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The beaked clam Eumarcia paupercula (Holten 1802) (Bivalvia: Veneridae) is an important fishery resource for local artisanal fishers in Maputo Bay. Its annual reproductive cycle was described by following seasonal fluctuations in the condition index of the population occupying a tidal flat, and by analysing fresh gonad smears to confirm that changes in condition were, in fact, due to gonad state. Macroscopic gonad observations and changes in body condition confirmed that E. paupercula is a year-round breeder with three spawning peaks, with the major spawning periods occurring during summer. The spawning pattern found in this study is similar to other clams inhabiting similar tropical ecosystems.

Genus Calvadosia Clark, 1863 Remarks. Calvadosia was originally proposed by Clark (1863) to accommodate a species described by Lamouroux (1815), ��� Lucernaire campanul��e ��� (or Lucernaria campanulata), from Calvados, France, therefore proposing the name Calvadosia campanulata (Lamouroux, 1815). Its main difference from other Lucernaria is the ���four pilasters [���] not muscular, as are the pilasters in the pedicel of Lucernaria quadricornis ��� (Clark 1863: 556), i.e., absence of interradial longitudinal muscles associated with the septa of the peduncle. However, Clark���s (1863) proposal was overlooked for many years. Later, Uchida (1929) proposed a new genus, Lucernariopsis, for the same ��� Lucernaria campanulata ���, including species with one-chambered peduncle without muscles, overlooking the availability of the older name Calvadosia Clark, 1863. Apparently, Gwilliam (1956: 10) was the only author to notice this nomenclatural issue, concluding that according to the ���law of priority, the proper generic name of Lucernariopsis Uchida, 1929 is Calvadosia Clark, 1863 ���, but he never published his PhD Dissertation on the taxonomy of the Stauromedusae. More recently, Lucernariopsis Uchida, 1929 was officially recognized as a synonym of Calvadosia Clark, 1863 (Miranda et al. 2016b). In addition, based on molecular and morphological evidence, the former genera Kishinouyea Mayer, 1910 and Sasakiella Okubo, 1917 were also incorporated into Calvadosia (Miranda et al. 2016b). Therefore, Calvadosia is currently one of the most diverse genera in Staurozoa, with 11 species: Calvadosia campanulata (Lamouroux, 1815), Calvadosia nagatensis (Oka, 1897), Calvadosia vanhoeffeni (Browne, 1910), Calvadosia cruciformis (Okubo, 1917), Calvadosia hawaiiensis (Edmondson, 1930), Calvadosia tsingtaoensis (Ling, 1937), Calvadosia capensis (Carlgren, 1938), Calvadosia cruxmelitensis (Corbin, 1978), Calvadosia corbini (Larson, 1980), Calvadosia tasmaniensis (Zagal, Hirano, Mills, Edgar & Barrett, 2011), and Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov. described in this study., Published as part of Miranda, Luc��lia S., Branch, George M., Collins, Allen G., Hirano, Yayoi M., Marques, Antonio C. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2017, Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov., pp. 369-389 in Zootaxa 4227 (3) on pages 371-372, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4227.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/268342, {"references":["Clark, H. J. (1863) Prodromus of the history, structure, and physiology of the order Lucernariae. Journal of the Boston Society of Natural History, 7, 531 - 567.","Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1815) Memoire sur la Lucernaire campanulee. Memoirs du Museum d' Histoire Naturelle, II, 460 - 473.","Uchida, T. (1929) Studies on the Stauromedusae and Cubomedusae, with special reference to their metamorphosis. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 2, 103 - 193.","Gwilliam, G. F. (1956) Studies on West Coast Stauromedusae. PhD. Dissertation. University of California, Berkeley, 192 pp.","Miranda, L. S., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Falconer, A., Fenwick, D., Marques, A. C. & Collins, A. G. (2016 b) Systematics of stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa). PeerJ, 4, e 1951.","Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Volume III. Scyphomedusae. Carnegie Institution Publishing, Washington, Publication 109, pp. 499 - 735.","Okubo, T. (1917) Preliminary note on a new genus of Stauromedusae from Hokkaido. Zoological Magazine, 29, 317 - 322.","Oka, A. (1897) Sur une nouvelle espece Japonaise du genre Lucernaria. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 1, 141 - 145.","Browne, E. T. (1910) Reports of the natural history results of the voyage of the SS Discovery in the Antarctic regions in 1901, under Captain R F Scott RN. Coelentera. V. Medusae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 62 pp.","Edmondson, C. H. (1930) New Hawaiian medusae. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 9, 1 - 16.","Ling, S. W. (1937) Studies on Chinese Stauromedusae. I. Stauromedusae from Tsingtao. Amoy Marine Biological Bulletin, 3, 1 - 35.","Carlgren, O. (1938) Eine neue sudafrikanische Lucernariidae, Lucernariopsis capensis. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sallskapets i Lund Forhandlingar, 8, 1 - 6.","Corbin, P. G. (1978) A new species of the stauromedusan genus Lucernariopsis (Coelenterata: Scyphomedusae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 58, 285 - 290.","Larson, R. J. (1980) A new stauromedusa, Kishinouyea corbini (Scyphozoa, Stauromedusae) from the tropical western Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science, 30, 102 - 107.","Zagal, C. J., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Edgar, G. J. & Barrett, N. S. (2011) New records of Staurozoa from Australian coastal waters, with a description of a new species of Lucernariopsis Uchida, 1929 (Cnidaria, Staurozoa, Stauromedusae) and a key to Australian Stauromedusae. Marine Biology Research, 7, 651 - 666."]}

Lipkea stephensoni Carlgren, 1933 (Fig. 11) Lipkea stephensoni Carlgren, 1933: 1 ���15, figures 1���14; Carlgren 1935: 19, 23; Kramp 1961: 299; Grohmann et al. 1999: 386; Pisani et al. 2007: 7; Zagal et al. 2011: 652, 663, 664; Miranda et al. 2016b: 20, 26, 32, 38. Material examined. Iziko South African Museum MB-A083794, 2 specimens, Onrust River, Overberg, Western Cape, South Africa (-34.4196, 19.1801), January 1992, intertidal pools, under rock, ethanol 70%, col. & det. C. Griffiths. Not kept, 2 specimens, Smitswinkel Bay, False Bay, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (-34.2743, 18.4728), between 1990���2003, depth 3���4 m, observed by G. Spiby. Not kept, 3 specimens, False Bay (between Partridge Point and Castle Rocks), Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (-34.2457, 18.4795), April 2012, depth 23 m, observed and photographed by G. Jones. Information on type material. The holotype is probably S185, from Still Bay, Eden, Western Cape, South Africa (type locality), found in pool under stones. The material is listed in the ���University of Cape Town Ecological Survey��� but could not be located in the Iziko South African Museum���s collection. Description. (complemented with Carlgren 1933). Calyx elongated, funnel-shaped (Fig. 11). Peduncle singlechambered, with four interradial longitudinal muscles. Four interradial septa visible in calyx (Fig. 11 D, F, G). Variable number of marginal lappets (arms?), with reduced (rudimentary) tentacles in one row along their margin (Fig. 11 A���C), although some specimens with smooth marginal lappets (Fig. 11 D���G). Gastrovascular cavity not divided by claustrum. Manubrium with four perradial lips (Fig. 11 B, D, G). Numerous gastric filaments in gastrovascular cavity. Gonads embedded in gastrovascular cavity of subumbrella, not extending into marginal lappets (confined to basal part of calyx) (Fig. 11 B, D, G). Perradial and interradial anchors absent. Pad-like adhesive structures absent. Coronal muscle entire (Fig. 11 D, E). White spots of nematocysts on subumbrellar surface, margin of calyx, and marginal lappets (Fig. 11). General color of body pinkish white (Fig. 11). Total body length about 8.0 to 16.0 mm. Distribution and habitat. The type locality for L. stephensoni is Still Bay, Eden, Western Cape, South Africa (Carlgren 1933). These new records are also in the Western Cape: Onrust River, Overberg; between Partridge Point and Castle Rocks, False Bay, Cape Town; Smitswinkel Bay, False Bay, Cape Town (Fig. 5 F). The species was recorded from intertidal pools to 23 m deep, attached to rocks. Remarks. There are three valid species in the genus Lipkea: Lipkea ruspoliana Vogt, 1886, Lipkea sturdzii (Antipa, 1893), and Lipkea stephensoni Carlgren, 1933. Lipkea ruspoliana was originally recorded from a single specimen from Alghero, on the Sardinian coast of the Mediterranean Sea (Vogt 1886, 1887). The Sardinian specimen was defined by its peculiar morphology, with eight marginal lappets in the perradii and interradii with mucous glands, but without tentacles (Vogt 1886, 1887). New specimens recently found in aquaria of the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco have 8���12 adradial lappets (Pisani et al. 2007), raising questions about intraspecific variation and the homology of these structures with arms and primary tentacles/anchors (Miranda et al. 2016b). Capria sturdzii Antipa, 1893 was described based on one specimen from Capri Island, Gulf of Naples, Italy, being the only species of the genus Capria and the family Capriidae (Antipa 1893). Carlgren (1933) synonymized Lipkea and Capria, proposing the name Lipkea sturdzii (see also Kramp 1961). Lipkea sturdzii has not been observed since its original description, but it differs from L. ruspoliana by the presence of a row of 16���20 toothlike or short finger-shaped rudimentary tentacles, which are fused one to another by a web (Antipa 1893; Mayer 1910). Finally, Lipkea stephensoni is the only formally described Lipkea species outside of Europe. The species was also described based on a single specimen from Still Bay, Eden, South Africa (Carlgren 1933), characterized by eight adradial short lappets with 30���40 reduced tentacles in one row along their margin (Fig. 11 A���C). However, the additional specimens that we observed show that the number of marginal lappets is variable in L. stephensoni (Fig. 11; as seems to be common in Lipkea species, Pisani et al. 2007; Zagal et al. 2011), as is the presence of the rudimentary marginal tentacles (Fig 11 C, E). The original description of L. stephensoni was based on a specimen found in the intertidal zone (Carlgren 1933), but photographs of not-kept L. stephensoni stauromedusae revealed that specimens from deeper water (about 23 m deep) have rudimentary tentacles in the lappets (Fig. 11 A���C), whereas intertidal and subtidal specimens (Fig. 11 D���G) have smooth marginal lappets, similar to those of L. ruspoliana, indicating either an intraspecific variation in L. stephensoni or the existence of an additional (new) species, a hypothesis that cannot be tested until more specimens become available. Indeed, the identification of Lipkea species is difficult (Zagal et al. 2011), based on subtle differences (presence or absence, and number and distribution of reduced tentacle-like structures along the margin of each lappet, Zagal et al. 2011) that have never been tested in a phylogenetic context. In addition, there is little information on intraspecific variation (Vogt 1886, 1887; Pisani et al. 2007) and no information on morphological changes during development. As a consequence, there are numerous unidentified records around the world, including specimens from Australia (Zagal et al. 2011), New Zealand (Cairns et al. 2009), and Japan (Miranda et al. 2016b). Australian specimens seem to have a similar morphology to L. stephensoni, with a single row of 18���27 reduced tentacles along the margin of the lappets (Carlgren 1933; Zagal et al. 2011), although, as discussed, it is equivocal whether the presence of rudimentary tentacles should be considered a diagnostic character (Uchida 1929; Zagal et al. 2011). Therefore, the validity of described and possibly new Lipkea species remains to be vigorously tested in further investigations., Published as part of Miranda, Luc��lia S., Branch, George M., Collins, Allen G., Hirano, Yayoi M., Marques, Antonio C. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2017, Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov., pp. 369-389 in Zootaxa 4227 (3) on pages 384-386, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4227.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/268342, {"references":["Carlgren, O. (1933) Zur Kenntnis der Lucernariiden Lipkea, Capria und Brochiella. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sallskapets Handlingar, 44, 1 - 19.","Carlgren, O. (1935) Uber eine neue Sudafrikanische Lucernariidae, Depastromorpha africana n. gen., n. sp., nebst Bemerkungen uber den Bau und die Systematik dieser Tiergruppe. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 15, 1 - 24.","Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 292 - 303.","Grohmann, P. A., Magalhaes, M. P. & Hirano, Y. M. (1999) First record of the order Stauromedusae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) from the tropical southwestern Atlantic, with a review of the distribution of Stauromedusae in the southern hemisphere. Species Diversity, 4, 381 - 388.","Pisani, V., Otero-Ferrer, F., Lotto, S., Maurel, P. & Goy, J. (2007) Lipkea ruspoliana Vogt, 1887 (Stauromedusae, Scyphozoa, Cnidaria) dans les aquariums du Musee Oceanographique de Monaco. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 132, 183 - 190.","Zagal, C. J., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Edgar, G. J. & Barrett, N. S. (2011) New records of Staurozoa from Australian coastal waters, with a description of a new species of Lucernariopsis Uchida, 1929 (Cnidaria, Staurozoa, Stauromedusae) and a key to Australian Stauromedusae. Marine Biology Research, 7, 651 - 666.","Miranda, L. S., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Falconer, A., Fenwick, D., Marques, A. C. & Collins, A. G. (2016 b) Systematics of stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa). PeerJ, 4, e 1951.","Vogt, C. (1886) Sur une medusaire sessile, Lipkea ruspoliana. Archives des Sciences, 16, 356 - 362.","Antipa, G. (1893) Eine neue Stauromeduse (Capria n. sturdzii n.). Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 10, 618 - 632.","Vogt, C. (1887) Sur un nouveau genre de medusaire sessile Lipkea ruspoliana c. v. Imprimerie Centrale Genevoise, Geneve, 53 pp.","Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Volume III. Scyphomedusae. Carnegie Institution Publishing, Washington, Publication 109, pp. 499 - 735.","Cairns, S. D., Gershwin, L. - A., Brook, F. J., Pugh, P., Dawson, E. W., Ocana, V. O., Vervoort, W., Williams, G., Watson, J. E., Opresko, D. M., Schuchert, P., Hine, P. M., Gordon, D. P., Campbell, H. J., Wright, A. J., Sanchez, J. A. & Fautin, D. G. (2009) Phylum Cnidaria: corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity, Volume 1. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, pp. 59 - 101.","Uchida, T. (1929) Studies on the Stauromedusae and Cubomedusae, with special reference to their metamorphosis. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 2, 103 - 193."]}

Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov. (Figs 1���4) Kishinouyea sp. South Africa ��� Miranda et al. 2016b: 8, 12���15, figures 3���5. Calvadosia sp. 4 South Africa ��� Miranda et al. 2016b: 17, 34, 36, figures 7, 16. Material examined. Holotype: MZUSP 3415, 1 specimen, Simon���s Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (���34.2100, 18.4626), 0 1 December 2014, depth 3 m, on Sargassum, formaldehyde solution 4%, col. C. Foster. Paratype: MZUSP 3416, 1 specimen, Simon���s Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (���34.2100, 18.4626), 0 1 December 2014, depth 3 m, on Sargassum, formaldehyde solution 4%, col. C. Foster. Additional material: MZUSP 2731, 1 specimen, Miller���s Point, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (���34.2320, 18.4745), February 2013, subtidal, on Brassicophycus brassicaeformis and Anthophycus longifolius, ethanol 90%, col. D. Robertson-Anderson. MZUSP 2732, 1 specimen, Miller���s Point, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (��� 34.2320, 18.4745), February 2013, subtidal, on Brassicophycus brassicaeformis and Anthophycus longifolius, ethanol 90%, col. D. Robertson-Anderson. MZUSP 3417, 1 specimen, Miller���s Point, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (���34.2320, 18.4745), February 2013, subtidal, on Brassicophycus brassicaeformis and Anthophycus longifolius, ethanol 90%, col. D. Robertson-Anderson. CMNH-ZG7819, 1 specimen, A-Frame, False Bay, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (���34.2159, 18.4650), 19 January 2003, shallow subtidal (depth 2���3 m), on kelp, formaldehyde solution 5% and transferred to ethanol 70%, col. Y. Hirano. Iziko South African Museum MB- A083793, 1 specimen, Miller���s Point, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (���34.2320, 18.4745), February 2013, subtidal, on Brassicophycus brassicaeformis and Anthophycus longifolius, ethanol 80%, col. D. Robertson- Anderson. Iziko South African Museum MB-A084062, 1 specimen, Betty���s Bay, Overberg, Western Cape, South Africa (���34.3723, 18.8875), May 2013, depth 1 m, on kelp Ecklonia maxima, formaldehyde solution 4%, col. E. Firl & C. Pickering. Not kept, 1 specimen, Castle Rocks, False Bay, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (��� 34.2385, 18.4766), February 2010, depth about 5 m; on wrack growing on flat rock, observed by G. Zsilavecz. Not kept, 1 specimen, A-Frame, False Bay, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (���34.2159, 18.4650), April 2014, depth 5 m, on Caulerpa filiformis growing on sand; observed by G. Zsilavecz. Diagnosis. Gonadal curved nodular lobes, regular (symmetric) and smooth in shape, facing interradii, arranged in a ���zigzag��� row on subumbrella. Description. Body divided into two clearly demarcated regions: calyx and peduncle (Fig. 1 D). Calyx wider than high, cruciform (Fig. 1), height 3.11���6.15 mm (mean 4.64 mm, number of individuals measured n = 5), width 5.88���16.48 mm (mean 12.03 mm, n = 5). Peduncle short (Figs 1 D, 2C), about 1/4 of the total height, 1.20���1.32 mm tall (mean 1.26 mm, n = 5), width 1.39���2.03 mm (mean 1.85 mm, n = 5). Broad, swollen adhesive circular pedal disk at base of peduncle (Fig. 2 C, E), width 2.48���4.31 mm (mean 3.38 mm, n = 5). Small central pore in the pedal disk of some specimens (Fig. 2 E). Peduncle without interradial longitudinal muscle bands, with a single cruciform chamber (in cross-section) that becomes four-chambered basally within the pedal disk (Fig. 2 D). Calyx without anchors (rhopalioids) or primary tentacles (Fig. 1). Manubrium with four perradial pleated lips (Figs 1 E; 2B, F). Many gastric filaments in gastrovascular cavity. Gastrovascular cavity not divided by vertical tissue composed of double layer of gastrodermis with internal mesoglea, known as claustrum. Eight arms (width 1.00��� 1.55 mm, mean 1.27 mm, n = 5), organized in four interradial pairs, resembling a cross (Figs 1, 2), hence the common name ���cross of pearls���. Four U-shaped perradial notches about four times as deep as the U- or V-shaped interradial notches (Fig. 2 A). Eight gonads not embedded in gastrovascular cavity, but contained within evaginations from the gastrovascular cavity. Each gonad consisting of several nodular lobes, relatively regular and smooth in shape, and arranged in a single row on subumbrella (Figs 1���3). However, in mature specimens nodules are tightly packed, giving the impression of two rows of nodular lobes (but actually in a ���zigzag��� row; see Fig. 3 D). Regular nodular lobes curved, facing interradii (Fig. 3 A, E). Each arm with 8���12 nodular lobes (n = 5). Gonads extending from manubrium to tips of arms (Figs 1, 2 B). Each arm with a terminal cluster of secondary tentacles, each cluster with 12���27 (n = 5) hollow, knobbed tentacles, similar in shape (Fig. 2 J). Broad pad-like adhesive structures forming a glandular cushion (height 0.46���1.02 mm, mean 0.69 mm, n = 5; width 1.37���3.53 mm, mean 2.39 mm, n = 5) on tips of arms, on exumbrella, surrounding outermost tentacles near their base (Fig. 2 I). Four interradial longitudinal muscles at calyx base, each divided in pyloric region into two bands toward adradial arms (Fig. 2 G, H). Coronal muscle divided into eight segments by arms (Fig. 2 H). Exumbrella finely granulated with nematocyst (euryteles) warts (Fig. 4 D). Conspicuous white nematocyst spots on subumbrella, distributed along calyx margin, at interradii and perradii, to tips of arms (Figs 1 A, E; 3B, C). Higher concentration of white spots at perradii, organized in 1���4 rows. White spots also associated with gonads. General color of body reddish to greenish brown (Fig. 1). Cnidome. Secondary tentacles with two types of nematocysts: isorhiza (abundant), length 18.02���19.65 ��m (mean 18.72 ��m, number of capsules measured n = 10), diameter 2.12���3.16 ��m (mean 2.61 ��m, n = 10); and eurytele (scarce), length 14.18���15.96 ��m (mean 15.27 ��m, n = 10), diameter 5.28���8.04 ��m (mean 6.85 ��m, n = 10) (Fig. 4 A, B). White nematocyst spots with one type of nematocysts: rhopaloids (abundant), length 12.77���15.40 ��m (mean 14.29 ��m, n = 10), diameter 10.20���11.96 ��m (mean 11.34 ��m, n = 10) (Fig. 4 C). Etymology. Named after Lewis Jason, a legendary volunteer at the Two Oceans Aquarium (Cape Town, South Africa) who first brought our attention to this animal and made passionate and lengthy notes on the species. Lewis Jason passed away on December 17th, 2014, at the age of 90. Type locality. Simon���s Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa. Distribution and habitat. Calvadosia lewisi was found at various localities in the Western Cape, South Africa: A-Frame, False Bay, Cape Town; Betty���s Bay, Overberg; Castle Rocks, False Bay, Cape Town; Miller���s Point, Cape Town; and Simon���s Town, Cape Town (Fig. 5 C). The species is found from intertidal to shallow subtidal regions, up to 5 m deep, attached to different species of algae. Remarks. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Staurozoa (Miranda et al. 2016b) revealed a putative new species in South Africa, referred to Calvadosia sp. 4 in that study, and herein properly described as Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov. This species is closely related to C. tasmaniensis and C. corbini, in a clade whose possible synapomorphy is a broad pad-like adhesive structure on the tip of each arm (Miranda et al. 2016b). This feature is also present in C. hawaiiensis (Edmondson 1930; Grohmann et al. 1999) and in C. capensis (Carlgren 1938; Miranda et al. 2012b), suggesting that they too may belong to this clade (Miranda et al. 2016b). Calvadosia cruxmelitensis has a slightly different pad-like adhesive structure on the tip of the arm, in which the secondary tentacles arise directly from this structure (Corbin 1978; Miranda et al. 2016b). The morphology of C. lewisi is similar to C. tasmaniensis and C. corbini, in accordance with molecular results (Miranda et al. 2016b). Calvadosia tasmaniensis has been recorded only from Australia (Zagal et al. 2011) and C. corbini was originally described from Puerto Rico (Larson 1980), subsequently recorded from Brazil (Grohmann et al. 1999) and Mexico (Lechuga & Alamo 2005). These species have a wide ���open��� calyx, cruciform in C. lewisi and in C. corbini (Figs 1, 6) (Larson 1980; Grohmann et al. 1999), with interradial pairing of arms, a feature not evident in C. tasmaniensis (Zagal et al. 2011). These three species also share a relatively short peduncle (Larson 1980; Grohmann et al. 1999; Zagal et al. 2011) and broad, pad-like adhesive structures on the tips of the arms (Figs 2 I; 6E; 7D). In addition, the gonads of these species are not embedded in the gastrovascular cavity, but are nodular evaginations from the gastrovascular cavity resting on the subumbrella (Figs 1���3, 6, 7) (Larson 1980; Grohmann et al. 1999; Zagal et al. 2011). The generally smooth shape of the nodular gonads is the hypothetical main distinguishing feature of C. lewisi. Analyzed specimens of C. corbini and C. tasmaniensis (Table 2) have nodular erect gonads, with irregular shape (described by Larson (1980) for C. corbini as looking like ���small raisins���), which can have many evaginations, and are distributed in a single, relatively straight row (Figs 6, 7). However, the nodular gonads in C. lewisi have a smooth, regular shape, curved toward the interradii, and are tightly arranged in a ���zigzag��� row (Figs 1���3). Our observations include specimens of different sizes, making it unlikely that there is ontogenetic variation of this feature., Published as part of Miranda, Luc��lia S., Branch, George M., Collins, Allen G., Hirano, Yayoi M., Marques, Antonio C. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2017, Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov., pp. 369-389 in Zootaxa 4227 (3) on pages 372-376, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4227.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/268342, {"references":["Miranda, L. S., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Falconer, A., Fenwick, D., Marques, A. C. & Collins, A. G. (2016 b) Systematics of stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa). PeerJ, 4, e 1951.","Edmondson, C. H. (1930) New Hawaiian medusae. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 9, 1 - 16.","Grohmann, P. A., Magalhaes, M. P. & Hirano, Y. M. (1999) First record of the order Stauromedusae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) from the tropical southwestern Atlantic, with a review of the distribution of Stauromedusae in the southern hemisphere. Species Diversity, 4, 381 - 388.","Carlgren, O. (1938) Eine neue sudafrikanische Lucernariidae, Lucernariopsis capensis. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sallskapets i Lund Forhandlingar, 8, 1 - 6.","Miranda, L. S., Haddad, M. A., Mills, C. E. & Marques, A. C. (2012 b) Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren, 1938 (Cnidaria, Staurozoa) in Brazil: first record outside its type locality in South Africa. Zootaxa, 3158, 60 - 64.","Corbin, P. G. (1978) A new species of the stauromedusan genus Lucernariopsis (Coelenterata: Scyphomedusae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 58, 285 - 290.","Zagal, C. J., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Edgar, G. J. & Barrett, N. S. (2011) New records of Staurozoa from Australian coastal waters, with a description of a new species of Lucernariopsis Uchida, 1929 (Cnidaria, Staurozoa, Stauromedusae) and a key to Australian Stauromedusae. Marine Biology Research, 7, 651 - 666.","Larson, R. J. (1980) A new stauromedusa, Kishinouyea corbini (Scyphozoa, Stauromedusae) from the tropical western Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science, 30, 102 - 107.","Lechuga, G. R. & Alamo, M. A. F. (2005) Primer registro de Kishinouyea corbini Larson, 1980 (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa, Stauromedusae) para Mexico. Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, 7, 107 - 110."]}

Calvadosia capensis (Carlgren, 1938) (Fig. 8) Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren, 1938: 1 ���6, figures 1���5; Corbin 1978: 285, 289; Grohmann et al. 1999: 386; Zagal et al. 2011: 652, 660���664; Miranda et al. 2012b: 60 ���64, figures 1, 2; Miranda et al. 2016b: 16. Calvadosia capensis ��� Miranda et al. 2016b: 19, 34, 36. Source of data. The original description of C. capensis (Carlgren, 1938) was based on one specimen collected from intertidal rocks in East London, on the southeast coast of South Africa. The holotype is probably L393, from Shelly Beach, East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa (type locality). The material is listed in the ���University of Cape Town Ecological Survey��� (UCT). In the mid-1980s, UCT donated its museum collections to Iziko South African Museum. However UCT lent samples to specialists without loans being recorded. Iziko South African Museum���s curator could not locate the material. In addition, Carlgren (1938) prepared histological sections from this material and one slide is deposited in the Invertebrates Collection of the Swedish Museum of Natural History, catalog number NRM:EVmain:115053 (GBIF ID 1099397008). A second individual was recorded from Brazil and is deposited in the Museum of Zoology of the University of S��o Paulo, Brazil, catalog number MZUSP 1566 (Miranda et al. 2012b). To date the species is known only from these preserved specimens and it has never been seen or photographed alive, despite attempts to collect the species on April 7���8th, 2016, in tidal pools on the rock shore in East London (type locality) and Gunube (about 10km east of East London). Description. (after Carlgren 1938: figures 1���5 and Miranda et al. 2012b, figure 1). Body divided into two clearly demarcated regions: calyx and peduncle (Fig. 8 A, C���E). Calyx higher than wide, pyramidal, narrowing basally (Fig. 8 A, C���E). Peduncle long, about same length as calyx (Fig. 8 A, C���E). Peduncle without interradial longitudinal muscle, with single chamber at median region (no histological details at base of peduncle). Broad, swollen adhesive circular pedal disk at base of peduncle (Fig. 8 A, E). Calyx without anchors or primary tentacles (Fig. 8 A, C���E). Gastrovascular cavity not divided by claustrum. Manubrium with four perradial lips. Numerous gastric filaments in gastrovascular cavity. Eight arms, short, organized in four interradial pairs (Fig. 8 A, C���E). Eight gonads not embedded in gastrovascular cavity (but contained within evaginations from the gastrovascular cavity), extending from manubrium to distal end of arms, consisting of several nodular lobes of irregular shape. Each arm with a cluster of secondary hollow knobbed tentacles, similar in shape (Fig. 8 B, F). Coronal muscle divided into eight segments by arms. Secondary tentacles with numerous nematocysts of two types: isorhiza and eurytele. Thin, pad-like adhesive structures (abaxial cushion) on tips of arms, on exumbrella, at base of tentacular cluster (Fig. 8 B, F). White spots of nematocysts on subumbrella. Preserved specimens green to yellowish brown (only information on preserved specimens available). Total body length about 6.70 to 13.80 mm. Distribution and habitat. Although known from only two records, this species is widely distributed, having been recorded in Shelly Beach, East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa, in the Indian Ocean (Carlgren 1938); and in Itanha��m, S��o Paulo, Brazil, in the western Atlantic Ocean (Miranda et al. 2012b) (Fig. 5 A, D). South African and Brazilian specimens were collected attached to Sargassum sp. in the intertidal zone (���University of Cape Town Ecological Survey���; Miranda et al. 2012b). Remarks. Calvadosia capensis was described from South Africa based on a single specimen (Carlgren 1938), and its general morphology (Fig. 8) is similar to C. hawaiiensis, from Hawaii (Edmondson 1930), with a narrowlyopened (pyramidal) calyx, paired arms, and thin pad-like adhesive structures on the tips of the arms (although overlooked in C. hawaiiensis by Larson 1980; see Grohmann et al. 1999). However, based on the literature, C. capensis has shorter arms and longer peduncle compared to C. hawaiiensis (Edmondson 1930, figure 6; Carlgren 1938, figure 1, Miranda et al. 2012b, figure 1)., Published as part of Miranda, Luc��lia S., Branch, George M., Collins, Allen G., Hirano, Yayoi M., Marques, Antonio C. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2017, Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov., pp. 369-389 in Zootaxa 4227 (3) on pages 378-381, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4227.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/268342, {"references":["Carlgren, O. (1938) Eine neue sudafrikanische Lucernariidae, Lucernariopsis capensis. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sallskapets i Lund Forhandlingar, 8, 1 - 6.","Corbin, P. G. (1978) A new species of the stauromedusan genus Lucernariopsis (Coelenterata: Scyphomedusae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 58, 285 - 290.","Grohmann, P. A., Magalhaes, M. P. & Hirano, Y. M. (1999) First record of the order Stauromedusae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) from the tropical southwestern Atlantic, with a review of the distribution of Stauromedusae in the southern hemisphere. Species Diversity, 4, 381 - 388.","Zagal, C. J., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Edgar, G. J. & Barrett, N. S. (2011) New records of Staurozoa from Australian coastal waters, with a description of a new species of Lucernariopsis Uchida, 1929 (Cnidaria, Staurozoa, Stauromedusae) and a key to Australian Stauromedusae. Marine Biology Research, 7, 651 - 666.","Miranda, L. S., Haddad, M. A., Mills, C. E. & Marques, A. C. (2012 b) Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren, 1938 (Cnidaria, Staurozoa) in Brazil: first record outside its type locality in South Africa. Zootaxa, 3158, 60 - 64.","Miranda, L. S., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Falconer, A., Fenwick, D., Marques, A. C. & Collins, A. G. (2016 b) Systematics of stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa). PeerJ, 4, e 1951.","Edmondson, C. H. (1930) New Hawaiian medusae. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 9, 1 - 16.","Larson, R. J. (1980) A new stauromedusa, Kishinouyea corbini (Scyphozoa, Stauromedusae) from the tropical western Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science, 30, 102 - 107."]}

Depastromorpha africana Carlgren, 1935 (Figs 9, 10) Depastromorpha africana Carlgren, 1935: 1 ���24, figures 1���12; Kramp 1961: 300; Grohmann et al. 1999: 386, 387; Dawson 2004: 252, figure 1; Collins & Daly 2005: 222, 226, figures 5���7; Cairns et al. 2009: 70; Zagal et al. 2011: 651 ���666, figures 2, 4, 8; Miranda et al. 2016b: 2, 6, 12���15, 17, 19, 25, 26, 36, figures 1, 3���5, 7, 12, 13. Material examined. MZUSP 3418, 8 specimens, Sea Point, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (-33.9130, 18.3874), 22 December 2014, intertidal pools, on Gigartina polycarpa, formaldehyde solution 5%, col. & det. C. Griffiths. MZUSP 3419, 1 specimen, Kalk Bay, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (-34.1266, 18.4498), 28 March 2013, intertidal pools, on Caulerpa filiformis, formaldehyde solution 5%, col. & det. C. Griffiths. MZUSP 2733, 1 specimen, Kalk Bay, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (-34.1266, 18.4498), 25 April 2013, intertidal pools, on Caulerpa filiformis, ethanol 90%, col. & det. C. Griffiths. MZUSP 2734, 1 specimen, Kalk Bay, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (-34.1266, 18.4498), 25 April 2013, intertidal pools, on Caulerpa filiformis, ethanol 90%, col. & det. C. Griffiths. Iziko South African Museum MB-A083795, 1 specimen, Kalk Bay, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (-34.1266, 18.4498), 28 March 2013, intertidal pools, on Caulerpa filiformis, formaldehyde solution 5%, col. & det. C. Griffiths. Iziko South African Museum MB-A083796, 1 specimen, Kalk Bay, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (-34.1266, 18.4498), 25 April 2013, intertidal, on Caulerpa filiformis, ethanol 80%, col. & det. C. Griffiths. Iziko South African Museum MB-A083797 (CP 718A), 1 specimen, Kalk Bay, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (-34.1266, 18.4498), 9 April 1947, intertidal, on Caulerpa filiformis, ethanol 80%, col. University of Cape Town Ecological Survey, det. C. Griffiths. Iziko South African Museum MB-A084063, 5 specimens, Camps Bay, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (-33.9566, 18.3755), 12 January 2016, intertidal, on various large algae in rock pools, ethanol 80%, col. & det. C. Griffiths. Iziko South African Museum H 5108, 5 specimens, Castle Rocks, False Bay, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (-34.2385, 18.4766), 19 January 2003, depth 1 m, ethanol 80%, col. Y. Hirano, det. C. Griffiths. Not kept, 3 specimens, Scarborough, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (���34.2017, 18.3702), 19 August 2013, from rockpools, on Sargassum longifolium, observed by G. Jones. Not kept, several specimens, Green Point, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (���33.8990, 18.4078), 17 March 2014, on Brassicophycus brassicaeformis, observed by C. Griffiths. Not kept, 4 specimens, Moullie Point, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (��� 33.8996, 18.4046), 22 December 2014, intertidal, on Champia, observed by C. Griffiths. Not kept; 1 specimen, Hermanus, Overberg, Western Cape, South Africa (���34.4210, 19.2437), March 1991, on Codium, observed by C. Griffiths. Not kept, 5 specimens; Dalebrook, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (���34.1196, 18.4401), 2 April 1966, shallow subtidal, on Caulerpa filiformis, observed by G. Branch. USNM 1233748, 5 specimens, Gerloff Bay, Victoria, South Australia, Australia, 13 January 1998, intertidal, formaldehyde solution 5%, col. & det. Y. Hirano Information on type material. The holotype is probably A194, from Oudekraal, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (type locality). As mentioned for C. capensis, the material is listed in the ���University of Cape Town Ecological Survey��� but could not be located in the Iziko South African Museum���s collection. Description. (complemented with Carlgren 1935). Calyx higher than wide, cylindrical (Fig. 9). Peduncle with four perradial chambers and four interradial longitudinal muscles. Gastrovascular cavity divided by claustrum. Manubrium with four perradial lips (Fig. 10 D, E). Numerous gastric filaments in gastrovascular cavity. Gonads extending from pyloric region to perradial margin of calyx, embedded in gastrovascular cavity (Figs 9 B, C; 10E). Gonadal vesicles organized in rows (Fig. 9 B, C). Eight short (rudimentary) adradial arms (Figs 9, 10). Each arm with a cluster of about 25 secondary hollow, knobbed tentacles (Figs 9, 10). Individual, pad-like adhesive structures in outermost secondary tentacles (Fig. 10 A���C). Perradial and interradial anchors between arms, with remnant of primary tentacles (Fig. 10 A���C). Coronal muscle entire, internal to anchors. White spots of nematocysts associated with perradial gonads (Fig. 10 D, E). General color of body very variable: orange, green, yellow, white (Fig. 9). Total body length about 10.0 to 15.0 mm. Distribution and habitat. The species was recorded for the first time at Oudekraal, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (Carlgren 1935) (Fig. 5 B, E). Zagal et al. (2011) extended the occurrence of D. africana to Victoria and Tasmania, in Australia, and Otago, in New Zealand (Fig. 5 B), but molecular data indicated that Depastromorpha in Australia might be a distinct species (see Depastromorpha sp. AUS in Miranda et al. 2016b and remarks below). In this study we provide several new records for the species in the Western Cape, South Africa: Camps Bay, Cape Town; Castle Rocks, False Bay, Cape Town; Dalebrook, Cape Town; Green Point, Cape Town; Hermanus, Overberg; Kalk Bay, Cape Town; Moullie Point, Cape Town; Scarborough, Cape Town; Sea Point, Cape Town (Fig. 5 B, E). Depastromorpha africana is generally found from the intertidal to shallow subtidal depths, up to 14 m deep (Zagal et al. 2011), attached to various species of algae (Zagal et al. 2011; this study). Remarks. Depastromorpha was erected by Carlgren (1935) and comprises the single species, D. africana, whose original description was based on a single specimen from Oudekraal, Cape Town, South Africa. There are unpublished observations of the species in Australia and New Zealand (Grohmann et al. 1999), subsequently confirmed in Victoria and Tasmania (Australia), and Otago (New Zealand) (Zagal et al. 2011; specimens deposited in the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, TMAG K3857���K3862). According to Zagal et al. (2011), individuals from Australia and New Zealand matched Carlgren���s (1935) description, although they have slightly smaller dimensions. However, molecular markers from D. africana of South Australia differ substantially from those from South African specimens, indicating the existence of a second species of the genus (Miranda et al. 2016b). If confirmed, D. africana would be endemic to South Africa. Detailed morphological and molecular studies, comparing the populations from South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand are necessary to assess this hypothesis and the possible existence of cryptic species (see examples in Knowlton 2000; Dawson & Jacobs 2001). Whatever the outcome, the South African species will retain its name by priority., Published as part of Miranda, Luc��lia S., Branch, George M., Collins, Allen G., Hirano, Yayoi M., Marques, Antonio C. & Griffiths, Charles L., 2017, Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov., pp. 369-389 in Zootaxa 4227 (3) on pages 381-384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4227.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/268342, {"references":["Carlgren, O. (1935) Uber eine neue Sudafrikanische Lucernariidae, Depastromorpha africana n. gen., n. sp., nebst Bemerkungen uber den Bau und die Systematik dieser Tiergruppe. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 15, 1 - 24.","Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 292 - 303.","Grohmann, P. A., Magalhaes, M. P. & Hirano, Y. M. (1999) First record of the order Stauromedusae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) from the tropical southwestern Atlantic, with a review of the distribution of Stauromedusae in the southern hemisphere. Species Diversity, 4, 381 - 388.","Dawson, M. N. (2004) Some implications of molecular phylogenetics for understanding biodiversity in jellyfishes, with emphasis on Scyphozoa. Hydrobiologia, 530 / 531, 249 - 260.","Collins, A. G. & Daly, M. (2005) A new deepwater species of Stauromedusae, Lucernaria janetae (Cnidaria, Staurozoa, Lucernariidae), and a preliminary investigation of stauromedusan phylogeny based on nuclear and mitochondrial rDNA data. Biological Bulletin, 208, 221 - 230.","Cairns, S. D., Gershwin, L. - A., Brook, F. J., Pugh, P., Dawson, E. W., Ocana, V. O., Vervoort, W., Williams, G., Watson, J. E., Opresko, D. M., Schuchert, P., Hine, P. M., Gordon, D. P., Campbell, H. J., Wright, A. J., Sanchez, J. A. & Fautin, D. G. (2009) Phylum Cnidaria: corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans. In: Gordon, D. P. (Ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity, Volume 1. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, pp. 59 - 101.","Zagal, C. J., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Edgar, G. J. & Barrett, N. S. (2011) New records of Staurozoa from Australian coastal waters, with a description of a new species of Lucernariopsis Uchida, 1929 (Cnidaria, Staurozoa, Stauromedusae) and a key to Australian Stauromedusae. Marine Biology Research, 7, 651 - 666.","Miranda, L. S., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Falconer, A., Fenwick, D., Marques, A. C. & Collins, A. G. (2016 b) Systematics of stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa). PeerJ, 4, e 1951.","Knowlton, N. (2000) Molecular genetic analyses of species boundaries in the sea. Hydrobiologia, 420, 73 - 90. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1003933603879","Dawson, M. N. & Jacobs, D. K. (2001) Molecular evidence for cryptic species of Aurelia aurita (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa). Biological Bulletin, 200, 92 - 96."]}

A revised and updated list of South African sea anemones is compiled and the distribution pattern and endemicity of each determined from museum and literature records. Forty nine valid species are recognized. Species richness appears fairly uniform around the coast, although marked peaks occur at Cape Town, False Bay and Durban almost certainly the result of disproportionately intense sampling effort at these locations. Forty nine per cent of species are endemic, slightly above the average for the South African marine fauna (31%), but well within the range shown by component taxa. Endemics are absent in the northwest, but otherwise comprise a fairly consistent proportion of species in each region. The fact that existing records are strongly biased towards a few centres of high sampling activity, indicates a pressing need for additional systematic collection of this group in under represented areas.Key words: distribution, sea anemones, biodiversity, biogeography

In-situ observations and photographs of an unusual and spectacular red and white striped, mobile anemone, which appears to feed on gorgonians on sublittoral habitats on the south and east coasts of South Africa, prompted a closer examination of two preserved specimens. The specimens are identical with Condylactis natalensis Carlgren, 1938, which was described from a single preserved specimen and has not since been reported. The redescription of the species indicates that a new genus, Korsaranthus, is required to accommodate it within the family Actiniidae. Most significant characteristics of K. natalensis are the lack of p-mastigo- phores in its cnidome and the folded, distal-most part of its actinopharynx, features that compare with members of order Ptychodactiaria, which are predators of octocorals, too.

Two introduced beachfleas, Orchestia gammarellus and Platorchestia platensis, have been recorded from South Africa, but have been misidentified by some earlier researchers and, prior to this study, each was also known from just a few, scattered observations, such that their true distributions remained obscure. We illustrate both species to clarify the features that identify and distinguish them and determine their true distributions by re-examining historical samples and by collecting new material from estuaries and lagoons along the west and south coasts of South Africa. Adult males of O. gammarellus have slender antennae and characteristic expanded, flattened, oar-like distal segments on pereopod 7. Adult males of P. platensis have the peduncle of antenna 2 strongly swollen and have bulbous, but not flattened, distal segments on pereopod 7. Both species occur under wrack and other debris along the banks of estuaries and sheltered lagoons. Orchestia gammarellus is found only along the south-west coast, in the Berg River Estuary, Langebaan Lagoon and the Diep River Estuary. Previous records from Knysna were misidentifications of P. platensis. Platorchestia platensis is found at one west coast site, Langebaan Lagoon, but is widely distributed from Cape Point eastwards to at least Algoa Bay. Both species share the same habitats as several other native beachfleas and competitive interactions between native and introduced species merit investigation.Keywords: amphipod, beachflea, estuaries, introduced species, South Africa, wrack

A Guide to, and Checklist for, the Decapoda of Namibia, South Africa and Mozambique (Volumes 1, 2 and 3) By WD Emmerson 2016; Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom Vol. 1: 590 pages, Vol. 2: 650 pages, Vol. 3: 720 pages; hard cover Vol. 1: ISBN 978-1-4438-9090-8, price £72.99; Vol. 2: ISBN 978-1-4438-9097-7, price £83.85; Vol. 3: ISBN 978-1-4438-9306-0, price £72.99

The last major taxonomic review of the South African Echinoidea was published in 1976 and there have been very few additions to the fauna since that time, although numerous unidentified samples have continued to accumulate in the Iziko South African Museum. This study documents all additions to the fauna reported since the late 1970s. Most of these derive from our examination and identification of specimens in the Iziko South African Museum collections. Also included, though, are new records reported via the EchinoMap Virtual Museum, those published in the non-taxonomic literature and those derived from taxonomic revisions. For each new record we present an image of the species, key references, a brief diagnosis and detailed locality records. These sources together have resulted in 19 additions to the regional echinoid fauna, raising the total number of echinoid species known from the South African Exclusive Economic Zone to 71.