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The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effects of robot-assisted core decompression combined with human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hUC-MSC) transplantation for early-stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH).A retrospective analysis was performed on 18 patients with a total of 26 hips who were diagnosed with Association Research Circulation Osseous stage 2 avascular necrosis of the femoral head and who received core decompression combined with hUC-MSC transplantation. All surgeries were completed under robotic assistance. Preoperative and postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and the Harris Hip Score (HHS) were recorded to assess clinical function. A Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination was performed at the last follow-up.The mean follow-up was 18.6 months (12-28 months), the VAS score (4.5±0.8 vs. 0.9±0.2, t=12.6, p≤0.001) and HHS (79.5±5.8 vs. 60.5±4.6, t=14.3, p≤0.001) were significantly improved at the last follow-up, compared with preoperative value. The MRI results showed that the necrotic volume of the femoral heads was significantly reduced.Robot-assisted core decompression combined with hUC-MSC transplantation is a feasible and relatively safe method for the treatment of femoral head necrosis.

Sepsis is a critical medical problem that needs to be solved urgently worldwide. Some patients with sepsis have refractory shock or/and severe respiratory failure, which may require supporting with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Particularly, it is important to choose the optimal mode and grasp the optimal timing of the initiation in the experienced ECMO center. The choice of mode is mainly based on the patient's condition of oxygenation and hemodynamics. During the management of ECMO support, some issues like blood flow, anticoagulation and therapy of antibiotics should be noted. Thus far, the research of ECMO in adult patients with sepsis and septic shock are mainly retrospective, observational and with small sample size. Further exploration is needed in the future.脓毒症是世界范围内亟待解决的重大医疗问题。部分脓毒症患者存在难治性休克或合并严重呼吸衰竭，可能需要体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）治疗。在经验丰富的ECMO中心，选用合适的模式及把握启动的时机非常重要。模式的选择主要取决于患者的氧合及血流动力学状态。在ECMO运行期间的管理，需关注流量、抗凝和抗菌药物用法等问题。目前ECMO用于成人脓毒症和脓毒性休克的研究多为回顾、观察性，且样本量大多偏小，未来需要更深入的探索。.

Here, in ionically conducting Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT), we explore the link between growth parameters, stoichiometry and resistive switching behavior and show NBT to be a highly tunable system. We show that the combination of oxygen ionic vacancies and low-level electronic conduction is important for controlling Schottky barrier interfacial switching. We achieve a large ON/OFF ratio for high resistance/low resistance (RHRS/RLRS), enabled by an almost constant RHRS of ∼109 Ω, and composition-tunable RLRS value modulated by growth temperature. RHRS/RLRS ratios of up to 104 and pronounced resistive switching at low voltages (SET voltage of

In2O3 is a wide bandgap oxide semiconductor, which has the potential to be used as an active material for transparent flexible electronics and UV photodetectors. However, the high concentration of unintentional background electrons existing in In2O3 makes it hard to be modulated by the electric field or form p-n heterojunctions with a sufficient band-bending width at the interface. In this work, we report the reduction of the background electrons in In2O3 by Mg doping (Mg-In2O3) and thereby improve the device performance of p-n diodes based on the NiO/Mg-In2O3 heterojunction. In particular, Mg doping compensates the free electrons in In2O3 and reduces the electron concentration from 1.7 × 1019 cm-3 without doping to 1.8 × 1017 cm-3 with 5% Mg doping. Transparent p-n heterojunction diodes were fabricated based on p-type NiO and n-type Mg-In2O3. The device performance was considerably enhanced by Mg doping with a high rectification ratio of 3 × 104 and a remarkable high breakdown voltage of >20 V. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to investigate the interfacial electronic structure between NiO and Mg-In2O3, revealing a type II band alignment with a valence band offset of 1.35 eV and a conduction band offset of 2.15 eV. A large built-in potential of 0.98 eV was found for the undoped In2O3 but decreased to 0.51 eV for 5% Mg doping of In2O3. The NiO/Mg-In2O3 diodes with an improved rectification ratio and wider depletion region provide the possibility of achieving photodetectors with rapid photoresponse.

CuBi2O4 exhibits significant potential for the photoelectrochemical (PEC) conversion of solar energy into chemical fuels, owing to its extended visible-light absorption and positive flat band potential vs the reversible hydrogen electrode. A detailed understanding of the fundamental electronic structure and its correlation with PEC activity is of significant importance to address limiting factors, such as poor charge carrier mobility and stability under PEC conditions. In this study, the electronic structure of CuBi2O4 has been studied by a combination of hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, resonant photoemission spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and compared with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The photoemission study indicates that there is a strong Bi 6s-O 2p hybrid electronic state at 2.3 eV below the Fermi level, whereas the valence band maximum (VBM) has a predominant Cu 3d-O 2p hybrid character. XAS at the O K-edge supported by DFT calculations provides a good description of the conduction band, indicating that the conduction band minimum is composed of unoccupied Cu 3d-O 2p states. The combined experimental and theoretical results suggest that the low charge carrier mobility for CuBi2O4 derives from an intrinsic charge localization at the VBM. Also, the low-energy visible-light absorption in CuBi2O4 may result from a direct but forbidden Cu d-d electronic transition, leading to a low absorption coefficient. Additionally, the ionization potential of CuBi2O4 is higher than that of the related binary oxide CuO or that of NiO, which is commonly used as a hole transport/extraction layer in photoelectrodes. This work provides a solid electronic basis for topical materials science approaches to increase the charge transport and improve the photoelectrochemical properties of CuBi2O4-based photoelectrodes.

The Auger recombination in bulk semiconductors can quickly depopulate the charge carriers in a nonradiative way, which, fortunately, only has a detrimental impact on optoelectronic device performance under the condition of high carrier density because the restriction arising from concurrent momentum and energy conservation limits the Auger rate. Here, we surprisingly observed enhanced Auger recombination in an α-Fe2O3 single crystal, a wide bandgap semiconductor with low carrier mobility. The Auger process was ascribed to the Coulombically coupled self-trapped excitons (STEs), and the relaxation of momentum conservation due to the strong spatial localization of these STEs should account for the enhancement. The STE-density dependent kinetics suggested that the strong polaronic effect could cause a micro-heterogeneous distribution of STEs in a high-quality bulk single crystal, which also gave rise to the micro-heterogeneous annihilation dynamics, and a stochastic recombination model was developed and successfully described the STE annihilation dynamics.

Hematite (Fe2O3) is a well-known oxide semiconductor suitable for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting and industry gas sensing. It is widely known that Sn doping of Fe2O3 can enhance the device performance, yet the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this work, we determine the relationship between electronic structure, optical properties, and PEC activity of Sn-doped Fe2O3 by studying highly crystalline, well-controlled thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). We show that Sn doping substantially increases the n-type conductivity of Fe2O3, and the conduction mechanism is better described by a small-polaron hopping (SPH) model. Only 0.2% Sn doping significantly reduces the activation energy barrier for SPH conduction from at least 0.5 eV for undoped Fe2O3 to 0.14 eV for doped ones. A combination of X-ray photoemission, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and DFT calculations reveals that the Fermi level gradually shifts toward the conduction band minimum with Sn doping. A localized Fe2+-like gap state is observed at the top of the valence band, accounting for the SPH conduction. Interestingly, different from the literature, only 0.2% Sn doping in Fe2O3 significantly improves the PEC activity, while more Sn decreases it. The improved PEC activity is partially attributed to an increased band bending potential which facilitates the charge separation at the space charge region. The reduced activation energy barrier for SPH will facilitate the transport of photoexcited carriers for the enhanced PEC, which is of interest for further carrier dynamics study.

The aim of the study was to explore the risk factors of ovarian hyperstimulation in patients undergoing long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist protocol in follicular phase of ovulation induction therapy and to establish a predictive model.A total of 1289 patients who received Long-acting GnRH agonist protocol in follicular phase for ovulation induction in the Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Health Hospital from July 1, 2018, to July 31, 2019, were selected. Among them, 33 patients developed moderate/severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. The relevant indicators of the two groups were followed up for comparison, and Lasso regression was used to screen independent risk factors and construct a nomogram prediction model. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calibration curve were used to evaluate the discrimination and calibration of the prediction model.Univariate analysis suggested that the woman's age, basal antral follicle number (AFC), total gonadotropin (Gn) dose, Gn starting dose, basal estradiol (E2) level, basal anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) value, number of follicles obtained, Gn start day E2, the difference in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) value and Gn starting day were statistically significant. Significant indicators of univariate analysis and clinical significance were included in the Lasso regression model, and AFC, woman's age, polycystic ovary syndrome, Gn starting dose and number of follicles obtained were finally screened as final predictors. The ROC curve indicated that the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.812.Ovarian hyperstimulation caused by long-acting GnRH agonist protocol in follicular phase for ovulation stimulation has a certain predictability. Paying attention to the patient's age, AFC, Gn starting dose, number of follicles obtained, and whether PCOS is evident may lead to early detection of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, which has clinical guiding significance.

Wide bandgap oxide semiconductors have gained significant attention in the fields from flat panel displays to solar cells, but their uses have been limited by the lack of high mobility p-type oxide semiconductors. Recently, β-phase TeO2 has been identified as a promising p-type oxide semiconductor with exceptional device performance. In this Letter, we report on the electronic structure of β-TeO2 studied by a combination of high-resolution x-ray spectroscopy and hybrid density functional theory calculations. The bulk bandgap of β-TeO2 is determined to be 3.7 eV. Direct comparisons between experimental and computational results demonstrate that the top of a valence band (VB) of β-TeO2 is composed of the hybridized Te 5s, Te 5p, and O 2p states, whereas a conduction band (CB) is dominated by unoccupied Te 5p states. The hybridization between spatially dispersive Te 5s2 states and O 2p orbitals helps us to alleviate the strong localization in the VB, leading to small hole effective mass and high hole mobility in β-TeO2. The Te 5p states provide stabilizing effect to the hybridized Te 5s-O 2p states, which is enabled by structural distortions of a β-TeO2 lattice. The multiple advantages of large bandgap, high hole mobility, two-dimensional structure, and excellent stability make β-TeO2 a highly competitive material for next-generation opto-electronic devices.

Oxide semiconductors are key materials in many technologies from flat-panel displays，solar cells to transparent electronics. However, many potential applications are hindered by the lack of high mobility p-type oxide semiconductors due to the localized O-2p derived valence band (VB) structure. In this work, the VB structure modulation is reported for perovskite Ba

In this paper, we report insights into the local atomic and electronic structure of ${\mathrm{NiCo}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ epitaxial thin films and its correlation with electrical, optical, and magnetic properties. We grew structurally well-defined ${\mathrm{NiCo}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ epitaxial thin films with controlled properties on $\mathrm{Mg}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}(001)$ substrates using pulsed laser deposition. Films grown at low temperatures ($l400{\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\mathrm{C}$) exhibit a ferrimagnetic and metallic behavior, while those grown at high temperatures are nonmagnetic semiconductors. The electronic structure and cation local atomic coordination of the respective films were investigated using a combination of resonant photoemission spectroscopy, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and ab initio calculations. Our results unambiguously reveal that the ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{3+}$ valence state promoted at low growth temperature introduces delocalized $\mathrm{Ni}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}3d$-derived states at the Fermi level (${E}_{F}$), responsible for the metallic state in ${\mathrm{NiCo}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, while the $\mathrm{Co}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}3d$-related state is more localized at higher binding energy. In the semiconducting films, the valence state of Ni is lowered and $\ensuremath{\sim}+2$. Further structural and defect chemistry studies indicate that the formation of oxygen vacancies and secondary CoO phases at high growth temperature are responsible for the ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$ valence state in ${\mathrm{NiCo}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. The $\mathrm{Ni}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}3d$-related state becomes localized away from ${E}_{F}$, opening a band gap for a semiconducting state. The band gap of the semiconducting ${\mathrm{NiCo}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ is estimated to be $l0.8\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, which is much smaller than the quoted values in the literature ranging from 1.1 to 2.58 eV. Despite the small band gap, its optical transition is $d\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ dipole forbidden, and therefore, the semiconducting ${\mathrm{NiCo}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ still shows reasonable transparency in the infrared-visible light region. The present insights into the role of ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{3+}$ in determining the electronic structure and defect chemistry of ${\mathrm{NiCo}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ provide important guidance for use of ${\mathrm{NiCo}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ in electrocatalysis and opto-electronics.

Perovskite transition metal oxides are promising non-precious metal electrocatalysts for promoting the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in many electrochemical energy conversion devices. This work reports a systematic study of the relation between the electronic structure and OER performance of perovskite La1−xSrxFeO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1). The partial substitution of La for Sr in LaFeO3 results in the oxidation of Fe3+ to Fe4+ and substantially enhances OER activity. A comprehensive X-ray spectroscopic study reveals a strong correlation of the enhanced OER activity with these Fe4+ states. The presence of Fe4+ leads to a stronger Fe–O bond due to stronger Fe 3d–O 2p orbital hybridization and shifts the energy position of the valence band (VB) to EF. Such an electronic modulation optimizes the surface adsorption energetics of *OH intermediates, contributing to faster OER kinetics. Furthermore, a new unoccupied state is created at ∼0.9 eV below the conduction band. This hole state reduces the energy barrier for electron transfer from 1.34 eV to 0.44 eV, thereby facilitating charge transfer at the interface. The Fe4+-induced electronic states responsible for higher OER activity have implications for the understanding of structure–activity relationships in other Fe-based electrocatalysts such as highly active Fe-doped NiOOH.

In order to study the environment or climate of an area, it is necessary to understand the composition of atmospheric aerosol particles, as well as microphysical properties, such as extinction cross section, scattering cross section, polarization degree, etc. For a long time, when calculating the microphysical properties of atmospheric aerosol particles, the aerosol particles are always be considered as spheres. Mie theory has been used to calculate the scattering properties of spherical particles with high accuracy. However, in reality, aerosol particles are not only spherical, they have complex composition and different shapes. The influence of non-spherical aerosol particles on atmospheric radiation, scattering and absorption cannot be ignored. Therefore, it is necessary to fully understand the micro-physical characteristics of non-spherical aerosol particles for fully understand the real atmospheric environment. Until now, T-Matrix method is one of the most effective and extensive methods to study the light scattering characteristics of non-sphericalrotationally symmetric aerosol particles. In this paper, the non-spherical aerosol particles extinction section, scattering cross section,the absorption cross section are calculated using T-Matrix method. The extinction, scattering, and the absorption properties arecalculated with variety of different types aerosol particles, and compared with the properties calculated by Mie scattering theory. Itlays a foundation for more accurate simulation of the microphysical properties of aerosol particles in real atmosphere.

Lidar is an advanced atmospheric and meteorological monitoring instrument. The atmospheric aerosol physical parameters can be acquired through inversion of lidar signals. However, traditional methods of solving lidar equations require many assumptions and cannot get accurate analytical solutions. In order to solve this problem, a method of inverting lidar equation using artificial neural network is proposed. This method is based on BP (Back Propagation) artificial neural network, the weights and thresholds of BP artificial neural network is optimized by Genetic Algorithm. The lidar equation inversion prediction model is established. The actual lidar detection signals are inversed using this method, and the results are compared with the traditional method. The result shows that the extinction coefficient and backscattering coefficient inverted by the GA-based BP neural network model are accurate than that inverted by traditional method, the relative error is below 4%. This method can solve the problem of complicated calculation process, as while as providing a new method for the inversion of lidar equations.

The beneficial effect of surface photoreduction on the photoresponse of copper bismuthate is reported for the first time. A detailed photoemission spectroscopy study (PES) reveals that irradiation of CuBi2O4 with hν ≥ 2.7 eV in an inert atmosphere leads to the formation of reduced surface Cu. Surface states associated with reduced Cu species induce a 0.35 eV downward band bending, which improves the charge carrier transport properties of this material as judged by a measured increase of the characteristic surface photovoltage (SPV) from 0.07 to 0.27 V. In connection with this PES study, improvements of up to 30% in the photoresponse are observed for CuBi2O4 photocathodes that have been subjected to a visible light irradiation (100 mW/cm2 white LED) in argon prior to photoelectrochemical performance testing using H2O2 as an electron scavenger. The stability of reduced surface states and associated SPV under relevant reaction conditions has been further studied by near-ambient pressure PES. Results indicate that reduced surface states remain stable in the presence of Ar and methanol, but reoxidation of surface Cu occurs in the presence of oxygen, which decreases the measured SPV. Hence, this work establishes a direct relationship between the presence of reduced Cu at the surface and SPV of CuBi2O4, having important implications on its photovoltaic properties. A similar downward band bending is observed at the interface between CuBi2O4 and a Cu thin film deposited by physical vapor deposition, which further highlights the importance of the Cu/CuBi2O4 buried interface in photoelectrodes.

This work reports a systematical study on the relationship of electronic structure to oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity of NixCo3-xO4 (x = 0-1) mixed oxides. The specific OER activity is substantially increased by 16 times from 0.02 mA cm-2 BET for pure Co3O4 to 0.32 mA cm-2 BET for x = 1 at an overpotential of 0.4 V and exhibits a strong correlation with the amount of Ni ions in the +3 oxidation state. X-ray spectroscopic study reveals that inclusion of Ni3+ ions upshifts the occupied valence band maximum (VBM) by 0.27 eV toward the Fermi level (EF), and creates a new hole (unoccupied) state located ∼1 eV above the EF. Such electronic features favor the adsorption of OH surface intermediates on NixCo3-xO4, resulting in enhanced OER. Furthermore, the emerging hole state effectively reduces the energy barrier for electron transfer from 1.19 to 0.39 eV, and thereby improves the kinetics for OER. The electronic structure features that lead to a higher OER in NixCo3-xO4 can be extended to other transition metal oxides for rational design of highly active catalysts.

The photocarrier recombination in van der Waals layers may determine the device performance based on these materials. Here, we investigated the photocarrier dynamics in a multilayer indium selenide nanofilm using transient absorption spectroscopy. The sub-bandgap transient absorption feature was attributed to the indirect intraband absorption of the photocarriers, which was then exploited as a probe to monitor the photocarrier dynamics. With increasing pump intensities, the photocarrier decay was accelerated because of the rising contribution from a bimolecular recombination channel that was then assigned to exciton–exciton annihilation. The rate constant of the exciton–exciton annihilation was given as (1.8 ± 0.1) × 10−15 cm2 ps−1 from a global fitting of the photocarrier decay kinetics for different pump intensities. Our finding suggests that, in contrast with their monolayer counterpart, the exciton–exciton annihilation is rather inefficient in multilayers due to their weaker Coulomb interaction. Hence, compared with monolayers, the lifetime of photocarriers in multilayers would not be significantly reduced under high-intensity pump conditions, and the apparent photocarrier lifetime could be further improved just by suppressing the monomolecular recombination channels such as trapping.

肿瘤性骨软化症（TIO）是一种罕见的副肿瘤综合征，由于肿瘤分泌调磷因子增多，引起肾脏排磷增加，造成的获得性代谢性骨病。TIO的肿瘤大多数为间叶组织来源的良性肿瘤，通常位于四肢或颅面区域。现收集1例由罕见的嗜酸性实性和囊性肾细胞癌（eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma，ESC-RCC）导致的肿瘤性骨软化症的会诊病例，并分析其临床病理特征，提高对两种疾病的临床病理特征认识，并证实两者之间存在相关性，以减少漏诊、误诊。.

Cobalt oxides with multiple local Co-O coordination environments such as octahedral, tetrahedral, and tetragonal networks display versatile electronic and magnetic properties which have attracted great interest in many fields. Understanding the ground-state properties and determining the fundamental band gap remain challenges in cobalt-based compounds and thin films, which have been investigated here using synchrotron-based Co ${L}_{23}$-edge x-ray absorption measurements followed by configuration interaction cluster calculations. We focus on the detailed Co ${L}_{23}$-edge absorption spectral variations in different octahedral crystal fields as well as in the less investigated tetrahedral and tetragonal systems, taking into account Co ions with different valence states. From a quantitative comparison between the simulated spectrum and an accurately measured absorption spectrum of a specified compound, the crystal field value can be extracted from the Co ${L}_{23}$-edge absorption spectrum, which is complementary to the results obtained in optical measurements and other calculations. Furthermore, Co ${L}_{23}$-edge x-ray linear dichroism shows the same spectral evolutions as a result of either local ${\mathrm{CoO}}_{6}$ cluster with tetragonal symmetry or the magnetic exchange field, whereas both coexist in most antiferromagnetic cobalt oxide thin films. Detailed temperature and polarization-dependent Co ${L}_{23}$-edge absorption measurements have been proposed to distinguish both contributions, which show different spectral variations due to the specified modifications of the ground and final states at different temperatures. Our results offer theoretical guidance for understanding the multiplet structure of Co ${L}_{23}$-edge absorption spectrum, obtaining the precise crystal field value for cobalt oxides with versatile coordinations, and explaining the underlying mechanism of x-ray linear dichroism, as well as understanding the fundamental physical properties and their potential applicability of cobalt oxides and their thin films.

随着高分辨胸部CT的普及，儿童肺结节的检出率逐年升高，但现有的肺结节评估和随访指南主要针对中老年群体制定，儿童肺结节的处理策略仍无统一意见。临床和放射学界日益关注儿童肺结节危险因素的研究，希望通过评估肺结节大小、边缘特征、钙化、在肺叶中的分布等特征，建立适当的风险评分及随访建议。本文介绍健康儿童及肿瘤患儿群体中肺结节的检出率、影像学特征，以及通过影像学特点鉴别良恶性儿童肺结节的可行性，为制定儿童肺结节的处理策略提供依据。.

We describe a CubeSat constellation integrated with ultrawideband (UWB) multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) radars operating over the frequency range of 50–600 MHz for remote sensing of large ice sheets on the Earth, as well as distant planets and moons. It can be used for measurements of ice thickness and basal conditions of Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets, the mapping of lunar lava tubes, and sub-surface detection/characterization of volatiles on Mars. In this paper we provide a short discussion of the science requirements and conceptual design of a constellation of CubeSats with UWB MIMO radars for sounding ice and mapping of lava tubes.

结外NK/T细胞淋巴瘤（ENKTL）是一种与EB病毒密切相关、恶性程度较高的非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL），多种因素影响其预后。既有的ENKTL预后模型（国际预后指数、韩国预后指数）对疾病预后判断价值有限，且不能适应当代的非蒽环类药物治疗时代。因此，本文根据国内外研究进展，对EB病毒、分子遗传学和肿瘤微环境相关的预后因素进行综述，以寻求建立更有效的预后模型和发现新的治疗靶点，提高ENKTL患者的生存率。.

Self-trapping of photocarriers due to the strong carrier-phonon interaction is ubiquitous in metal oxides, which exerts detrimental influence on the performance of the oxide-based optoelectronic devices. The self-trapped species could be isolated self-trapped charges (i.e., isolated polarons) or bound self-trapped electron-hole pairs (i.e., polaron-pairs, self-trapped excitons), and they may show distinct dynamic behaviors. Here, we find that the self-trapping in hematite ($\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$) primarily results in self-trapped excitons rather than spatially separated polaronic charges or electron-hole polaron-pairs based on both dynamic and spectral evidence. The formation and recombination of self-trapped excitons are found to be substantially independent of defect concentration varying from monocrystalline to polycrystalline $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ films. The spectral feature attributed to small electron polarons can only be resolved above the noise floor by raising excitation intensity so that the Auger process dominates the recombination. Based on the comparison of monocrystalline and polycrystalline sample data, we suggest that the isolated electron polaron formation is likely facilitated by defects. Our finding invokes reconsideration of the photocurrent generation mechanism in $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ photoanodes.

We aimed to examine the prenatal clinical characteristics of women with single pregnancies undergoing external cephalic version (ECV) without anesthesia, develop a novel scoring system for predicting the ECV success rate, and demonstrate that this scoring system can be used to individualize the timing of ECV attempts.We enrolled 270 women who underwent ECV without anesthesia at 37-40 weeks of gestation in the Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital from 2016 to 2019 and divided them into two ECV outcome groups (success vs. failure). We identified five clinical features (the fetal buttocks' station, the sum of the fundal height and station, the fetal head location, and whether the fetal head or buttocks could be grasped) as independent factors affecting the ECV success rate, and we scored them using a regression coefficient.Women with scores of 0-3 points had ECV success rates, vaginal delivery rates, and delivery gestational ages at 16.67%, 16.67%, and 38.88 weeks, respectively; those with scores of 4-6 points had ECV success rates, vaginal delivery rates, and delivery gestational ages at 65.75%, 58.90%, and 39.62 weeks, respectively; and those with scores of 7-9 points had ECV success rates, vaginal delivery rates, and delivery gestational ages at 93.71%,74.83%, and 40.00 weeks, respectively.The ECV success and vaginal delivery rates increased with the score, and the delivery gestational age showed an initial increase. To optimize the ECV procedure and reduce the hospital burden, this scoring system should be used routinely to predict the ECV success rate and determine the timing of ECV attempts.