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Between July and September 2017, samples collected from six unvaccinated chickens in Namibia were shown to be positive for infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) by RT-PCR. Partial sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 and VP2 genes from six viruses revealed that they all belong to the very virulent pathotype (Genogroup 3) and are genetically very similar to IBDVs identified in neighbouring Zambia. This is the first molecular characterisation of IBDV in Namibia and has implications on the control and management of the disease in the country.

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) or known as Gumboro, is a disease that attacks chicken older than 3 weeks, caused by famili Birnaviridae virus. Gumboro in Indonesia was firstly reported in 1983 and until now is commonly found. Very virulent IBD virus causes high morbidity and mortality that can even reach 100%. Clinical symptoms are exhibited as sluggish chicken, dropped wings and cloacal pasting. At gross examination, the bursa was found swollen, with yellowish fluid or hemorrhagic 3 days after infection. The bursa will get atrophy from 7 days post-infection. Meanwhile, the non virulent IBD virus causes subclinical symptoms. Chicken that survived, became stunted or dwarfed. On gross and histopathological findings, the bursa Fabricius has mild lesion and will recover at 14 days post-infection. Diagnosis of IBD can be determined based on pathological observation, supported by immunohistochemical examination and laboratory confirmation of disease by agar gel immunodiffusion, polymerase chain reaction techniques, antigen capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and isolation. Detection of antibodies can be made by serum neutralization technique or enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Prevention can be done by routine vaccination in the field when the maternal antibodies have declined. The review describes the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis clinical symptoms, pathological discription and control of the disease to improve the knowledge of poultry farmer or people who are interested in poultry health.

This paper describes the effects of a strong type of vaccine - Moulthrop G603 º and an intermediate-plus type of vaccine - 228E º in meat-type chickens challenged with a very virulent strain of infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV). Blood samples and bursa of Fabricius were taken weekly up to 42 days of age. It was concluded that bursa of Fabricius weight, bursa weight:body weight ratio, body weight and antibody titer evaluated before and after challenge with vvIBDV were not enough to consistently and conclusively differentiate or estimate the protection given by vaccination. Quantitative evaluation of injury intensity and the number of altered lymphoid follicles revealed that Moulthrop G603 caused moderate microscopic lesions in one out of seven birds vaccinated at 14 days of age, while 228E vaccine did not induce IBD-typical microscopic lesions in the bursa of Fabricius. Good protection against bursal microscopic lesions was obtained when a strong type of vaccine was used before challenging with vvIBDV. It was concluded that quantitative evaluation of microscopic lesions might be useful to measure the injury induced by vaccinal IBDV, as well as the level of protection and/or immunosuppression induced by IBDV challenge in vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens.

El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar un brote de la enfermedad de Gumboro en una granja avícola de La Habana, Cuba, en 2010. Se estudió una población de 2959 pollos de engorde, analizándose los antecedentes de crianza, observaciones clínicas y hallazgos anatomopatológicos. Se calcularon los índices de morbilidad, mortalidad y letalidad. Se realizó la necropsia a 40 aves con signos clínicos para el estudio histopatológico de la bolsa de Fabricio, timo y bazo y se determinó la presencia de antígenos virales en macerado bursal mediante un AC-ELISA. Se evidenció una mortalidad de 5.1%, morbilidad de 8.4% y letalidad de 60.6%. El signo clínico más frecuente fue la depresión general (100%)y las lesiones más frecuentes fueron bursitis hemorrágica, edema bursal y nefritis (85-90%), habiendo depleción linfoide folicular en los cortes histológicos de bolsa. El 82.5% de las bolsas de Fabricio fueron positivas en el AC-ELISA. Las deficiencias en la vacunación y bioseguridad condicionaron el establecimiento del brote, causando pérdidas económicas en la granja., The objective of the study was to characterize a Gumboro disease outbreak in apoultry farm of Havana, Cuba in 2010. A population of 2959 broilers was studied. Breedingmanagement, clinical observations and anatomopathological findings were analyzed.The morbidity, mortality and lethality rates were calculated. Necropsy was done in 40 birds with signs of illness for the histopathological study of the bursa of Fabricius,thymus and spleen. The presence of virus antigens in bursal macerated was conductedby an AC-ELISA. The study showed 5.1% mortality, 8.4% morbidity, and 60.6% lethality.The most frequent clinical sign was general depression (100%) and macroscopic lesionswere hemorrhagic bursitis, edema of the bursa and nephritis (85-90%). Follicular lymphoiddepletion in bursa was found in the histopathology. The AC-ELISA showed that 82.5%of bursas were positive. Vaccination and biosecurity deficiencies conditioned theoccurrence of the Gumboro disease outbreak, causing economic losses in the farm.

Gumboro disease is caused by the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) which rapidly destroys immature B-lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious, and causes immune suppression and high mortality in commercial broiler farms in Bangladesh. To investigate the possible effect of IBDV on lymphocytes and its distribution in the major lymphoid organs, bursa of Fabricious including spleen and thymus of naturally Gumboro-infected broilers, a research was conducted in the Department of Anatomy and Histology, collaboration with the Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh. Bursa of Fabricious, spleen and thymus of 21-days-old Gumboro-infected and non-infected broilers of same age (control) were routinely processed and stained by hematoxylin and eosin to examine the distribution of lymphocytes in the major lymphatic organs as well as quantified the number of lymphocytes under high power magnification field and compared with those of control. The number of lymphocytes in bursa of Fabricious, spleen and thymus of Gumboro-infected broilers were 27.20 ± 1.53, 66.50 ± 2.70 and 79.30 ± 3.92 whereas 121 ± 3.82, 89.90 ± 2.09 and 106.30 ± 4.07 were in non-infected control respectively. The numbers of lymphocytes were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in all lymphatic organs of Gumboro-infected broilers than those of non-infected control. The significant numbers of lymphocytes decrease in spleen and thymus suggest that IBVD not only destroy lymphocytes in bursa of Fabricious, but also in spleen and thymus and thus may severely suppress the immune response of IBVD affected broilers.

Se evaluó el desarrollo anátomo-histopatológico de la bursa, timo y bazo de pollos de carne criados en cama nueva y cama reutilizada por cinco campañas. Se criaron 250 pollos machos de la línea Ross 308, la mitad en cama nueva y la otra mitad en cama reutilizada. Semanalmente, se determinaron los índices morfométricos de bursa, timo y bazo, y la relación entre bursa y bazo por grupo. Los órganos linfoides fueron evaluados mediante histopatología, y los títulos de anticuerpos contra las enfermedades de Gumboro, Newcastle, Bronquitis Infecciosa, Anemia Infecciosa y Reovirus, al inicio y final de la crianza (49 días), se determinaron por la prueba de ELISA. Se encontró diferencia estadística (p, The anatomo-histopathological development of the bursa, thymus and spleen of broiler chickens raised in new and reused litter through five campaigns was evaluated. Two hundred and fifty male chickens of the Ross 308 line were raised, half in new and half in reused litter. On a weekly basis, the morphometric indexes of bursa, thymus and spleen, and the relation bursa/spleen were recorded. The lymphoid organs were evaluated by histopathology and ELISA test was used to determine antibody titres for Gumboro, Newcastle, Infectious Bronchitis, Infectious Anemia, and Reovirus at the beginning and end of the study (49 days). Statistical difference was found (p

The anatomo-histopathological development of the bursa, thymus and spleen of broiler chickens raised in new and reused litter through five campaigns was evaluated. Two hundred and fifty male chickens of the Ross 308 line were raised, half in new and half in reused litter. On a weekly basis, the morphometric indexes of bursa, thymus and spleen, and the relation bursa/spleen were recorded. The lymphoid organs were evaluated by histopathology and ELISA test was used to determine antibody titres for Gumboro, Newcastle, Infectious Bronchitis, Infectious Anemia, and Reovirus at the beginning and end of the study (49 days). Statistical difference was found (p

Fifty Bursa of Fabricius (BF) were examined by conventional optical microscopy and digital images were acquired and processed using Matlab® 6.5 software. The Artificial Neuronal Network (ANN) was generated using Neuroshell® Classifier software and the optical and digital data were compared. The ANN was able to make a comparable classification of digital and optical scores. The use of ANN was able to classify correctly the majority of the follicles, reaching sensibility and specificity of 89% and 96%, respectively. When the follicles were scored and grouped in a binary fashion the sensibility increased to 90% and obtained the maximum value for the specificity of 92%. These results demonstrate that the use of digital image analysis and ANN is a useful tool for the pathological classification of the BF lymphoid depletion. In addition it provides objective results that allow measuring the dimension of the error in the diagnosis and classification therefore making comparison between databases feasible.

In our study, 23 blood samples were taken from 10 hatcheries containing 10000 chicken, per sampling 230, and at the end of the study, 1610 samples were taken in the days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 33, 42. Blood serum were seperated and they were analyzed by test kit of Infectious Bursal Disease (Code:CK113, Lot No: FS4925, Exp. Date:31/05/2010) Biocheck Corporation. Serum samples taken from hatcheries were evaluated by ELISA IBDV antibody in the days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 33, 42. and according to the hatchery companies, for company A, study group avarage ratio is: 1572, 705, 107, 3542, 7832, 7844, 12477 and avarage CV % value is 43, 65, 46, 81, 32, 66, 31, control group: 1572, 946,108, 453, 9143, 5758,13525, and avarage CV value: 43, 56, 68, 158, 27, 46, 24. For company B, study group avarage ratio is: 1557, 745, 117, 3585, 7932, 7976, 12688 and avarage CV % value is 43, 62, 56, 71, 32, 64, 33, control group: 1557, 880,105, 412, 8972, 5342,12535, and avarage CV value: 43, 52, 65, 122, 29, 48, 21. According to the titer values identified by Biocheck Corporation, 5000-14000 titer immunization comprised for IBD at the end of immune compleks vaccine application. As a result of the studuy, it is seen that, antibody response develops 1 week earlier in Transmune IBD vaccine group than in control group Arastırmamızda iki firmaya ait 10000’er baslık 10 adet kuluçkahaneden 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 33 ve 42. günlerinde kümes basına 23 kan örnegi olmak üzere toplamda her örnekleme günü için 230 ve arastırmanın sonunda ise genel toplamda 1610 adet kan örnegi alındı ve serumları ayrılarak Biocheck Firmasının nfeksiyöz Bursal Hastalıgı antikor test kiti (Code:CK113, Lot No: FS4925, Exp. Date:31/05/2010) ile analizleri yapıldı. Kümeslerden alınan kan serum örnekleri; ELISA IBDV antikorlarının 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 33, 42. günler için firmalara göre ortalama degerleri degerlendirildiginde; firma A için çalısma grubu ortalaması: 1572, 705, 107, 3542, 7832, 7844, 12477 ve ort. % CV degeri: 43, 65, 46, 81, 32, 66, 31, kontrol grubu: 1572, 946,108, 453, 9143, 5758,13525 ve ort. CV degeri: 43, 56, 68, 158, 27, 46, 24 olarak bulunurken; firma B için çalısma grubu ort.: 1557, 745, 117, 3585, 7932, 7976, 12688 ve ort. % CV degeri: 43, 62, 56, 71, 32, 64, 33, kontrol grubu: 1557, 880,105, 412, 8972, 5342,12535 ve ort. CV degeri: 43, 52, 65, 122, 29, 48, 21 olarak tespit edilmistir. Biocheck firmasının öngördügü titre degerlerine göre IBD için immun kompleks ası uygulaması sonucunda 5000-14000 titre degeri bagısıklıgın olustugunu göstermektedir. Arastırmanın sonunuda Transmune IBD ası grubunda kontrol gurubuna göre 1 hafta daha erken antikor yanıt olustugu açık olarak görülmektedir.

En Venezuela, la incidencia de enfermedades respiratorias virales e inmunosupresoras son dos de los mayores problemas en la industria avícola nacional, y hasta el momento no se cuenta con suficiente información epidemiológica al respecto que ayude a establecer medidas de control, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar serológicamente la presencia de anemia infecciosa aviar, reovirus y gumboro, y su relación entre ellas, así como determinar el nivel de anemia en las aves evaluadas. Se tomaron muestras de aproximadamente 14 a 15 aves, de forma semanal a diferentes edades (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 y 42 días), en tres granjas comerciales, tomándose un total de 295 aves. Los títulos de anticuerpos se midieron a través de la prueba ELISA, y el nivel de anemia, por la técnica de microhematocrito. Se detectaron porcentajes de anticuerpos séricos: 90,8% (268/295) para anemia infecciosa aviar; 82,4% (244/295) para reovirus y 97% (286/295) para la enfermedad infecciosa de la bursa. En cuanto a los valores de hematocrito se encontró en forma general que, el 19,6% (58/295) de las aves evaluadas presentaron anemia, mostrando valores de hematocrito entre 20 y 27%. Se observó una correlación positiva altamente significativa entre la anemia infecciosa aviar y los otros virus inmunosupresores estudiados, con gumboro (r=0,437; P

A Doença Infecciosa da Bolsa de Fabrício (DIB), conhecida por causar imunodepressão e ser extremamente contagiosa, tem ao longo dos anos na avicultura industrial, determinado consideráveis prejuízos econômicos. Com o crescimento em larga escala da avicultura tem se intensificado a busca pelo melhor programa vacinal, conciliando a proteção adequada ao plantel com o melhor desempenho dos índices de produção. O presente experimento foi conduzido em produtores integrados de frango de corte de uma Empresa do Vale do Taquari, RS - Brasil. O experimento foi realizado em duas etapas, no período de agosto a novembro de 2007 (teste 1) e novembro de 2007 a agosto 2008 (teste 2). O ensaio consistiu na avaliação de três diferentes programas vacinais para DIB usados em cada unidade de produção, sendo uma amostra de vacina convencional contendo uma cepa forte Winterfield 2512 (A), uma vacina complexo antígeno – anticorpo (B) e uma vacina recombinante com o gene VP2 do Vírus da doença infecciosa da bolsa de Fabrício (VDIB) inserido em um herpesvírus (C). Os parâmetros de produção de peso, mortalidade e ganho de peso diário não apresentaram diferença estatística em ambos os testes. Já para a conversão alimentar e Índice de eficiência produtivo a vacina C demonstrou ser mais eficiente estatisticamente em relação às vacinas A e B, somente no teste 1. Os pesos corporais verficados semanalmente aos 07, 14, 21 e 28 dias de idade não apresentaram diferença estatística entre si e nem com os controles não vacinados (NV). Foi observado que os títulos geométricos médios (GMT) dos grupos vacinados e do grupo controle não vacinados (GMT NV) não apresentam diferença significativa nas médias entre as vacinas A, B e C, embora este último apresentasse o menor título. Quando foi comparado o perfil sorológico de aves controles também não foi possível demonstrar nenhuma diferença estatística. A vacina C em avaliação de custo/benefício representou para essa integração avícola um ganho de 1,93 %, quando comparado com a vacina A e um ganho de 2,10 % quando comparada com a vacina B. Os resultados sugerem que a vacina C foi mais eficiente, provando ser uma vacina com menor agressão ao sistema imunológico das aves, pois além dos resultados de desempenho favoráveis também apresentou a resposta sorológica (GMT) inferior e sem nenhuma doença clínica aparente em nenhum dos lotes estudados. As vacinas A e B, embora tenham apresentado proteção maior pelo fato de apresentarem GMT mais altos, retardaram o crescimento das aves em função de serem cepas mais agressivas, portanto determinou um desempenho zootécnico inferior. Baseado nisto, a escolha de um programa de vacinação deve, principalmente, levar em conta as circunstâncias de risco vividas pelo plantel, representadas pela presença de enfermidades concorrentes e a realização de monitorizações cujos critérios de avaliação sejam claros e precisos. Infectious bursal disease (IBD), known to cause immunodepression and to be highly contagious, has caused considerable economic damage to industrial aviculture over the years. With the wide-scale growth in aviculture the search for the best vaccine program has been intensified, combining the proper protection of the batch with the best production performance indexes. The study here reported was carried out on integrated producers of broilers from company in the Vale do Taquari, RS – Brazil. The experiment was evaluated in two stages in the periods of August to November 2007 (test 1) and November 2007 to August 2008 (test 2). The test consisted on the evaluation of three different vaccine programs for the IBD used in each production unit, with a conventional vaccine sample containing a hot strain Winterfield 2512 (A), an antigen– antibody complex vaccine (B) and a recombinant vaccine with the VP2 gene of Infectious Bursal Disease Vírus inserted into a herpes virus (C). The parameters of weight production, mortality and daily weight gain did not show statistical differences in both tests. For the feeding conversion and production efficiency index, vaccine C was shown to be statistically more efficient in relation to the vaccines A and B, only in the case of test 1. The body weights measured weekly at 07, 14, 21 and 28 days old did not show a statistical difference between them or in comparison to the non vaccinated controls (NV). It was observed that the geometric mean titer (GMT) of the vaccinated groups and non vaccinated control group (GMT NV) did not show a significant difference between the averages for vaccines A, B and C, although the latter showed the lowest titer. When the serological profiles of the control birds were compared, it was also not possible to identify any statistical difference. The evaluation of the cost/benefit ratio of vaccine C showed for this aviculture integration a gain of 1.93 % when compared with vaccine A, and a gain of 2.10% when compared with vaccine B. The results indicate that vaccine C was the most efficient, verifying it to be a vaccine with lower aggression toward the immunological system of the birds since, besides the favorable performance results, it also showed a lower serological response (GMT) and none of the flocks studied showed any apparent clinical disease. Although vaccines A and B showed greater protection through their higher GMT values, they retarded the growth of the birds since they are more aggressive strains, thus resulting in a lower zootechnical performance. On this basis, the choice of a vaccination program must, mainly, consider the risk circumstances associated with the flock represented by the presence of concurring diseases, the carrying out of monitoring with clear and concise evaluation criteria.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and sanitary status of broilers chickens raised in new and reused litters. For this purpose, 125 male broilers from the Ross 308 line were raised in a new and 125 in a litter that has been reused during 5 flocks. Growth data was weekly collected, as well as ammonia levels, oocysts count per gram of litter, and count of coliformis bacteria, fungi and mesofilic bacteria (CFU per gram of litter)in both groups. Level of antibodies against infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, chicken anemia virus, and avian reoviruses were evaluated by ELISA test at the beginning and ending of the flock (day 49). No statistical difference was found between groups on growth rate, ammonia levels and oocysts count, however, the CFU count for mesofilic bacteria was higher in birds on new litter (p, Se evaluó el rendimiento productivo y la calidad sanitaria de pollos de carne criados sobre cama nueva y cama reutilizada. Se crió 250 pollos machos de la línea Ross 308, 125 en cama nueva y 125 en cama reutilizada por cinco campañas. Semanalmente se obtuvo datos de parámetros productivos, nivel de amoniaco, recuento de ooquistes por gramo de cama y recuento de UFC/g de cama de coliformes, mesófilos y hongos en ambos grupos. Además, se evaluó el nivel de anticuerpos mediante ELISA para bronquitis infecciosa, Newcastle, Gumboro, anemia infecciosa y reovirus al inicio y al final de la crianza (día 49). No hubo diferencia estadística entre grupos con relación a los parámetros productivos. Tampoco se encontró diferencias estadísticas en los niveles de amoniaco y recuento de ooquistes, pero el recuento de UFC/g de mesófilos fue mayor en cama nueva (p

Se evaluó el rendimiento productivo y la calidad sanitaria de pollos de carne criados sobre cama nueva y cama reutilizada. Se crió 250 pollos machos de la línea Ross 308, 125 en cama nueva y 125 en cama reutilizada por cinco campañas. Semanalmente se obtuvo datos de parámetros productivos, nivel de amoniaco, recuento de ooquistes por gramo de cama y recuento de UFC/g de cama de coliformes, mesófilos y hongos en ambos grupos. Además, se evaluó el nivel de anticuerpos mediante ELISA para bronquitis infecciosa, Newcastle, Gumboro, anemia infecciosa y reovirus al inicio y al final de la crianza (día 49). No hubo diferencia estadística entre grupos con relación a los parámetros productivos. Tampoco se encontró diferencias estadísticas en los niveles de amoniaco y recuento de ooquistes, pero el recuento de UFC/g de mesófilos fue mayor en cama nueva (p

This paper describes the effects of a strong type of vaccine - Moulthrop G603 º and an intermediate-plus type of vaccine - 228E º in meat-type chickens challenged with a very virulent strain of infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV). Blood samples and bursa of Fabricius were taken weekly up to 42 days of age. It was concluded that bursa of Fabricius weight, bursa weight:body weight ratio, body weight and antibody titer evaluated before and after challenge with vvIBDV were not enough to consistently and conclusively differentiate or estimate the protection given by vaccination. Quantitative evaluation of injury intensity and the number of altered lymphoid follicles revealed that Moulthrop G603 caused moderate microscopic lesions in one out of seven birds vaccinated at 14 days of age, while 228E vaccine did not induce IBD-typical microscopic lesions in the bursa of Fabricius. Good protection against bursal microscopic lesions was obtained when a strong type of vaccine was used before challenging with vvIBDV. It was concluded that quantitative evaluation of microscopic lesions might be useful to measure the injury induced by vaccinal IBDV, as well as the level of protection and/or immunosuppression induced by IBDV challenge in vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens.