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Several studies suggest that HTLV-1 infection may be associated with a wider spectrum of neurological and clinical manifestations that do not meet diagnostic criteria for HAM. These conditions may later progress to HAM or constitute an intermediate clinical form: intermediate syndrome (IS), a mid-point between asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers and those with full myelopathy. Thus, we determined the incidence of HAM cases in the HTLV-1-asymptomatic and IS patients, and the clinical/laboratory associated markers. A total of 204 HTLV-1-positive patients were included in this study, divided into two groups: Group 1, including 145 asymptomatic HTLV-1 subjects (ASY), and Group 2, including 59 patients with inflammatory clinical symptoms in more than three systems and a high proviral load (PVL). During a 60-month follow-up time, with the age ranging from 47 to 79 years, ten patients of the fifty-nine initially diagnosed as IS developed HAM (iHAM), and two patients of the initial 145 ASY developed HAM directly. Women were more prevalent in all groups. For the iHAM patients, the age ranged from 20 to 72 years, with a mean of 53 (±15 SD). Older age was associated with the development of HAM, higher PVL and IS; however, there was no any specific symptom or clinical sign, that was associated with risk for iHAM. In conclusion, IS cases could be an early phase of development of HAM. These findings show the presence of higher incidence probabilities in our cohort than previously reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for natural food additives makes propolis an exciting alternative due to its known antimicrobial activity. This work aims to investigate propolis' behavior as a nitrite substitute ingredient in cooked ham (a ready-to-eat product) when confronted with pathogenic microorganisms of food interest. The microbial evolution of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium sporogenes inoculated at known doses was examined in different batches of cooked ham. The design of a challenge test according to their shelf life (45 days), pH values, and water activity allowed the determination of the mesophilic aerobic flora, psychotropic, and acid lactic bacteria viability. The test was completed with an organoleptic analysis of the samples, considering possible alterations in color and texture. The cooked ham formulation containing propolis instead of nitrites limited the potential growth (δ < 0.5 log10) of all the inoculated microorganisms until day 45, except for L. monocytogenes, which in turn exhibited a bacteriostatic effect between day 7 and 30 of the storage time. The sensory analysis revealed the consumer's acceptance of cooked ham batches including propolis as a natural additive. These findings suggest the functionality of propolis as a promising alternative to artificial preservatives for ensuring food safety and reducing the proliferation risk of foodborne pathogens in ready-to-eat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the supplier and the mass of pork thighs together with some production parameters including mass loss during ham production, mass of the final products and relative content of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) on the texture profile of Slovenian dry-cured ham -- Kraški pršut were investigated to determine its optimal texture. The study included 32 dry-cured hams from two mass classes (heavy with thigh mass at salting of 11.7-12.1 kg and light with thigh mass at salting of 10.5-10.7 kg) and two different pork thigh suppliers from regular production. Slices cut transversally from the thigh at approximately 8 cm from the femur head were used for physicochemical parameter (pH, contents of moisture, total fat, protein, NaCl, and NPN) analysis, instrumental texture analysis profile analysis (TPA), and sensory analysis. Pork thigh mass had a significant effect on the TPA parameters; light samples were harder, chewier, springier, more cohesive and resilient compared to the heavy samples. NaCl content and sensory scores for saltiness were higher in the light Kraški pršut samples than in the heavy ones. Based on the median for hardness in the sensory analysis, the samples were classified into three ranks of texture using linear discriminant analysis (9 variables, 100% correct classification): optimal (median 4.0; 19% of samples), slightly too soft (median 3.5, 72% of samples), and soft (median 3.0; 9% of samples). Kraški pršut mass and hardness were significantly correlated to saltiness, pastiness, aroma, and all TPA parameters (p≤0.05). Positive correlation (p≤0.05) was also observed between NPN and pastiness. These findings indicate the importance of supplier, mass of pork thighs, and production parameters for optimizing the texture of Kraški pršut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the nutritional value, technological and sensory properties of pork loin and ham, and their changes during freezer storage. After slaughter and post-slaughter processing in the Warmia Meat Processing Plant in Biskupiec, carcasses were chilled at a temperature of 2-4°C for 24 h. Samples of loin (longissimus dorsi muscle, LD) and ham (semimembranosus muscle, SM) were collected from right half-carcasses. Loin and ham samples were divided into three portions. The first portion (fresh meat) was analyzed immediately, and the second and third portions were frozen and stored at a temperature of -18°C for one month and three months, respectively. Samples of fresh and stored meat were analyzed to determine their chemical composition, active acidity, water-holding capacity (WHC), emulsifying capacity, and color (CIE L*, a*, b* color space). The values of chroma (C*) and hue angle (h°) were calculated based on the values of color parameters a* and b*. Steam-cooked samples were analyzed to determine cooking loss and sensory attributes. The content of dry matter (DM) and fat was higher, and the protein concentration was lower in ham than in loin. The chemical composition of loin and ham, in particular DM content, was also affected by freezer storage. The pH values of both muscles were comparable, which points to the high quality of the analyzed meat, and they decreased in both loin and ham during freezer storage. Changes in active acidity observed in frozen loin and ham were reflected in the functional properties of meat. The emulsifying capacity increased and the WHC decreased, which resulted in greater cooking loss. An analysis of fresh meat samples revealed that loin was characterized by lower WHC and higher cooking loss than ham. Ham was darker in color than loin, and color lightness decreased in both loin and ham with prolonged freezer storage. The storage of frozen meat had a positive influence on its sensory attributes. Meat samples stored in a freezer for three months received the highest scores in the sensory analysis, and loin scored somewhat higher than ham. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofluid is a specially crafted fluid comprising a pure fluid with dispersed nanometer-sized particles. Incorporation these nanoparticles into pure fluid results in a fluid with improved thermal properties in comparison of pure fluid. The enhanced properties of nanofluids make them highly sought after, in diverse applications, consisting of coolant of devices, heat exchangers, and thermal solar systems. In this study hybrid nanofluid consisting of copper, alumina and titanium nanoparticles on a curved sheet has investigated with impact of chemical reactivity, magnetic field and Joule heating. The leading equations have converted to normal equations by using appropriate set of variables and has then evaluated by homotopy analysis method. The outcomes are shown through Figures and Tables and are discussed physically. It has revealed in this study that Cu-nanofluid flow has augmented velocity, temperature, and volume fraction distributions than those of Al2O3-nanofluid and TiO2-nanofluid. Also, the Cu-nanofluid flow has higher heat and mass transfer rates than those of Al2O3-nanofluid and TiO2-nanofluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation computes the heat transport phenomenon of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of CuO-Ag/H2O hybrid nanofluid over a spinning disc. The authors are confident that there is very less analysis covering the fluid flow containing silver and copper oxide nanoparticles over a rotating disk. Therefore, the authors are interested to consider the water-based nanoliquid flow over a spinning disk. Furthermore, the velocity slip and thermal convective conditions are taken into consideration. The formulation of the problem is made in the form of PDEs and is then converted into the nonlinear ODEs by employing suitable similarity transformations. The homotopic analysis approach is applied for the semi-analytical solution of these resulting equations. The convergence of homotopic approach has also revealed with the help of figure. The performance of the hybrid nanofluid flow velocities and temperature has been shown in a graphical form against distinct flow parameters. Also, the numerical results of skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number have been calculated in a tabular form. The outcomes of the current problem show that the increase in the skin friction of the water-based copper oxide nanofluid is greater than the water-based silver nanofluid at 4% of the nanoparticle volume fraction. Also, the skin friction of the hybrid nanofluid is increased by 8% compared to the silver nanofluid at 4% of the nanoparticle volume fraction. Furthermore, the heat transfer rate of the water-based copper oxide nanofluid is greater than the water-based silver nanofluid at 4% of the nanoparticle volume fraction. Also, the heat transfer rate of the hybrid nanofluid is 52% greater than that of silver nanofluid at 4% of the nanoparticle volume fraction. It is found that the Nusselt number of the hybrid nanofluid is highly affected by the embedded parameters as compared to nanofluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present-day early childhood educators face the challenge of producing their professional identities in highly neo-liberal contexts, negotiating contested discourses on professionalism, education quality and the overall purpose of early childhood education. While it has been suggested by critical scholarship that the early childhood workforce responds to these challenges by developing a unified professional identity, the author contends that particular contexts of practice (such as schools) and the schoolification of early childhood education may produce fragmentation within the workforce. This is crystallised in the figure of the school-based early childhood educator, whose professional practice lies somewhere between that of a kindergarten educator and a schoolteacher. As school-based early childhood education is not perceived as proper early childhood practice by kindergarten educators, school-based educators struggle to identify with this group of practitioners. Drawing on a psychoanalytically informed qualitative study with early childhood educators, the author discusses some of these tensions and proposes the notion of liminal identity (an intermediate space of becoming where identities – among other possibilities – may be examined and reimagined) as a starting point for the exploration of this emergent type of professional subjectivity in the context of an increasing provision of early childhood education in school settings. The author calls for a destabilisation of oversimplified understandings of the relation between educators and their contexts of practice, and the acknowledgement that educators experience and respond to the struggles of the profession in diverse and complex ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout history, there have been people who consider themselves, their family, tribe, clan or race to be superior to other people and who act and behave towards them with a sense of superiority.. The first example of this was when Satan rebelled against Adam by claiming superiority over him and consequently lost his high position. In the following period, we see that the claim of superiority between Adam's two children resulted in the death of one of them. The desire to be superior in human nature spread to a wider area after the Renaissance and Reform movements, especially in western societies, and led to the establishment of nation-based states. In today's world, there are approaches that claim that some people are superior to others. There are even religions that distinguish their followers with a caste system and aim to ensure the happiness of only one nation. However, apart from Judaism, there is no religion that explicitly expresses the superiority of one race and its dominance over others. Jews, who consider the Children of Israel to be God's chosen people, justify their conviction with certain events alleged to have occurred during the time of Noah and found in the text of the Torah. This study reveals the reasons for this claim of superiority by focusing on the Torah text. The study is based on the Jewish holy book Tanakh, and it also draws on both old and recent works written on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood surface defect detection poses challenges due to the diverse range of defects, making accurate localization and identification difficult. In this study, we introduce an enhanced approach for detecting flaws on wood surfaces by leveraging an augmented version of the YOLOv8s algorithm. To improve the focus on problematic target qualities, we initially constructed a HAM (hybrid attention module) structure within the Backbone. This structure incorporates spatial and channel attention techniques, enhancing the ability to identify defects. Additionally, we enhance the feature fusion capabilities by augmenting the expansion convolution module, reducing information loss during the connection with the Neck network. This augmentation improves the target receptive field, ensuring critical information preservation for effective diagnosis of wood surface defects. Furthermore, we introduce ghost convolution to enhance feature expression while minimizing the number of parameters. This approach optimizes the model's overall performance. Through extensive testing, our proposed GH-YOLOv8s model demonstrates accurate detection of five distinct types of wood surface defects, including defect types such as Live Knot, Dead Knot, Resin, Knot with crack, and Crack, achieving a mean average precision (mAP) of 98.4%. This performance surpasses the original model by 2.0% and maintains a high FPS (Frames Per Second) rate of 163.9, this means it can achieve efficient object detection in real-time scenarios. Moreover, our approach outperforms commonly used target detection methods, establishing its superiority in wood surface defect detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1930s, the dry-cured ham industry has used methyl bromide fumigation to control Tyrophagus putrescentiae (ham mite) infestations. However, due to methyl bromide being a class I ozone depleting substance and no longer being manufactured, alternatives to methyl bromide have been studied extensively. Direct contact food-grade coatings and coated ham nets of various materials have shown efficacy in controlling ham mite growth and reproduction. These coated nets, often including propylene glycol, can be dried to ease application and reduce shipping cost, but chemical and thermal treatments on fabrics may cause the fabrics to become more brittle, which negatively impacts stretchability and bursting strength, and ultimately the effectiveness of the net. Scanning electron microscopy can provide precise visual inspection of fabric surface morphology, allowing for a detection of potential damage to the fibers. This purpose of this review is to summarize the application of food-grade coatings on nets used in the dry-cured ham industry to control mite infestations. More importantly, the review provides comprehensive information on coated nets, covering various aspects such as the selection of netting materials, evaluation of fabric properties, techniques for coating nets, net drying method, all in relation to their efficacy for mite control. This review contributes to the broad area of this applied technology by highlighting efficacious treatments to control mites, ineffective treatments, a discussion of processes to evaluate their properties, and future prospectives regarding this area of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Taiwanese Journal of Agricultural Chemistry & Food Science is the property of Agricultural Chemical Society of Taiwan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To expound on the correlation between the microorganism communities and the formation of off-odour in Xuanwei ham, the microorganism communities and volatile compounds were investigated in the biceps femoris (BF) and semimembranosus (SM) of Xuanwei ham with different quality grades (normal ham and spoiled ham). The single molecule real-time sequencing showed that differential bacteria and fungi were more varied in normal hams than in spoiled hams. Headspace solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography (HS-SPME-GC-MS) results indicated that aldehydes and alcohols were significantly higher in spoiled hams than those in normal hams (p < 0.05). The off-odour of spoiled hams was dominated by ichthyic, malodourous, sweaty, putrid, sour, and unpleasant odours produced by compounds such as trimethylamine (SM: 13.05 μg/kg), hexanal (BF: 206.46 μg/kg), octanal (BF: 59.52 μg/kg), methanethiol (SM: 12.85 μg/kg), and valeric acid (BF: 15.08 μg/kg), which are positively correlated with Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Pseudomonas sp., Aspergillus ruber, and Moraxella osloensis. Furthermore, the physicochemical property and quality characteristics results showed that high moisture (BF: 56.32 g/100 g), pH (BF: 6.63), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (SM: 1.98 MDA/kg), and low NaCl content (SM: 6.31%) were also responsible for the spoilage of hams with off-odour. This study provided a deep insight into the off-odour of Xuanwei ham from the perspective of microorganism communities and a theoretical basis for improving the flavour and overall quality of Xuanwei hams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research has applications in targeted drug delivery in biomedical engineering, precision manufacturing of electronic devices and nanostructured materials in nanotechnology, and efficient thermal management systems in electronics, automotive, and aerospace industries. Understanding Marangoni convection in bioconvective flows not only advances scientific knowledge but also fuels innovations in biotechnology, materials science, and thermal engineering, leading to diverse real-world applications. This study demonstrates how the Marangoni effect affects the bio convective flow of tangent hyperbolic hybrid nanofluid over three different geometries (cone, plate, and wedge) in the presence of gyrotactic microorganisms with a heat source. It also examined how Marangoni convection is affected by heat radiation, mixed convection, and binary chemical reactions. Surface tension caused by the thermal and concentration gradient causes the flow to be compelled. With the use of an ethylene glycol (E G) foundation fluid, a copper oxide (C u o) and titanium dioxide (T i O 2) mixture, and a tangent hyperbolic hybrid combination nanofluid, this work intends to examine the viscoelastic components of the thermal transferring process. When certain crucial parameters are taken into consideration, the proposed physical phenomenon can be mathematically described in terms of nonlinear PDEs. By using the proper similarity variables, the governing equations are converted into a system of related nonlinear ODEs (ordinary differential equations). The Homotopy analysis method (HAM) is then used to solve an intricate set of highly nonlinear equations that result from this. By increasing the Weissenberg number and volume percentage of nanoparticles, the fluid velocity is decreased. The velocity, Sherwood number, Nusselt number and density of motile microorganisms, and all rise as the Marangoni convection parameter is raised, but thermal, concentration, and microorganism profiles exhibit an opposite behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed investigated the differential gene expression profiles of samples from uninfected individuals (control group) and study groups of asymptomatic human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) carriers and patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM) by exploratory RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis. The gene expression profiles of individuals in the asymptomatic group were represented by 3 genes, most associated with cell cycle regulation. The gene expression profiles of individuals in the HAM group were represented by 12 genes, the majority of which are associated with the immune response. The HLA-A gene and the non-coding RNA LINC02470 were upregulated in the asymptomatic and HAM groups. The HLA-DQB1 and HLA-C genes were downregulated in the asymptomatic and HAM groups. In this pilot study, although limited in terms of methodological rigor, we showed differential gene expression profiles in different clinical groups of HTLV-1 infection. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Abstract Following an application from Cárnicas Joselito S.A. pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of Spain, the Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to ‘Joselito ham increases antioxidant substances in the body, reduces blood pressure and plasma triglycerides, decreases oxidative stress and prevents effect in diseases related to the cardiovascular and intestinal systems’. The scope of the application was proposed to fall under a health claim referring to disease risk reduction. The food constituent that is the subject of the health claim is Joselito, an Iberian ham characterised by a high content of oleic acid. The Panel considers that the food is sufficiently characterised. The Panel considers that lowering of LDL‐cholesterol concentration and blood pressure is a beneficial effect by decreasing the risk of coronary heart disease. Upon a request from EFSA, the applicant identified one human intervention study as being pertinent to the claim. However, due to methodological limitations, the Panel considers that no conclusions can be drawn from this study for the scientific substantiation of the claim. The Panel notes that no human intervention studies from which conclusions could be drawn for the scientific substantiation of the claim were provided by the applicant. The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the intake of Joselito® ham and the reduction of LDL‐cholesterol concentration or blood pressure.

The increasing demand for thermal management due to the high heat density heat exchangers for different technological and industrial processes draw the attention of researchers in heat transfer analysis to investigate the simultaneous solution to this problem. Keeping this in mind, the current work addressed the utilization of ternary hybrid nanofluid, a mixture of graphene oxide with silver and copper, to examine the heat and mass transfer enhancement of MHD Maxwell fluid. In the current model, the author discussed heat and mass transfer analysis of Maxwell MHD ternary hybrid nanofluid flow across a porous medium over an extending sheet. The energy and concentration equations are expressed to include the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoretic diffusion. Additionally, the effects of thermal radiation, activation energy, chemical reactions, and convective boundary conditions are considered. The similarity transformations are used to convert the nonlinear PDEs into ODEs. The impact of embedded factors on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles is perceived graphically and mathematically by using the HAM technique. The convergence of computed solutions is ensured by h-curves. The significant outcomes from the analysis expressed that the flow distribution increases with slip and suction/injection factors. The concentration of the ternary hybrid nanofluid increases with an increase in thermophoretic diffusion (0.1–0.5), thermal biot number, and solutal biot number (0.1–0.5), however, a declining behavior is perceived with rising quantity of Schmidt number (0.6–0.8) and Brownian motion (0.1–0.5) parameters. Nusselt number shows a dominant behaviour with a higher magnetic factor. Similarly, the skin friction increases with an increase in thermal biot number and thermophoresis factor. It is revealed that the skin friction along x− direction increases from (0.78138, 0.833702, 0.897022, and 0.972526) for ternary hybrid nanofluid. Nusselt number increases from 2 to 5% (0.208936, 0.214288, 0.219799, 0.22555) when the volume fraction varies from 0.01 to 0.04 respectively.

In the present analysis, we have analyzed the three-dimensional flow of an electromagnetohydrodynamic copper–aluminum/water hybrid nanofluid flow on a Riga plate. The heat and mass flux model proposed by Cattaneo-Christov is deliberated here. Thermal radiation, thermophoretic diffusion, Brownian motion, and chemical reaction phenomena are considered in analyzing the flow problem. Thermal convective, mass convective, and velocity slip conditions are adapted in this analysis. Suitable resemblance variables are implemented for the conversion of the model equations to dimension-free form. The homotopy analysis method is adopted to solve the modeled equations. The obtained results show that the velocity profiles are reduced with an increasing estimation of the slip factors. Additionally, the nanoparticles’ concentration and the temperature of the hybrid nanofluid increase with higher values of thermal and solutal Biot numbers. The Nusselt number is increased with an increase in the radiation factor and thermal Biot number.

Human T cell leukaemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic retrovirus that causes lifelong infection in ~5–10 million individuals globally. It is endemic to certain First Nations populations of Northern and Central Australia, Japan, South and Central America, Africa, and the Caribbean region. HTLV-1 preferentially infects CD4+ T cells and remains in a state of reduced transcription, often being asymptomatic in the beginning of infection, with symptoms developing later in life. HTLV-1 infection is implicated in the development of adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathies (HAM), amongst other immune-related disorders. With no preventive or curative interventions, infected individuals have limited treatment options, most of which manage symptoms. The clinical burden and lack of treatment options directs the need for alternative treatment strategies for HTLV-1 infection. Recent advances have been made in the development of RNA-based antiviral therapeutics for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (HIV-1), an analogous retrovirus that shares modes of transmission with HTLV-1. This review highlights past and ongoing efforts in the development of HTLV-1 therapeutics and vaccines, with a focus on the potential for gene therapy as a new treatment modality in light of its successes in HIV-1, as well as animal models that may help the advancement of novel antiviral and anticancer interventions.

In this study, the impact of incorporating Bougainvillea spectabilis powder into ham formulation as a potential color replacement for nitrites was evaluated. Three drying methods were proposed to preserve the antioxidant properties of bougainvillea: foam-mat drying, air drying, and oven drying. Antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) assays revealed that the presence of bougainvillea powders enhanced the antioxidant properties and maintained the stability of the ham over 8 weeks of storage at 4 °C. In addition, total polyphenolic content and presence of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were evaluated and showed higher and lower scores, respectively, in the samples with the incorporation of bougainvillea compared to the control samples, suggesting their potential to replace nitrite salts by providing natural antioxidant protection. Sensorial analysis also revealed no significant differences in sensory attributes in hams with 0.1% bougainvillea powder compared to nitrite samples. The incorporation of the bougainvillea powders in the ham formulation improved the sensorial attributes and consumer overall acceptance even after 8-week cold storage at 4 °C.

The dynamics of hyperbolic tangent nanofluid, coupled with thermal radiation and chemical reactions, find extensive applications in various fields, including drying processes, oil emulsions, ceramics, prevention of crop damage from freezing, and dehydration processes. Therefore, the primary objective of the present contribution is to scrutinize the dynamic behavior of hyperbolic tangent nanofluid with consideration for both chemical reactions and thermal radiation effects subject to a prescribed thermal system. To model the nanofluid’s behavior, we have employed Buongiorno’s nanofluid model, which incorporates random motion and thermo-diffusion of nanostructured particles. The thermal performance of the hyperbolic tangent nanofluid is analyzed under two boundary conditions: prescribed surface temperature (PST) and prescribed heat flux (PHF). To facilitate the analysis, we have transformed the transport PDEs in Cartesian configuration into ODEs. Subsequently, we have employed the highly efficient HAM (homotopy analysis method) to solve the obtained system. The study explores the influence of various flowing constraints on key configurations such as temperature formation, velocity formation, concentration formation, local drag formation, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. Notably, the Nusselt number diminishes with the inclusion of thermo $\left({0.2 \le {N_t} \le 1.1} \right)$0.2≤Nt≤1.1 and Brownian $\left({0.3 \le {N_b} \le 1.1} \right)$0.3≤Nb≤1.1 diffusions of nanoparticles, while it increases with an escalation in the thermal radiation $\left({0.0 \le {R_d} \le 2.5} \right)$0.0≤Rd≤2.5 parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era dominated by mobile communication, Short Message Service (SMS) plays a pivotal role in interpersonal interactions. However, the surge in unsolicited spam messages necessitates effective differentiation mechanisms. This exploratory data analysis (EDA) utilizes a dataset from the renowned UCI Machine Learning Repository to discern key characteristics distinguishing spam from legitimate messages. Employing Natural Language Processing (NLP) technique vectorization (BOW and TF-IDF), including the use of a Naïve Bayes algorithm and sentiment analysis, this investigation uncovers patterns and peculiarities specific to spam content. The findings highlight distinct differences in lexicon usage, message structure, and linguistic markers between spam and legitimate messages. For instance, spam messages often exhibit aggressive language and utilize unconventional structures. To elucidate, specific examples of such language patterns and structural anomalies are provided, offering a more nuanced understanding of the study's outcomes. Rooted in data-driven insights, this study lays the foundation for future endeavours in developing robust, NLP-powered spam detection mechanisms to preserve the essence of personal communication in the SMS sphere. Evaluating the model on a test dataset of 5,572 SMS messages yielded noteworthy results. The model demonstrated a precision rate of 98% for legitimate messages and an impeccable 100% precision for identifying spam without any false categorization. However, a notable dip in the recall rate for spam messages, at 85%, raises important considerations. This suggests potential challenges in detecting certain types of spam, emphasizing the need for further refinement in the model. The respective f1-scores for ham and spam messages were 99% and 92%, shedding light on the model's overall efficacy. These performance metrics not only quantify the model's accuracy at an admirable 98% but also prompt deeper reflections on the practical implications of the results, emphasizing areas for future research and enhancement in spam detection mechanisms within the dynamic landscape of mobile communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Tumbling treatment is widely used in the production of cooked ham. However, traditional intermittent tumbling (IT) treatment is time‐consuming. To enhance the tumbling efficiency, high‐intensity ultrasound was used to assist IT treatment (UIT). RESULTS: UIT treatment reduced the tumbling time and significantly improved the water holding capacity, tenderness, sliceability and texture of cooked ham compared to IT treatment. Furthermore, more violent destruction of meat tissue was exhibited in the UIT treatment. This change facilitated extraction of more salt‐soluble protein, which in turn welded meat pieces tightly and improved the quality of the cooked ham. CONCLUSION: UIT treatment could accelerate the tumbling process and enhance the quality of cooked ham. These results may provide guidance on effective strategies for a high‐quality meat production process. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Innovations in the value chain of traditional meat products, leading to higher quality or healthier products, can support the niche market for local pig breeds and contribute to their more sustainable conservation. In this context, the present study investigated whether the quality traits of smoked dry-cured ham derived from the local Turopolje pig could be improved by including acorns in the animal's diet or by innovations in processing methods, such as smoke reduction. The results show that feeding acorns to pigs increased the processing yield but had a limited effect on the quality of the dry-cured ham, as only a few differences in the physicochemical, textural or colour parameters and volatile profile were observed. However, some sensory attributes, such as odour typicality, were affected by the acorn diet. Conversely, this innovation in processing led to a significant reduction in smoke-derived volatile compounds and an improved texture to the lightly smoked hams, as shown by both instrumental and sensory analysis. The Turopolje pig (TP) is a local Croatian pig breed that almost became extinct in the second half of the 20th century. Today, the TP is still endangered, and a new conservation strategy based on products with higher added value is needed to preserve the breed. There is little information on the quality of TP meat products such as smoked and dry-cured ham, including the impact of natural feeds or processing innovations such as smoke reduction. This study, therefore, investigated the effects of the animal's diet (either conventionally fed or acorn-supplemented) and the processing method (standard or lightly smoked) on the quality traits of dry-cured TP ham. Twenty hams, evenly distributed among the treatments, were processed for 15 months and then analysed for physicochemical and textural traits, volatiles and sensory profile. The hams from acorn-supplemented pigs lost less weight during processing (p ≤ 0.05). Otherwise, the diet had no significant effect on most examined ham traits. The exceptions were protein content and the texture parameter hardness, which decreased (p ≤ 0.05), and the degree of proteolysis and colour parameters, which increased (p ≤ 0.05) as a result of acorn supplementation. However, these effects were generally small and varied between the inner (m. biceps femoris) and outer (m. semimembranosus) muscles. Furthermore, acorn supplementation was associated with less typical ham odour and lower sensory scores for sweetness and colour uniformity (p ≤ 0.05). The smoke reduction had no effect on the physicochemical and colour properties but resulted in a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) in the volatile phenolic compounds and an improved texture to the hams. This was reflected both in reduced (p ≤ 0.05) hardness, identified in the instrumental analysis, and in an increased (p ≤ 0.05) softness, solubility and moistness, identified in the sensory evaluation. To summarize, the quality of the TP ham under the conditions studied was only slightly affected by acorn supplementation, whereas reduced smoking had a more significant effect, which was mainly reflected in an improved texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its remarkable thermodynamic development in various engineering sciences, the dispersion of nanostructures in classical base liquids is receiving greater attention from researchers and scientists. In light of the aforementioned inspirations, the suggested research is associated with using a water-based ternary-hybrid nanofluid that contains three unique nanostructures, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and aluminum oxide to optimize the heating process in science and engineering. In this situation, the influence of a chemically reactive magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) Darcy–Forchheimer ternary hybrid composites transport involving nonlinear radiation across an exponentially permeable stretched surface is highlighted with the model's physical initial and boundary constraints. The simulation of the heat expression also includes the impacts of nonlinear thermal radiations, energy supply, energy dissipation and magnetic force. Furthermore, the interpretation of Buongiorno's theory involves spontaneous and thermophoresis diffusions. Entropy analysis is explained using the second law of thermodynamics. We converted the model framework for fluid movement, energy and mass transfer (together with ternary hybrid nanofluid characteristics) into self-similar nondimensional differential equations, that were then further analytically evaluated by using the homotopy asymptotic method (HAM) technique via Mathematica software. The acquired results are illustrated numerically and graphically to study the behavior of fluid flow, heat, concentration distribution, drag force, rate of heat and mass transfer for various emergent components to gain scientific comprehension. With the growing values of magnetic, porosity and Forchheimer number, the nature of the velocity profile goes down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast cancer disease is known as the most common cancer among women. Lack of knowledge and awareness is a leading cause of breast cancer, and since nearly all women are increasingly susceptible to this disease, training screening behaviors for early detection is proven essential in order to reduce breast cancer mortality. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the Health Action Model in improving breast cancer screening behaviors in women aged 30 to 69 in Kashan, Iran. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 162 women aged 30–69 years old among the clients of Comprehensive health service centers in Kashan, Iran and they were assigned to intervention and control groups. The research instrument included a questionnaire assessed within three phases: baseline, 3-months, and 6-months, containing Health Action Model (HAM) structures and also three screening behaviors. The intervention consisted of a model-based education package and was carried out over 2 months. To evaluate the effect of the intervention, the mean of model structures and proportion screening behaviors in the third and sixth months were compared with the baseline phase. All analyses were carried out using SPSS, version 22. Results: The intervention and control groups were homogeneous regarding the structures of the HAM and the proportion of screening behaviors in the baseline phase (p > 0.05). In the 3-month (p < 0.05) and 6-month (p < 0.05) phases, the mean scores of the HAM constructs in the intervention group were found higher compared with the control group. Moreover, the proportion of clinical breast examinations in the intervention group was statistically higher than in the control group in the 3-month (p < 0.001) and 6-month (p < 0.001) phases. In addition, the proportion of mammography performed in the 3-month (p = 0.002) and 6-month (p < 0.001) phases were reported to be higher in the intervention group compared with the control group. Conclusion: Overall, these results provide important insight into the effectiveness of the interventions based on the Health Action Model in promoting breast cancer screening behaviors and the determinants of such behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the community of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) in samples of Sjenica sheep’s ham from different villages across three seasons over a 120-day maturation period. The CNS group was identified into five distinct species: Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, S. carnosus, S. xylosus, and S. equorum. The safety evaluation revealed no hemolytic activity in any tested isolates, while resistance to novobiocin was observed in S. xylosus and S. saprophyticus isolates. The technological properties of the isolated CNS were assessed, including tolerance to different temperatures, pH values, salt concentrations, as well as proteolytic and lipolytic activity. Results demonstrated the ability of all tested isolates to grow across various pH values and salt concentrations, with isolates of S. carnosus and S. epidermidis showing tolerance to 45°C. The best technological properties were shown by S. carnosus, followed by S. equorum. These findings provide insights into the potential applications of CNS in food processing industries, as putative starters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera has a high level of active chemicals that are useful in the food industry, and they have antibacterial and food preservation properties. The characterization of M. oleifera seed oil (MOS) may vary due to agronomic and environmental factors. Therefore, it was necessary to know the composition of lipids present in our oil extracted under pressing at 180 °C and thus determine if it is suitable to produce a biopackaging. Within the characterization of the oil, it was obtained that MOS presented high-quality fatty acids (71% oleic acid) with low values of acidity (0.71 mg KOH/g) and peroxide (1.74 meq O2/kg). Furthermore, MOS was not very sensitive to lipoperoxidation by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBuOOH) and its phenolic components, oleic acid and tocopherols, allowed MOS to present a recovery of 70% after 30 min of treatment. Subsequently, a biopackaging was developed using a multiple emulsion containing corn starch/carboxymethylcellulose/glycerol/MOS, which presented good mechanical properties (strength and flexibility), transparency, and a barrier that prevents the transfer of UV light by 30% and UV-C by 98%, as well as a flux with the atmosphere of 5.12 × 10−8 g/ m.s. Pa that prevents moisture loss and protects the turkey ham from O2. Hence, the turkey ham suffered less weight loss and less hardness due to its preservation in the biopackaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hittite UZU mu/aḫḫ(a)r(a)i- is a body part belonging to various mammals, including humans, but almost exclusively attested as a component of cooked meat offerings to deities. New evidence supports its identification as the fleshy part of the thigh, thus English "ham" in the anatomical sense, but when served as food in Hittite removed from the thigh bone. A recent text join furnishes not only a further instance of juxtaposition with the expression for "thigh bone," but also the crucial detail that the m. is skewered before being cooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study using mathematical modeling has been conducted to analyze how both man-made and natural sources of contaminants affect various layers of an aquifer-aquitard system. The xy-, yz-, and zx-plane have been used to depict the locations where the natural sources of contaminant occur on the xz- and yz-plane, and where the man-made sources occur, on the xy-plane. It is assumed that the sources occurring in different planes are constant, while the velocity of groundwater flow has been considered only along the x-axis. A three-dimensional advection dispersion equation (ADE) has been used to accurately model the flow of groundwater and contaminants through a porous medium. Three distinct sources exert their influence on three separate planes throughout the entire duration of this study, thus making it possible to model these sources using initial conditions. This study presents a profile of contaminant concentration in space and time when constant sources are located on different planes. Some physical assumptions have been considered to make the model relatable to real-world phenomena. Often, finding stability conditions for numerical solutions becomes difficult, so an unconditionally stable solution is more appreciable. The homotopy analysis method (HAM), a method known for its unconditional stability, has been used to solve a three-dimensional mathematical model (ADE) along with its initial conditions. Man-made sources show more impact than equal-strength natural sources in the aquifer-aquitard system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improvement of hygiene practices and process control in meat product facilities is an ongoing topic of importance. Consequently, the meat industry must explore alternatives to extend the shelf‐life of meat products. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of chemical, biological, and physical strategies at the formulation, pre‐packaging, and post‐packaging stages, respectively, to extend the shelf‐life of cooked ham. Three strategies were tested on different formulations of cooked ham: (1) inclusion of organic acid salts with and without buffered vinegar in the formulation, (2) application of biopreservation cultures during pre‐packaging for the four developed formulations, and (3) high hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP) applied to two pork ham formulations during post‐packaging with and without buffered vinegar. The effect of these strategies was evaluated by measuring shelf life based on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and mesophilic counts, monitoring pH kinetics, and conducting sensory evaluations focused on indicators of spoilage such as milkiness and swelling. Results revealed that the HPP strategy was the most effective, significantly extending the shelf life of cooked pork ham up to 97 days, with no significant differences observed when combined with buffered vinegar. In contrast, the use of organic acid salts with or without buffered vinegar did not significantly extend the shelf life compared to control hams without preservatives (p > 0.05). Furthermore, significant variations in shelf life were found between batches and types of ham (p < 0.05). Notably, the biopreservation strategy led to a reduction in shelf life reduction. Practical applications: Sliced‐packaged ham is highly susceptible to spoilage, and previous studies investigating the application of organic acid salts, biopreservation cultures, and physical interventions have demonstrated limited effectiveness in extending shelf life under industrial and Colombian market conditions. Moreover, some of these approaches have resulted in alterations to the product's sensory attributes. Consequently, there is a critical need to evaluate alternative strategies that can be easily implemented with current technology, are cost‐effective, acceptable to consumers, and can be validated in an industrial setting. Furthermore, it is crucial to investigate the potential synergistic effects of combining high hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP) with chemical interventions, such as buffered vinegar. Implementing these measures holds the potential to minimize food waste and contribute to enhancing food security. Additionally, the findings of this study present a hypothesis that can contribute to understanding the variations in spoilage between pork and turkey hams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the semiotic links between embodied, linguistic, and nonlinguistic signs found in a Bikram yoga studio in Oslo, Norway, and on its website, which are informed by other hegemonic sites of yoga circulation on a more global level, which include the Bikram franchise and Lululemon. Drawing on (digital) ethnographic data, I employ the analytical concepts of enregisterment (Agha 2007) and mediatization (Agha 2011), in order to trace these interlocking processes within three institutional sites that disseminate and transmit a (Bikram) yoga register through the analysis of multimodal images both offline and online. The mediated messages of flexible, embodied, and highly commodified practices that attain high cultural and social value are dialectally embedded in physical, material, and technological environments contributing to posthumanist theorization on how we understand language in relation to people, objects, and place with the aim of broadening our understanding of communication to relocate where social semiotics occurs (Pennycook 2018b). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Legacy: Jurnal Hukum dan Perundang-Undangan is the property of UIN Sayyid Ali Rahmatullah Tulungagung, Department of Constitutional Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Veterinaria is the property of University of Sarajevo, Veterinary Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Crowd counting aims to estimate the number, density, and distribution of crowds in an image. The current mainstream approach, based on CNN, has been highly successful. However, CNN is not without its flaws. Its limited receptive field hampers the modeling of global contextual information, and it struggles to effectively handle scale variation and background complexity. In this paper, we propose a Multi-scale Hybrid Attention Network called MHANet to solve crowd counting challenges more effectively. To address the issue of scale variation, we have developed a Multi-scale Aware Module (MAM) that incorporates multiple sets of dilated convolutions with varying dilation rates. The MAM significantly improves the network's ability to extract information at multiple scales. To tackle the problem of background complexity, we have introduced a Hybrid Attention Module (HAM) that combines spatial attention and channel attention. The HAM effectively directs attention to the crowd region while suppressing background interference, resulting in more accurate counting. MHANet has been extensively experimented on four benchmark datasets and compared against state-of-the-art algorithms. It consistently achieves superior performance in terms of the MAE evaluation metric. MHANet outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods by margins of 1.9%, 5.4%, 0.4%, and 0.8% on the ShanghaiTech Part_A, ShanghaiTech Part_B, UCF-QNRF, and UCF_CC_50 datasets, respectively. Furthermore, a series of ablation experiments targeting MAM and HAM were conducted in this paper, and the experimental results fully demonstrate that MAM and HAM can effectively address the challenges of scale variation and background complexity, ultimately enhancing the accuracy and robustness of the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for healthier products by consumers has prompted research into the use of essential oils (EOs), which are known for their antimicrobial properties. This study investigated the antimicrobial properties of EOs as a potential alternative to synthetic preservatives, specifically, cinnamon, clove, and oregano EOs, as well as their majority compounds (cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and carvacrol) on Clostridium sporogenes inoculated in hams. The findings of the study revealed that cinnamon EO and its major compound cinnamaldehyde were the most efficient in inhibiting the growth of C. sporogenes, demonstrating the lowest minimum bactericidal concentration MBC (0.1%). The combination of oregano EO, cinnamon EO, cinnamaldehyde, and carvacrol led to a significant decrease in bacterial growth (approximately 3 log) after 28 days in hams. Furthermore, the presence of spores was not observed for 14 days (at 14°C) and 21 days (at 7°C) of storage, indicating a delay in sporulation. The treatments using the combination of EOs, and their major compounds had minimal impact on the color of the hams while maintaining the physicochemical characteristics of the product. This study demonstrates that EOs and their major compounds can be applied as natural preservatives in ham, offering a potential alternative for reducing the use of nitrites in various food types. The research emphasizes the antibacterial efficacy of cinnamon, clove, and oregano EOs, along with their major compounds, in inhibiting C. sporogenes in ham. The findings indicate that these natural alternatives could be valuable in preserving food products and reducing the reliance on synthetic preservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the authors have presented the MHD hybrid nanoliquid flow comprised of CuO and Ag nanoparticles (nps) over a rotating disk under the effects of thermophoresis, Brownian motion, activation energy, heat source and chemical reaction. The flow is considered over a spinning disc with convective conditions. The proposed model is solved with the help of HAM. The convergence of the HAM is also shown in order to verify the convergence of the modeled problem. The effects of embedded parameters on the velocity, energy and mass profiles of the magnetohydrodynamic flow of hybrid nanoliquid are shown with the help of Figures. Also, the effects of embedded parameters on skin friction, heat and mass transfer rate are calculated with the help of Tables. The results showed that the velocity and energy profiles are augmented with the increasing solid volume fraction. The increasing magnetic parameter reduces both the radial and tangential velocities of the hybrid nanofluid flow. The increasing effects of heat source, thermophoresis and Brownian motion factors on energy profiles are found. The increasing influence of thermophoresis and activation energy factors on concentration profile of the hybrid nanofluid flow is found, while the increasing Brownian motion, chemical reaction and Schmidt number reduce the concentration profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is employed to investigate the flow of a Ferro-hydrodynamic bio-nanofluid over a co-axial rotating disks with Stefan blowing, magnetic dipole, and hall effects. The heat transport mechanism is modeled by using the Brownian movement and thermophoresis. The governing equations are derived and transformed into nondimensional form using appropriate similarity transformations. The resulting equations are solved analytically using the Homotopy Analysis Method. The obtained results are compared with the existing literature and are found to be in excellent agreement. The effects of various parameters such as Hartmann number (Ha), Ferro-hydrodynamic interaction parameter (B), Stefan blowing effect (f w) , Peclet (Pe), and bio-convection Lewis number (Lb) are examined via graphical representation. Moreover, the bio-nanofluid radial velocity field is enhanced by improving the values of hall and Ferro-hydrodynamic interaction parameter (FHD). The temperature profile is diminished due to increasing the values of hall parameter, while the opposite behavior is observed when rising the values of FHD parameter. Increasing the Hartmann number (Ha) lead to decline the radial and tangential velocity, whereas the temperature profile is enhanced. The motile microorganisms filed is significantly affected by bio-Lewis and Peclet numbers. The significance of Stefan blowing is discussed on the hydrodynamic, heat, and mass transport aspects for the instances of f w < 0 , fw = 0, and f w > 0 , respectively. Also, the drag coefficient, heat and mass transport, motile microorganisms rates are discussed via tables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New, open access tools have been developed to validate ionospheric models in terms of technologically relevant metrics. These are ionospheric errors on GPS 3D position, HF ham radio communications, and peak F‐region density. To demonstrate these tools, we have used output from Sami is Another Model of the Ionosphere (SAMI3) driven by high‐latitude electric potentials derived from Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment, covering the first available month of operation using Iridium‐NEXT data (March 2019). Output of this model is now available for visualization and download via https://sami3.jhuapl.edu. The GPS test indicates SAMI3 reduces ionospheric errors on 3D position solutions from 1.9 m with no model to 1.6 m on average (maximum error: 14.2 m without correction, 13.9 m with correction). SAMI3 predicts 55.5% of reported amateur radio links between 2–30 MHz and 500–2,000 km. Autoscaled and then machine learning "cleaned" Digisonde NmF2 data indicate a 1.0 × 1011 el. m3 median positive bias in SAMI3 (equivalent to a 27% overestimation). The positive NmF2 bias is largest during the daytime, which may explain the relatively good performance in predicting HF links then. The underlying data sources and software used here are publicly available, so that interested groups may apply these tests to other models and time intervals. Plain Language Summary: Multiple research groups are developing models of the ionosphere to address effects on technology that depends on radio signal propagation. Here we present tests of these models that capture the model performance as it relates to some relevant applications. These are GPS position, long‐distance HF communication and ionospheric critical frequency (which is proportional to the square root of the peak ionospheric density). All the data sets, testing code and model output used are made available in the public domain for reuse and development. For the test of critical frequency, we use machine learning to "clean up" the input data, removing errors introduced in the data generation process. Key Points: New, open access tools developed to validate ionospheric modelsMetrics are GPS position, HF communications, and critical frequency/NmF2Machine learning applied to "clean up" auto‐scaled ionosonde data, removing 94% of badly scaled NmF2 values [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigate blood flow in a small artery with a constriction using gold nanoparticles (Au) in the presence of microorganisms, mass, and heat transfer. The non-Newtonian behavior of blood fluid in slight arteries is quantitatively inspected by simulating blood flow using the Carreau fluid model. Momentum equations incorporating magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and Darcy–Forchheimer porous media are used to model the fluid flow. Heat transfer properties, including thermal radiation, joule dissipation, and bio-convective microorganisms, are investigated. Blood serves as the base fluid for the nanofluid, which contains gold nanoparticles. The system's nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into nonlinear ODEs through suitable transformations. To obtain numerical solutions for these ODEs, the homotopy analysis method is used. The physical implications of flow restrictions are compared with fictitious fluid flow using physical interpretations. Additionally, investigations into the interpretations of blood flow based on drag force and heat transfer are being conducted. ANOVA, or analysis of variance, is a dependable statistical tool used to evaluate regression models and a variety of statistical tests. These investigations include error assessments, total error evaluations, F-values, p-values, and model fit assessments. These statistical investigations were applied to the dataset at hand, with the goal of achieving a robust 95% level of confidence. We investigate the effects of minute adjustments in parameters on both the heat transfer rate and the friction factor rate using these analyses. The study intends to dive deeper into the potential effects of minor changes in one or more factors on the overall effectiveness of surface friction rate and the larger domain of thermal energy transfer. This will be performed by employing sensitivity analysis approaches. This strategy allows us to obtain a better understanding of how minor changes to specific parameters might affect the speed of thermal energy conveyance and fluid flow management. Furthermore, it lays the framework for future studies aimed at optimising system designs. Article highlights: We examined blood based MHD Au-nanofluid flow in the presence of microorganisms applying Carreau fluid model. To model the nanofluid flow we used, Darcy-Forchheimer porous media and heat transfer properties. Analysis of variance is a dependable statistical tool is used for the finding of regression models and a variety of statistical tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jinhua lean ham (LH), a dry-cured ham made from the defatted hind legs of pigs, has become increasingly popular among consumers with health concerns. However, the influence of fat removal on the quality of Jinhua ham is still not fully understood. Therefore, a label-free proteomics strategy was used to explore the protein differential profile between Jinhua fatty ham (FH) and lean ham (LH). Results showed that 179 differential proteins (DPs) were detected, including 82 up-regulated and 97 down-regulated DPs in LH vs. FH, among which actin, myosin, tropomyosin, aspartate aminotransferase, pyruvate carboxylase, and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase were considered the key DPs. GO analysis suggested that DPs were mainly involved in binding, catalytic activity, cellular process, and metabolic process, among which catalytic activity was significantly up-regulated in LH. Moreover, the main KEGG-enriched pathways of FH focused on glycogen metabolism, mainly including the TCA cycle, pyruvate metabolism, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. However, amino acid metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation were the main metabolic pathways in LH. From the protein differentiation perspective, fat removal significantly promoted protein degradation, amino acid metabolism, and the oxidative phosphorylation process. These findings could help us to understand the effects of fat removal on the nutritional metabolism of Jinhua hams and provide theoretical supports for developing healthier low-fat meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effect of reduced sodium chloride amounts (3%, 5% and 7%) on the quality aspects and safety elements of traditionally salted ham without any nitrates and nitrites added, dried and ripened under natural air-drying conditions. The physicochemical and textural properties, the degree of proteolysis, the microbiological characteristics and sensory profile of dry-cured ham were analysed at different production stages. A salting degree above 3% in the manufacture of this traditional dried product had a key role in the development of the desired microbiological and sensory characteristics in the absence of nitrites. Salting of the pork hams with 5% and 7% sodium chloride for 45 days at a temperature of 2±2 °℃ ensured a salt concentration and water activity that would guarantee the product safety with regard to the microbiological risks during the subsequent drying and ripening under natural air-drying conditions. The Elena ham samples salted with 5% sodium chloride and ripened for a period of 12 months in natural air-drying chambers were characterized as having the most balanced flavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examines the effects of Riga plate flow in a Powell-Eyring bioconvection Powell-Forchheimer medium. For the Powell-Eyring base fluid, mobile microorganisms are taken into account in addition to nanoparticles. Additionally taken into account are chemical reactions and the effects of linear radiation. The governing PDEs with boundary conditions are transformed into an ODE by using similarity transformation. The resulting equations are solved using the homotopy analysis approach. A detailed description is given of the link between the relevant parameters and the density of dynamic microorganisms, motion, fluid temperature, skin friction rates, local Sherwood and Nusselt numbers, and nanocomposite volume. Gyrotactic microorganism-containing nanoparticles have potential applications in biotechnology, microfluidic devices, microbial fuel cells, and enzyme biosensors. Various features of several physical characteristics are addressed through the use of tables and graphs.

In this review, a quantitative research survey has been carried out on the peristaltic motion of Carreau fluid (CF), one of the most important generalized Newtonian fluids. This work primarily focuses on the fluid's diverse behavior as a result of the application of various methods and the broad overview of peristaltic Carreau fluids in a range of impacts such as Heat and Mass Transfer, Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), stagnation point, stretching and shrinking sheet, porous medium and boundary layer. The various approaches that have been explored to depict this exquisite physiological transport system, which is frequently seen in nature, are summarized in this paper. The extensive study of biofluid peristaltic pumping pertaining to its importance in various fields, perspectives, and mathematical models is also discussed in depth. This analysis compares the major components and research results over the last 50 years and offers recommendations for future advancement. Researchers can use this analysis as a platform for building peristaltic transport for various applications.

Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) infection causes two serious diseases: adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM). Immunological studies have revealed that HTLV-1 Tax-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells (Tax-CTLs) in asymptomatic carriers (ACs) and ATL patients play an important role in the elimination of HTLV-1-infected host cells, whereas Tax-CTLs in HAM patients trigger an excessive immune response against HTLV-1-infected host cells infiltrating the central nervous system (CNS), leading to local inflammation. Our previous evaluation of HTLV-1 Tax301-309 (SFHSLHLLF)-specific Tax-CTLs (Tax301-309-CTLs) revealed that a unique T-cell receptor (TCR) containing amino acid (AA)-sequence motif PDR, was shared among HLA-A*24:02+ ACs and ATL patients and behaved as an eliminator by strong activity against HTLV-1. However, it remains unclear whether PDR+Tax301-309-CTLs also exist in HLA-A*24:02+ HAM patients and are involved in the pathogenesis of HAM. In the present study, by high-throughput TCR repertoire analysis technology, we revealed TCR repertoires of Tax301-309-CTLs in peripheral blood (PB) of HLA-A*24:02+ HAM patients were skewed, and a unique TCR-motif PDR was conserved in HAM patients (10 of 11 cases). The remaining case dominantly expressed (-DR, P-R, and PD-), which differed by one AA from PDR. Overall, TCRs with unique AA-sequence motifs PDR, or (-DR, P-R, and PD-) accounted for a total of 0.3-98.1% of Tax301-309-CTLs repertoires of HLA-A*24:02+ HAM patients. Moreover, TCR repertoire analysis of T-cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from four HAM patients demonstrated the possibility that PDR+Tax301-309-CTLs and (-DR, P-R, and PD-)+Tax301-309-CTLs efficiently migrated and accumulated in the CSF of HAM patients fostering increased inflammation, although we observed no clear significant correlation between the frequencies of them in PB and the levels of CSF neopterin, a known disease activity biomarker of HAM. Furthermore, to better understand the potential function of PDR+Tax301-309-CTLs, we performed immune profiling by single-cell RNA-sequencing of Tax301-309-CTLs, and the result showed that PDR+Tax301-309-CTLs up-regulated the gene expression of natural killer cell marker KLRB1 (CD161), which may be associated with T-cell activation and highly cytotoxic potential of memory T-cells. These findings indicated that unique and shared PDR+Tax301-309-CTLs have a potential role in promoting local inflammation within the CNS of HAM patients.

Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that infects lymphocytes and causes severe diseases. HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL), i.e., the number of host cells that carry HTLV-1 proviral DNA integrated into their genome, can be measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In this narrative review, we discuss the usefulness of HTLV-1 PVL quantification and share our experience acquired during more than 30 years of follow-up of people living with HTLV-1 in the UK. Patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy have higher PVL than those with asymptomatic infection. This is consistent across studies in different countries. High PVL predates symptom onset for both inflammatory and proliferative diseases. High PVL is essential but not sufficient for the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases. Therefore, PVL quantification can be used to support the care of people living with HTLV-1 by identifying those most at risk of HTLV-1-associated diseases.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions play a decisive role in biological procedures such as burning, polymer creation, ceramic construction, distillation, and catalysis. The magnetic properties of hemoglobin molecules are organic. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electronic components with an electromagnetic field are now readily available, allowing for the explanation of fundamental biological processes. These ideas form the foundation of an ongoing study that attempts to look into the impact of both homogeneous and heterogeneous reactivity on the peristaltic transport of magnetohydrodynamics Oldroyd-B fluid. When convective and partial sliding conditions are present, the configuration changes to a non-uniform vertical channel. The fundamental partial differential equations are resolved utilizing the Homotopy Analysis Method. Entropy optimization has been carried out. The primary limits entering the problem are investigated, and then a graph is used to show the influences of temperature, velocity, skin fraction, Nusselt number, and pressure increase against mean circulation, trapping phenomena, homogeneous reactions, and heterogeneous way to respond. When magnetic parameter rises, the velocity of Oldroyd-B fluid and Bejan number decrease, while temperature, entropy generation, and pressure gradient increase. The tables show that the skin friction coefficient rises for accumulative values of the Grashof number and magnetic parameter, while the skin friction coefficient drops for rising values of the velocity slip parameter and Reynolds number. The Nusselt number increases for large values of Eckert, Grashof numbers, and magnetic parameters.