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Scores on burnout among 631 Canadian and 1,180 Dutch teachers were compared with various demographic variables (sex and age) and factors related to work (experience in teaching, type of school, and number of hours employed), Burnout was assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory of three dimensions, Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment. Analysis indicated that, over-all, Canadian teachers reported higher scores on Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization than their Dutch peers. Differences in the number of hours employed were also significant: full-time Canadian teachers scored higher on Depersonalization than their Dutch colleagues. Across countries, sex and type of school appeared significantly related to burnout, Male teachers rated higher on Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization than the women. Especially with regard to the attitudinal components of burnout, i.e., Depersonalization and Personal Accomplishment, secondary school teachers reported higher scores than elementary school teachers. Age was not significantly related to measures.

This study is a longitudinal examination of a process model of psychological burnout proposed by Cherniss [1; Professional Burnout in Human Service Organizations (1980)!. In this model, work setting characteristics and individual difference variables have both direct effects on burnout and indirect effects on burnout through levels of experienced stress. Data were collected at two points in time separated by one year using questionnaires. Respondents were 362 school-based educators. Considerable support for the Cherniss model was found using path analysis.

The antecedents and consequences of psychological burnout among teachers were examined. Three-hundred sixty-two teachers and school administrators employed by a single school board were asked to complete two questionnaires, the second coming a year after the first. Regression analyses of time-lagged data were then performed, revealing and supporting relationships that were originally found in earlier studies. For instance, work stressors were found to affect the degrees of psychological burnout. Other antecedents, including the level of social support and individual demographic and situational variables, were discovered to have no significant impact. As for the consequences, psychological burnout was revealed to have an effect on individual satisfaction and emotional health.

This study examined the relationship among psychological variables and organizational functioning in a sample of managers, 65 women and 65 men. Analysis of responses to a mail questionnaire showed women, compared to men, were higher on Type A behaviour, speed and impatience, and job involvement scale scores. Women were less likely to have families than men, and men appeared to benefit more from marriage. Men also reported higher salaries with greater family support. These results support the need for research to take into account the social context within which organizational and work behaviour takes place., An analysis of the relation between psychological factors and organizational operation in 65 male and 65 female managers confirmed the importance of recognizing the social context within which work and organizational behavior occurs. Men were lower than women on Type A behavior, speed, impatience and job involvement scale scores. Men were more likely to have families than women. Women seemed to gain less from marriage.

This study examined a research model developed to understand psychological burnout among school-based educators. Data were collected from 833 school-based educators using questionnaires completed anonymously. Four groups of predictor variables identified in previous research were considered: individual demographic and situational variables, work stressors, role conflict, and social support. Some support for the model was found. Work stressors were strong predictors of psychological burnout. Individual demographic characteristics, role conflict, and social support had little effect on psychological burnout.

The relationship between job satisfaction and psychological burnout was investigated by surveying 245 teachers and school administrators at one board of education. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to measure psychological burnout. The results indicated that a negative work environment and marital dissatisfaction were associated with greater stress, which led to increased burnout and decreased job satisfaction. Job dissatisfaction increased as the sources of stress and burnout increased. Decreased job satisfaction appeared to be caused by psychological burnout.

The present investigation examined three issues relevant to Golembiewski's phase model of psychological burnout. these were use of the mean versus median in creating high and low subgroups on Maslach Burnout Inventory subscales, use of different item structures on Maslach subscales, and different sequences of Maslach subscales proposed by Golembiewski and Maslach in the develoopment of psychological burnout. Use of mean versus median, or different item structures on Maslach subscales, made relatively little difference. Golembiewski's ordering of the subscales, compared to maslach's, produced a more linear progression over the 8 phases, as well as on three antecedents and consequences, but both sequences were related to these three variables in an almost identical fashion.

A study among female, unmarried undergraduates showed that while the majority planned on both career and family, the priority was family; career commitment was a predictor of educational, career, and family plans; and, as women aspire to the full-time career model, they tend to show more stereotypically masculine traits. (Author/MJL)

The health care sector has undergone significant change during the past decade as hospitals struggle to provide the same service with fewer resources. This study examined perceptions of hospital restructuring and downsizing and their effects on nursing staff as a function of years in nursing. Data were obtained from 1,362 staff nurses by questionnaire. Nursing staff having less tenure generally described and responded to hospital restructuring and downsizing in more negative terms. Nursing staff having less tenure were in better health, reflecting their younger age. Some implications for hospital administration and the nursing profession are raised. Entrants to hospital-based nursing staff positions are the life blood of the profession. Their reactions to hospital restructuring and downsizing may influence their commitment to nursing as well as hospital functioning. The profession may have difficulty attracting young women and men into nursing programs. As longer tenured nursing staff retire, a potential shortage of nurses may result.

Sex differences in levels of experienced psychological burnout, and its antecedents and consequences, were examined among teachers and department heads. Male teachers reported greater burnout and less job satisfaction than did female teachers. Although male department heads scored significantly higher on psychological burnout, there were no sex differences on measures of satisfaction and emotional well-being. The findings are explained in terms of sex differences in levels of social support.

This study compared levels of self-reported psychological burnout, and its antecedents and consequences, among male and female teachers/administrators of three ages of students: elementary--6 to 12 yr., junior--13 to 14 yr., and secondary--15 to 20 yr. Elementary teachers/administrators exhibited significantly lower psychological burnout than junior and secondary teachers/administrators. Similar parters of differences were present on theoretically-based antecedents and consequences of burnout.

This investigation compared levels of psychological burnout and its antecedents and consequences among teachers, department heads, and principals from a single school board. The data showed that increased stress and burnout were associated with decreased administrative responsibilities. Possible explanations for these findings are provided.

Career orientations of 833 male and female school-based educators were examined at the start of their teaching careers and currently. Data were collected using anonymous questionnaires. Although more men held Careerist occupational self-concepts than women initially, this career orientation decreased for men and increased for women over time. The presence of the Careerist orientation was associated with increasing administrative responsibility for both men and women.

Cherniss' (1980) framework was used to examine the effects of work environment characteristics and personal variables on psychological burnout among 833 teachers. Data from anonymous questionnaires revealed that the interaction of work environment and personal characteristics do contribute to work stress and burnout.