of a team creating a large DH resource to consider the complications presented by these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article began life as, and retains the character of, spoken argument for not allowing the neurosciences to shape the agenda of the history of the human sciences. This argument is then used to suggest purposes and content for the journal, History of the Human Sciences. The style is rhetorical, even polemical, but open-ended. I challenge two clichés about the neurosciences, that they intellectually challenge other areas of knowledge, and that they are reconfiguring the human with the notion of 'brainhood'. The suggestion is that the real challenges lie elsewhere; specifically with understanding the relations of different forms of knowledge and making it conceivable by political action, or simply mode of life, to implement one way of being human rather than another. The conclusion re-asserts the value of the heading, 'history of the human sciences', and of the value of the journal with this name, as a forum in which to reflect on the identity and relations of forms of knowledge about 'the human' in all their variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I reconstruct my own journey into the history of the human sciences, which I show to have been a process of discovering the metaphysical standing of the human. I begin with Alexandre Koyré's encounter with Edmund Husserl in the 1930s, which I use to throw light on the legacy of Kant's 'anthropological' understanding of the human, which dominated and limited 19th-century science. As I show, those who broke from Kant's strictures and set the stage for the 20th-century revolutions in science - from Hegel, to John McTaggart, to Max Weber - typically were pursuing crypto-theological questions about how a finite being can comprehend an infinite universe. This journey is about the 'common measure' of being human, which is what links Plato to Kuhn, but has been most consistently taken up by law. I suggest that in seeking this 'measure of man', we may discover that to be human is not necessarily to be Homo sapiens, which would suggest a radical reorientation of the history of the human sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Journal of Behavioral Medicine emerged 40 years ago as a part of a concerted effort to promote a greater understanding of health and illness through the integrated lenses of behavioral and biomedical sciences. The aim of this special series is to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Journal of Behavioral Medicine through state-of-the-science reviews synthesizing the origins, evolution, current status, and future directions of key aspects of the field. In this introduction, we outline the impetus for this special series and highlight the key themes across the included papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has played a major role in promoting behavioral medicine research over the past 40 years through funding, review, and priority-setting activities and programs including scientific conferences, meetings, workgroups, intramural research, and training opportunities. In this review of NIH activities in support of behavioral medicine over the past four decades, we highlight key events, programs, projects, and milestones that demonstrate the many ways in which the NIH has supported behavioral and social sciences research and advanced the public health while contributing to the evolution of behavioral medicine as a scientific field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 2017 was the 40th anniversary of the convening of the Yale Conference on Behavioral Medicine (Schwartz and Weiss, 1977). In honor of this defining moment in the history of the birthing of behavioral medicine as a formal integrative field of biobehavioral theories, research and applications, we were invited by the editors to take a retrospective and prospective look at the field. Recognizing that much has been written about this history over the years, we decided to write about the "back-channel," presenting never-before shared events associated with the birthing and evolution of the field in a way that would be fun to write and read. In the process we look back at the evolving definitions of behavioral medicine in light of contemporary advances and controversies in science. Our review includes a discussion of some of the present challenges/opportunities, and then considers the future with some "outside the box" possibilities. We outline some of the enormous advances which have taken place in technology since the 1970s and consider how such technologies can be transformative in redefining our field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the author's perspective on the success of the field of behavioral medicine in recruiting, involving, and retaining upwards of 17 different professional disciplines over the 40 years of its existence. Acknowledging that health psychologists have historically dominated this interdisciplinary field, the author presents some possible solutions to increasing the viability and visibility of the other disciplines in carrying out the mission of behavioral medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inception, development, and rise of the Journal of Behavioral Medicine (JOBM) has paralleled that of the field of behavioral medicine. Under the leadership of founding editor, W. Doyle Gentry, published its first issue in 1978. The subsequent 40 years have seen JOBM progress to the level of a top tier journal publishing inter-disciplinary work devoted to furthering understanding of physical health and illness through the theories and methodologies of behavioral science. In recent years, JOBM has become a prominent international platform for scientific communication in the field of behavioral medicine. The present article examines many of the important milestones JOBM has achieved and examines the scope and impact of the most highly cited papers in the journal's history. As Stephen Weiss and Gary Schwartz predicted 40 years ago, behavioral medicine is in a unique and powerful position to address a broad range of issues surrounding individual, community, and population health. It is the hope of the current editorial team that in the next 40 years the journal will facilitate a broadening of the clinical and public health contexts that the science and practice of behavioral medicine addresses and informs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a list of articles, on sociology of sports, published in several journals. Some of the articles, mentioned in the article are "The Game: A Participant Observation Study," by Maria T. Allison, published in the "Journal of Sport Behaviour," Consequences of Sport Fan Involvement for the Empirical Self," by Dean F. Anderson, "Responses of Male and Female Metropolitans to the Commercialization of Professional Sport 1960 to 1975," published in the "International Review of Sport Sociology," "The Symbolic Dimensions of Spectator Sport," by Margaret Carlisle Duncan, "Spectators and Sport," by D.J. Glencross, published in the periodical "Sports Coach," "Spectator Booing and the Home Advantage: A Study of Social Influence in the Basketball Arena," published in the periodical "Social Psychology Quarterly," "Sports Spectators From Antiquity to the Renaissance," published in the "Journal of Sport History," and "Sports and Spectators: Intra-Audience Effects," published in the "Journal of Communication."

A psychodynamic analysis of the selective character of traditional organizations— (1) Anglo-American governmental agencies, (2) the Roman Catholic church, and (3) the armed services—suggests that our precedents do not imply any single superior form and that the critical basis of analysis of an organizational form changes as we move from a selective to a saturative use of it. With a bias toward political democracy, we suggest that private practice is one form suited to the mature role sought by most citizens. Finally, we conclude that diversity of form need not preclude valid generalization but that generalizations, to be universal, must be drawn from universal human experience rather than from selective sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]