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Histories of archaeology have, in the last decade, widened their scope of analysis. As Archaeology is seen as a network of practitioners, practices, ideas, institutions, and other elements, the possibilities for discourses on invisible elements in its historiography are increasingly surfacing. The present article strives toward an integrated History of Archaeology, uniting human and non-human elements. Tools and instruments bridge the gap between both, and will thus be analyzed, from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day (c. 120 years). For this purpose, 17 archaeological fieldwork manuals were selected. The tools and instruments were grouped in several distinct assemblages, reflecting their characteristics and roles during fieldwork. With this empirical data, some considerations on how tools and instruments are used, viewed, and discarded are offered. Ultimately, we will ponder how post-anthropocentric and anthropocentric histories of archaeology can enrich themselves, thus striving to open new research horizons for the discipline.

Since the publication of the second edition of Bruce G. Trigger’s A History of Archaeological Thought in 2006, scholars have produced a negligible number of histories of archaeology. This scarcity contrasts with the considerable amount of historical works on more regionally- and temporally-restricted contexts. With reference to the English-speaking literature, I suggest in this paper that there is a pressing need for new and pluriversal histories of archaeology that connect past and present. Since the turn of the twenty-first century, archaeology has gone through an intense transformation. For instance, during the past twenty years, archaeologists have been concerned with a number of ethical issues, have extensively collaborated with different kind of communities (especially Indigenous), and have reformulated the relationship between theory and practice. It is not only that historians need to incorporate these (and other) developments into our disciplinary history, they also need to rewrite that history with reference to our changing present.

Bonnie Effros's important book tells a fascinating story about the French army's occupation of Algeria, interlaced with insights into the emerging field of archaeology and the appropriation of North Africa's Roman heritage as a colonial military strategy between the 1830s and the 1870s. Effros rightly qualifies it as the 'most successful example of an archaeological museum's longevity in Algeria', (p. 198), discusses its contents and reveals its contributions to scholarship through the Commission d'exploration scientifique de l'Algérie. Effros introduces many actors engaged in archaeology during the early decades of the French rule and traces the careers of military officers in detail. [Extracted from the article]

Intermarine Area Archaeology refers to research programmes focusing on the prehistory of the Baltic-Pontic Intermarine Area, i.e. lands extending between the Baltic and Black seas. This article outlines the development stages and current state of Intermarine Area Archaeology in Poland, being one of the several important research studies into the prehistory of the continent in the Eneolithic, Bronze, and Early Iron Ages. The authors concentrate on the southern portion of the Intermarine Area that covers the Black Sea catchment area. When describing the current state of the Polish conceptual and research contribution to Intermarine Area Archaeology, space shall be given to the programme offer, formation of international research teams, and research specializations.

The term “pigmy flint” was coined in 1895 and frequently used to describe small flint implements, many of them microliths, in British and Irish archaeology during the earliest decades of the 20th century. It was briefly adopted in France over a decade later to describe the same tools, translated as “silex pygmée”, the simultaneous emergence of the French term “microlithique” saw the latter become more widely used, however. The Anglicised “microlith” was not commonly incorporated into British archaeological terminology until the mid-1920s. The international interplay in nomenclature and the changing nature of the terminology that was used to describe such “very small implements of flint” are mirrored by the different attitudes of early archaeologists to these tools. They were dismissed by some and marvelled at by others. Moreover, the definitions that surround these terms are embedded within the problematised acceptance of the “Mesolithic” as a distinct chronological entity. The recognition of morphologically similar “pigmies” across the world sparked questions of migration, function, and chronology – in its broadest culture-historical sense – thus shaping the way in which this microlithic technology and its association with the Mesolithic came to be understood by early archaeologists in Western Europe.

This document is a book review of "Sentient Archaeologies: Global Perspectives on Places, Objects, and Practices," edited by Courtney Nimura, Rebecca O'Sullivan, and Richard Bradley. The book is a collection of 30 essays dedicated to the work of Chris Gosden, a prominent figure in archaeology and anthropology. The essays cover a wide range of topics, including the relationship between past societies and the places they inhabited, the interconnections between material culture and technology, and innovative theories in archaeology. The review highlights the theme of relational perspectives in the book, emphasizing the idea that archaeological objects are not just objects, but stories that narrate the histories of ancient communities. Overall, the book is praised for its intellectual journey and its contribution to the field of archaeology. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents the pioneering research conducted in Poland in the field of ethnoarchaeology just before and immediately after the Second World War. The use of this method was pioneered by W. Hołubowicz. The article shows how ethnoarchaeology spread to other research centres in later years. A novelty in the research was the search for solutions in ethnographic materials. It made it possible to study production techniques and ways of using products. Currently, it is used in studies about architecture, workshops, and various classes of monuments. Research on monuments allows us to determine the traces of production and use of items. The described method contributed significantly to the refinement of knowledge about the everyday life of ancient people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article charts one episode in the history of archaeological field science following the end of World War II and its place within a nascent military‐industrial‐academic complex. It is an account of how archaeological innovation was tied to, and developed directly out of, US nuclear ambition and the leveraging of "peaceful" atomic research as well as American Cold War collaborations with European allies that successfully combined science, exploration, and culture for mutual benefit. The period covered is one of the most generative moments in the development of instrumentation and subsurface techniques, involving two mid‐century men who realized the potential of atomic applications in archaeology. Carlo Lerici, an Italian engineer and industrialist, and Froelich Rainey, director of the Penn Museum, were both men of science, culture, and industry. Their collaboration brought together governments, corporations, and universities to develop pathbreaking experimentation across laboratories and fieldsites. My aim is to reveal the connectivity between these disparate arenas and to underscore that such endeavors are anything but new; rather, nuclear science, tech companies, private foundations, and philanthropists, coupled with the activities of the military and intelligence community, have a deeply entrenched history in archaeology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeology was central to the research and public policies of the Mancomunitat de Catalunya, an administrative commonwealth that led Catalonia between 1914 and 1923. While some aspects of this connection, such as the interplay between archaeology and Catalan nationalism and the contribution of the archaeologist Pere Bosch Gimpera are well known, other key developments of the period remain largely unstudied. This is the case of the Iconographic Repertoire of Spain, an archive set up in 1915 by the architects and art historians Josep Puig i Cadafalch and Jeroni Martorell with the purpose of visually documenting Spain's art history. This article fills this gap by exploring the political and epistemological significance of archaeological research and of archaeological "photo-objects" in the making of the Repertoire. In particular, it discusses the role of Iberian culture within the Repertoire; the setting up of a nation-wide archive from a peripheral location such as Barcelona; and the connection of the Repertoire to the utopia of the "total photo archive". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to other forms of heritage (i.e., art collections), archaeology is based on allegedly objective data and is, therefore, particularly suitable to support ideological narratives on the past. Its scientific nature, combined with the proximity between its subject, material findings, and the cultural heritage of certain groups, entails that its history is key to understanding the interactions between science and its public. From an historical analysis that highlights the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion, participation and narration of heritage, we can move on to reconstruct a critical approach to museums, collections, and cultural heritage in the society of the present and the future and re-imagine the role of history of science in this complex process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I examine a case of dispossession that made land belonging to Indigenous Totonac residents of San Antonio Ojital part of the archaeological site of El Tajín. To do so, I examine the failure of a 2016 claim made to Mexico's Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos. Rather than this being a case of purpose-driven dispossession or an unintended consequence of well-meaning policies, I trace the ultimate causes to multicultural recognition, 19th-century land reforms, and the expansion of archaeological research in El Tajín. Liberal land reforms brought a private property regime into being through enrollment and inscription, and Totonac landowners around El Tajín used the regime to their benefit. As El Tajín expanded though excavation, archaeologists and landowners used the private property regime's conception of space to address conflicts in El Tajín. The resulting pragmatic accommodations would ultimately fail landowners when an archaeological megaproject came in. Ultimately, I argue for an historical and contextual understanding of archaeology and land tenure to understand the discipline's diverse relationships with dispossession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to Ye.N. Chernykh’s long-term explorations, the Kargaly mining and metallurgical center located near Orenburg has become known all over the world. The archaeological expedition led by Ye.N. Chernykh explored the Kargaly site for a number of years, and received significant, in many ways unique material. I would like to emphasize that this material was published rather quickly, which also contributed to the increase of Kargaly’s fame. It was not superfluous to hold the Kargaly International Field Symposium in the field in July-August 2002, which gave an opportunity for many specialists from a number of countries possible to witness the power and diversity of this mining and metallurgical center. As emphasized by Ye.N. Chernykh, “We needed to demonstrate to the participants of such a Symposium the real objects of exploration in the field, instead of studying them using diagrams and photographs only. All this prompted us to organize a full-fledged excavation in the summer of 2002 . As a result, we managed to get a new and – which has already become a tradition – enormous material”. Thus, the notes presented here describe the last season of excavations at Kargaly (2002), but not entirely. It only touches upon S.V. Kuzminykh’s participation in these explorations. The fact is that S.V. Kuzminykh, whose anniversary these collected works are dedicated to, participated as the closest Ye.N. Chernykh’s assistant during the whole period of the Kargaly explorations and later – as a co-author – in many publications related to the Kargaly. The range of interests of S.V. Kuzminykh is wide, and one of the significant places among them is occupied by the questions of history of archaeology. In this case, the person whose anniversary is celebrated is an object of study himself, since the Kargaly expeditions and the activities of all their participants have already become pages of history of archaeology, and the purpose of the notes is to add colors to these interesting pages.

This paper approaches the Swedish Chaco-Cordillera Expedition to the North of Argentina and South of Bolivia (1901-1902) and it focuses on the archaeological objects recovered. Besides the analysis performed by Eric von Rosen in 1902-1903, no further in-depth studies of the collection had been since carried out, despite its great potential to elucidate different aspects of the Andean and lowlands’ pre-Columbian past. Combining the analysis of the publications made by the members of the expedition and their unpublished personal documentation, as well as the study of the collection itself, this paper aims to offer new data on these findings and show the contribution that these materials, and the interpretations the Swedish researchers formulated about them, made to the understanding of the metallurgy and mining activities developed during the pre-Columbian Late Period (AD 1200-1550) in the Puna of Jujuy, Argentina.

The paper is dedicated to the professional activity of archaeologist M.I. Kasyanov - the first leader of the South Ural Scientific Research Expedition and the founder of the Archaeological Department at the National Museum of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The paper was written on the basis of archival and archaeological sources, previously unpublished, and museum funds. In 1920-1939, M.I. Kasyanov discovered and examined about 100 archaeological sites in the territory of Bashkortostan and compiled the first card index of ancient monuments, which acquired state protection. This card index formed the basis of the “Archaeological Map of Bashkiria”. The main period of M.I. Kasyanov’s activity was during the difficult years of the Civil War and the beginning of socialist construction, when the local history movement flourished and interest in history increased throughout the country.

One of the largest collections of documents on the history of Russian archaeology is deposited at the Department of Written Sources of the State Historical Museum. It is represented by personal archives of archaeologists, archives of different scientifi c organizations and societies, personal archives of various persons (historians, museum workers, local historians, public fi gures, etc.), which include documents related to archaeology. The study degree of each of these complexes varies. The article provides an overview of archives that have not yet been suffi ciently introduced into scientifi c discourse, and a bibliography of those collections of the Department of Written Sources of the State Historical Museum, which contain materials on the history of Russian archaeology of the 19th-20th centuries.

The paper is dedicated to the history of intellectual interactions of Kondakov Archaeological Institute in Prague founded by Russian émigrés and Hungarian researchers. It reconstructs the main directions of these contacts, mainly associated with the names of N. Fettich and Gy. Moravcsik, analyses the views of Russian scientists on Hungarian archaeology, and outlines the fields of cooperation. The author emphasizes that both Russian émigrés and their Hungarian colleagues had to interact in a difficult and contradictory epoch associated with the consequences of the First World War and the collapse of empires. It is concluded that the Russian-Hungarian scientifi c contacts are highly effective. Regular exchange of scientific information in the interwar period, marked by political and economic instability, and the growth of international contradictions were of great importance.

The paper presents the history of writing the “Outlines of Ancient History of the Ukrainian SSR” - the first summary publication written by the specialists of the Institute of Archaeology of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences in Kiev. The work began in 1948. It was planned to continue for two years, but extended to eight, and the book was only published in 1957. The texts were edited several times and even rewritten by other authors. Therefore, the process can be subdivided into three stages: 1948-1950 – initial writing of the texts; 1951-1952 - the first correction of the texts related to the publication of J.V. Stalin’s article; 1953-1955 –complete rewriting of the book due to a change in the concept to make it more historical. It also resulted in changes in the structure of the publication. Besides politics, the delay was caused by managerial faults of the administration of the Institute of Archaeology of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences.

The article is devoted to the drawing of the famous archaeologist, art historian and artist N.E. Makarenko, accidentally found a few years ago in Donetsk.

The paper features materials of the last year of N.K. Auerbach (1892–1930) – archaeologist, historian and one of the organizers of Siberian science during the sunset of the “golden decade of local history”. Th e documents used contain information that is not reflected in official documents, and make it possible to recreate some pages of Siberian archaeology, allowing to recreate the spirit of the times and the atmosphere of scientific research, as well as to show the role of the scientist in the implementation of scientific relations between domestic and foreign scientists. Am ong N.K. Auerbach’s correspondents during this period are V.A. Gorodtsov, P.P. Efimenko, S.A. Teploukhov, B.E. Petri, S.N. Zamyatnin, G.K. Mergart, G.F. Osborne, A.M. Thalgren, V.M. Tolmachev, L. Savitsky, A. Breuil, J. de Baye, and others. The study has involved a considerable amount of documents from the central and regional archives, most of which are introduced into scientific discourse for the first time. Of particular interest are the letters by N.K. Auerbach to the famous Russian archaeologist and his teacher V.A. Gorodtsov. The study signifi cantly expands the information about the life of the prominent Siberian scientist who made a significant contribution to archaeology and the organization of scientific research in Siberia.

The paper features materials deposited in the S.N. Zamyatnin’s archive of the Voronezh Regional Museum of Local Lore (a total of 145 items with a chronological coverage of 1918-1960). The main attention is drawn to the analysis of documents reflecting the events of the first years of Sergei Nikolaevich’s residence in Leningrad. At this time (1926–1929), the young scientist studied at the postgraduate course of the State Academy for the History of Material Culture (GAIMK). The importance of documents is determined by their informativeness, both for further detailing S. N. Zamyatnin’s scientific biography and the reconstruction of a holistic view of this scientist, and within the framework of the analysis of the institution of Soviet postgraduate studies with their foundations laid in the second half of the 1920s. It is the first publication of the autobiography of S. N. Zamyatnin, written on November 27, 1925, and reviews of the scientist as a candidate for graduate students by famous archaeologists P. P. Efimenko (dated November 27, 1925) and A. A. Miller (dated December 3, 1925) - his mentors, specialists of the Russian Academy for the History of Material Culture (RAIMK).

The personality of Vladimir Savelyevich Stokolos as an archaeologist, and his place in the history of South Ural archeology have not yet become a separate subject of study for subject matter experts. His contribution to archaeology is evident and priceless. The revision by V.S. Stokolos of the cultural-chronological concept of the Bronze Age in the Southern Trans-Urals suggested by K.V. Salnikov determined the trend for comprehension of antiquities from the “Andronovo world” as a whole until the present time. This publication is not an exhaustive study of the issue of the role of a specific person in the history of archaeology of the Southern Trans-Urals. It only identifies the issue and invites colleagues for discussion.

The paper studies the historical-scientific and historiographic component of the work of the archaeologist S.V. Kuzminykh, analyzes the process of transformation of the historical and scientific interests of the researcher from problem historiography to study of the history of archaeology are analyzed, and outlines the key historical and scientific problems of the history of Russian archaeology, the formulation and solution of which is largely associated with the scientist’s name.

Maps and mapping are indispensable tools within archaeological practice. However, they are also tools that have historically been employed relatively uncritically by archaeologists. Maps are used functionally, with little attention paid to the subtler impact of certain decisions in relation to form and appearance. This article serves as a companion to ‘A global perspective on the past: the Institute of Archaeology around the world’ piece earlier in this volume, briefly explaining the theoretical principles underpinning decisions taken in that piece. In particular, the relevance of developments in the field of critical cartography and their application to large-scale archaeological mapping are considered. Map projections, their history, relevant uses and the impact of the choice of projection are discussed, as well as the significance of map orientation. In particular, it is demonstrated that the normalised ‘north up’ visualisation of our planet is a very specific and surprisingly recent development with an important history and subconscious implications. The way in which space is visualised has a subtle impact on the way we understand and, therefore, behave in the world around us. As such, it is contended that a self-conscious and reflexive attitude to the way we visualise space is a crucial consideration in our understanding of both the present and the archaeological past.

The Annual Report of the Institute of Archaeology (1937–58) is now available as an open-access journal through a UCL digitisation initiative. This article aims to draw attention to the history of the Report and its potential for research into both the history of the Institute of Archaeology and the wider discipline. Research examines the Report within the context of the professionalisation of archaeology in the mid-twentieth century and explores how contemporary journals recorded, reflected and promoted contemporary changes, notably debates surrounding the role of ‘amateurs’ and post-war intellectual internationalism. Vere Gordon Childe’s creative control of the Annual Reports is used to investigate the complex entanglements between institutions and individuals and the roles played by archaeological literature in these interactions.

The article presents the pioneering research conducted in Poland in the field of ethnoarchaeology just before and immediately after the Second World War. The use of this method was pioneered by W. Hołubowicz. The article shows how ethnoarchaeology spread to other research centres in later years. A novelty in the research was the search for solutions in ethnographic materials. It made it possible to study production techniques and ways of using products. Currently, it is used in studies about architecture, workshops, and various classes of monuments. Research on monuments allows us to determine the traces of production and use of items. The described method contributed significantly to the refinement of knowledge about the everyday life of ancient people.

During the first decades of development of archaeological interest in the Argentine intellectual scene, critical exchanges arose between the practioners of the novel anthropological science. These controversies are a particularly interesting source for the study, because in them the authors, while striving to clearly expose their points of view, in their references to the opponents highlight aspects related to the dynamics of the scientific field. In this way, from the reading of the texts, a set of problems addressed in the initial stage of archaeology are defined in the present work, identifying those results obtained, and the ways that led to them. From the critical analysis of contributions and debates, the notion of the authors' choice between two alternatives in relation to the development of disciplinary work emerges. One that emphasizes the discovery and proposal of new ideas about the past; and another that places the focus on the rigorous control of the empirical bases that sustain the plausibility of the claims.

The history of Antalyan archaeology is more comprehensive than biographies of leading excavations or sensational discoveries. Thanks to the recent reviews on early studies, we understand better now how ruling political, ideological and ethical values deeply affected the archaeological interpretations of the region's past. This phenomenon has particular importance for the Yörüks who were held responsible for the destruction of the Greco-Roman antiquity in Lycia and Milyas referring to their Asiatic descent, Mohammedan faiths and pastoral way of life. These assumptions which built constantly renewing "synthetic" conflict zones between the Yörüks and the long-term history of Antalya are in fact not based on any provable arguments but on personal experiences or worldviews. In that sense, the present study tries to understand the multiphased relations between the Yoruk population and the West Antalyan antiquity within the frame of archaeological evidences and indigenous archive documents such as Tax Registries of Teke Sanjak. As a consequence, it has been argued here that excluding the Yörüks as "others" from the cultural landscape of the region will also prevent us to understand the long-term history of Antalya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Billy Smith and Charley Eaton were mudlarks in London. In 1857 they began to manufacture counterfeit antiquities. Their creations displayed many significant errors and anachronisms, and some archaeologists were immediately sceptical. Nevertheless, other leading experts were convinced that Billy and Charley's supposed discoveries were authentic archaeological finds. The ensuing debate resulted in an inconclusive court case. Eventually a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London used subterfuge to expose the fraud. Even after this, Billy Smith and Charley Eaton continued producing forgeries for another decade. This paper explores how the forgeries were made, why they generated controversy, how the fraud was detected and how Billy Smith and Charley Eaton could produce their forgeries over such a long time-span. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first half of the twentieth century the Vettrainos, a family of restorers, were particularly active in Italy and also abroad in the archaeological missions opened in several territories occurring both before and during the Fascist regime. Information on their restoration of marble and mosaic artefacts comes from official reports and also from more private sources such as correspondence exchanges between archaeologists and museum directors who had requested their services. In this paper, a selection of mosaic restoration made by Belardino and Fulvio Vettraino in Rome, Latium, Apulia, Tripolitania, Albania and Dalmatia will be presented; from this overview it will also be clear which technical, economic and ideological reasons were at the basis of the choice of resorting to this kind of family workshop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article aims to present the multifaceted activity of Józef Żurowski (1892--1936), an archaeologist and conservator of prehistoric artefacts in Małopolska. The study relies on extensive archival material and Żurowski's numerous publications. In the years 1920-1936, he was the conservator of the Krakow region and later the West Małopolska region, acting successively on behalf of the State Group of Prehistoric Monuments Conservators and the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. Żurowski's most outstanding achievements include carrying out the first excavations in the banded flint mine in Krzemionki, conducting research on multicultural sites in Złota, supervising the digging of the monumental Krakus Mound, discovering and interpreting the fi rst burials of the Bell Beaker culture in Poland, as well as examining many early medieval cemeteries. As a conservator, he not only inventoried and excavated many archaeological sites -- such as numerous strongholds, barrows, and the caves of the Ojców Jura -- but also ensured their protection and preservation. Józef Żurowski died prematurely at 45, yet he is one of the most distinguished Polish archaeologists of the Second Polish Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While women have long been key to archaeological research, the role of women and women’s voices have grown substantially in the last 50 years. Once predominantly found in the laboratory rather than in the field, women archaeologists are driving the discipline forward through field work and analysis. Similar developments are taking place throughout higher education in both academics and in leadership. At the same time, work on the engendered past is also evolving. However, more needs to be done. Issues in the field, particularly injustices done toward women associated with fieldwork, are coming to the forefront, hopefully assuring a future with higher ethical standards. The personal stories of female archaeologists help provide context to the past as well as opportunities for the future of archaeology.

The brief foray proposed here into the archives of French ethnologist, technologist and prehistorian André Leroi-Gourhan (1911–1986) focusses on the proof-correcting process of the very last page of his doctoral thesis, published in 1946. The changing state of these proofs and the additions he penned to them, as made perceptible in the illustrations provided, serves me to highlight three interconnected aspects of history-of-archaeology investigations: the interest of archives-based biographical studies, the links between the history and the theory of archaeology, and, last but not least, the material and ‘intellectual technologies’ involved in the production of knowledge. Résumé La brève excursion proposée ici dans les archives de l’ethnologue, technologue et préhistorien André Leroi-Gourhan (1911–1986) aborde spécifiquement la correction des épreuves de la toute dernière page de sa thèse de doctorat, publiée en 1946. Les différents états de ces jeux d’épreuves et les ajouts qu’il y a apportés, telles que perceptibles dans les images qui illustrent cet article, me servent à aborder trois aspects interconnectés de la recherche en histoire de l’archéologie: l’intérêt que présentent études biographiques à partir de fonds d’archives, les liens entre l’histoire et la théorie de l’archéologie, et enfin les dimensions matérielles des ‘technologies intellectuelles’ impliquées dans la production du savoir. Mots clefs: André Leroi-Gourhan; histoire de l’archéologie; théorie en archéologie; fond d’archives; histoire du livre; Protat Frères; ‘technologies intellectuelles’; culture matérielle; chaîne opératoire

Across seventy years of research, the site of Tijeras Pueblo has become an important place for understanding the transformations that impacted Rio Grande Pueblo society during the fourteenth century A.D. During that time, the course of research at the pueblo has been guided in part by its changing ownership and management of the site. While the first investigations were conducted while the site was privately owned federal acquisition of the pueblo facilitated the major excavations that took place there in the late 1960s and 1970s. As federal objectives for research evolved with new legislation, the involvement of Native Americans resulted in a major shift in how the last excavations in 2000 were conducted. While sustained interest in Tijeras Pueblo has been driven by its role in addressing major questions about the course of Pueblo history, its ownership and management have shaped, and continue to shape, how we know this important place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tracks a world of instruments and global designs in a new era of archaeology, spearheaded by Froelich Rainey in his role as Director of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Post-WWII scientific development, industrial-military-academic partnerships, and American adventurism were all brought together through Rainey's archaeological expeditions. During the 1960s, Penn's field projects were strategically positioned across the globe, with many trialing a novel technique or different device: Rainey launched a prototype submarine off the Turkish coast, magnetometers and sonic devices across Italy, resistivity in Mexico, and infrared aerial cameras over the Mediterranean. Archaeological innovation was tied to, and developed directly out of, US nuclear ambition and the leveraging of 'peaceful' atomic research, and American Cold War collaborations that united science, exploration, and culture for mutual benefit. Here we underscore the connectivities between diverse actors and activities, nuclear science, tech companies, private foundations, and philanthropists, coupled with the military and intelligence community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the midst of ardent calls for decolonizing and building a more anti-racist archaeology, whiteness has gone largely unacknowledged in the history of disciplinary thought and practice. As a point of departure, this article asks: why are there so many White archaeologists? In addressing this question, I suggest that the development of early archaeological method and thought was deeply affected by White supremacy. In presenting the two case studies of Montroville Dickson and Flinders Petrie, I suggest that a radical new history of archaeology is needed if we are to build a more equitable, anti-racist field in the future. Central to this process to recognizing the role that whiteness has played and continues to play in archaeological practice and pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the production of archaeological knowledge within the fieldwork archive. Archaeological archives do not always reflect the reality of evidence uncovered during fieldwork processes or even the fieldwork processes themselves. This includes the many different agents and agencies, which are crucial to the construction of archaeological knowledge and their representation—or lack of representation—in the archive. Archaeological archives impose restrictions on how knowledge is included in a collection, the way it is recorded, and the fieldwork processes used. Therefore, this article considers the way in which the processes of archival documentation produce, transform, and construct archaeological knowledge. The main examples are from the British School of Archaeology in Egypt's excavations at Abydos between 1921 and 1922, often referred to as the Tombs of the Courtiers and directed by Flinders Petrie. Looking at the different contexts of an excavation archive, from before its creation to its ongoing curation and use, can reveal significant aspects not just of the history of archaeology but also on many of the ongoing recording methods and processes still used in the field today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like any science, archaeology relies on trust between actors involved in the production of knowledge. In the early history of archaeology, this epistemic trust was complicated by histories of Orientalism in the Middle East and colonialism more broadly. The racial and power dynamics underpinning 19th- and early 20th-century archaeology precluded the possibility of interpersonal moral trust between foreign archaeologists and locally hired labourers. In light of this, archaeologists created systems of reward, punishment, and surveillance to ensure the honest behaviour of site workers. They thus invented a set of structural conditions that produced sufficient epistemic trust for archaeological research to proceed—a system that continues to shape archaeology to the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the relationships between archaeology and wage labor in twentieth-century Mexico through an analysis of governmental payroll records from El Tajín, Veracruz. For Indigenous Totonac workers, the long-term presence of archaeological labor provided opportunities for income and social mobility in a context of dispossession and proletarianization while contributing to socioeconomic stratification. In a region where the traditional agricultural base declined during the twentieth century, participation in wage labor provided a source of regular cash income and opportunities for skill development and social mobility. Participation, however, depended on intermediaries and their kin and social networks, meaning that not all had access. The analysis suggests that staterun archaeology must be understood in practical and economic terms as well as in a regional context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that letter was addressed to Machteld Mellink, a professor of archaeology who was originally from the Netherlands but was then teaching in the U.S. Topics include examines known for her erudite scholarship, Halet Çambel, a contemporary of Mellink, described her accessible attitude by noting that not only with her students, but with all those who are genuinely interested, excited, and serious in their undertaking.

The history of Indigenous people in Indiana is usually told as a story that begins in the late seventeenth century, with the arrival of French colonizers exploring regional lakes and rivers to secure territory, trade, and souls. This well-known narrative disregards over ten thousand years of Indiana's past and overlooks the experiences of the first people who settled throughout the state. Ancestral Native Americans created communities and made use of Indiana's abundance for millennia before the first Europeans claimed the region. How they lived, who they were, and the history they made are largely found in archaeological studies rarely included in historical narratives of Indiana. To better understand the history of Native Americans in Indiana, Dawn G. Marsh moves away from a narrative that begins with European colonization and extends the framework of the state's history to the first peopling of the state. This study, based in both history and archaeology, offers a more holistic and balanced story of Indiana's first people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Determination of the rocks used for the building of the 4th millennium BCE megalithic construction in Novooleksandrivka (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine) as well as establishing the places of their probable provenance. Methodology. The study was performed using the method of comparative mineralogical and petrographic analysis in thin sections of the building stone and the rocks from the outcrops in the valleys of the rivers Mokra Sura and Dnipro. The chemical composition of the petrographically identical rocks was also compared using X-ray fluorescence analysis. Findings. Nine specimens of rocks that represent all the species of granitoids used for the cromlech-crepidoma construction of the Novooleksandrivka kurgan “Sura-Oba” were analyzed. As a result of the conducted research, it was ascertained that they are represented by plagiogranites (trondhjemites), tonalites, granite gneisses, migmatites and pegmatites. Besides, some granitoids comprise small xenoliths of biotite gneiss. All the indicated rocks are characteristic for the occurrences of the Surskyi and Dnipropetrovskyi plagiogranitoid complexes, widespread in the valley of the river Morka Sura – the right tributary of the river Dnipro, where the monument is directly located. Granitoids with the massive structure were most likely to be delivered from the occurrences located upstream of the river Mokra Sura in the village of Sursko-Lytovske. Migmatites and gneiss-like granites occur both downstream and upstream of the river from the village of Novooleksandrivka. Originality. For the first time, the building stone of the megalithic construction, discovered during the excavations of the “Sura-Oba” kurgan in the village of Novooleksandrivka (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine) has been studied using mineralogical and petrographic analysis; in addition, the probable places of its extraction were determined. Practical value. The results obtained can be used in conducting research on history and archaeology, as well as in popular science works and excursion activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Center for the Future of Museums, in its TrendsWatch 2019 report, identified "Truth, Trust, and Fake News" as key issues for museums to address. Fraudulent artifacts bearing Hebrew inscriptions were planted in Ohio mounds in the 1800s as fake news to promote a combined political, scientific, and religious agenda. Two of these so-called Newark "Holy Stones" are among the most celebrated objects in the collections of the Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum in Coshocton, Ohio. They have been interpreted in various ways over the years, but a recent opportunity to renovate exhibits allowed the staff to develop interpretation in alignment with the recommendations of the Center for the Future of Museums. This is therefore a case study for how contentious objects can be used as "touchstones for the truth". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our professional understanding of the archaeological record is informed through academic research interest, the nature (tensions of time/money/location) of cultural resource management, and the ability of archaeologists to fully access diverse forms of data potentially available to them. Knowledge of eastern Colorado is poorly known, given that 40% of the state is publicly owned (federal and state) and most professional work occurs on land administered by federal agencies in western Colorado. Given this research disparity, we argue that professional archaeologists in eastern Colorado would certainly benefit from expanding their research networks to include the efforts of avocational archaeologists. Our article describes how artifact collectors have searched eastern Colorado for the past 100 years; although their methods differ from professional approaches, their cumulative efforts provide a nuanced read of the archaeological record. Differences relate to increased time spent on sites, access to a variety of landforms, and repeated visits over the long term. We present a case study on playa lake archaeology to emphasize these concepts and provide suggestions as to how archaeologists can create better partnerships to unlock potentially novel perspectives of the archaeological record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

115 years has been passed since the first reports on the Paleolithic research on the Iranian Plateau and all the while. Paleolithic research in Iran has been increasingly and variably expanding. The history of the Iranian Paleolithic archaeology has been the subject of a number of publications in recent years, but no precise statistics has ever been presented regarding the trends. sites and researchers, due to the difficulty of access to the resources, many of which have never been published properly. This research is a statistic review of Paleolithic archaeology of Iran based on the evaluation of all-range resources (from 1906 to 2021 - some published and many non-published) mentioning more than 2800 sites attributed to Paleolit[tic based on surface materials and 60 by excavations. It has been attempted to assess the patterns of distribution, abundance. and change in the Iranian Paleolithic research over time and whenever possible, the causes and explanations have been discussed. Accordingly, five phases of research have been recognized and described based on statistical and historical backgrounds (1906-1948: 1949-1979: 1980-1998; 1999-2010: 2011-present). Ideally. the extraction of these patterns is expected to contribute to understanding the processes and trends and to predicting and management of the future trajectories of studies in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]