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تهدف الدراسة الراهنة الي التعرض للعلاقة القائمة بين تطور المجتمع الإنساني وارتباط ذلك بتطور العقوبات مع التركيز بشكل خاص على مجتمع الإمارات، ولتحقيق ذلك تستخدم المنهج الوصفي التحليلي والمنهج التاريخي وتعمل علي الحصول للمعلومات اللازمة بتوظيف اسلوب تحليل المضمون كأداة لتحقيق ذلك . وبما أن أمن المجتمع يقترن بوجود العقوبة الرادعة منذ القِدم ولتحقيق العدل بين أفراد المجتمع وإنصاف المجني عليه وجوب معاقبة الجاني بمقدار الضرر الذي تسبب فيه بهدف الإصلاح والتأهيل وليس الانتقام منه ، فلم يُولَد الفرد مجرمًا ولكن ظروف التنشئة الاجتماعية وثقافة المجتمع المحيط به من أهم النواحي التي تؤثر في شخصية الفرد، وبما أنَّ الإنسان يميل بطبعه إلى مبدأ الممنوع مرغوب ولكن تختلف درجة الرغبة من فرد لآخر فلا يوجد شخص كامل فالكمال لله وحده لا شريك له، لذا فالعقوبة لها أثر كبير في المجتمع فالعقوبة للجاني مَثَلَت الردع الخاص الذي يهدف إلى إعادة تقويم المحكوم عليه لإعادته مرة أخرى للمجتمع مُؤثراً فيه ومُتأثراً به وللمجتمع مَثَلَت الردع العام، ولكي يُحقق الردع بصورتيه الخاص والعام أمن وعدالة المجتمع وجب مواكبة العقوبة لتطور المجتمع ومستواه الاقتصادي والاجتماعي والثقافي.

Degradation in reinforced concrete (RC) members associated with rebar corrosion in old buildings is one major concern that can significantly affect the strength and serviceability of RC structures. Strengthening existing structures using FRP can comprise complex assessment and design processes. This study addresses the critical issue of modeling the behavior associated with steel reinforcement corrosion in RC slab-column joints (SCJs). Three modeling methods, namely artificial neural network (ANN), Eureqa's symbolic regression algorithm, and analytical modeling, are proposed to predict the punching shear (PS) capacity of corroded RC SCJs by accounting for the changes in material properties due to corrosion and the strengthening provided by different types of FRP. The accuracy of the proposed models is validated through comparisons with experimental results and a verified finite element (FE) model that considers material deterioration and bond degradation. The results demonstrate that the proposed models offer more accurate PS capacity predictions than existing design codes. Among the considered prediction models, the ANN model exhibits superior performance and is recommended for PS capacity prediction. A practical design tool in the form of a graphical user interface (GUI) was created to facilitate the assessment and prediction of the PS behavior of corroded RC SCJs. Engineers can conveniently use this GUI to evaluate and predict the performance of such joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with liver cirrhosis who present with bleeding esophageal varices are at a higher risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI), which, in turn, has negative impacts and a poor prognosis. In our study, we aimed to determine the association between recurrent esophageal variceal bleeding and the presence of AKI in patients with liver cirrhosis. Methods: Our study included 203 cirrhotic patients, divided into two groups based on the absence or presence of AKI. All patients underwent a comprehensive medical history evaluation, clinical examination, and laboratory investigations. Treatment for all patients included fluid resuscitation, vasopressor agents, and endoscopic management. Both groups were closely monitored to assess the rate of esophageal variceal re-bleeding. Results: Out of the 203 patients, 91 (45%) developed AKI. Several factors, such as low systemic blood pressure, a high volume of blood transfusion, and a high Child-Pugh score, were identified as independent predictors for AKI. Factors such as Child-Pugh scores (p = 0.006), active bleeding observed during endoscopy (p = 0.04), and the occurrence of AKI (p = 0.049) were identified as independent predictors of variceal re-bleeding at both 72 hours and 1 month. Among patients with AKI, the variceal re- bleeding rate was 27.5% at 72 hours, 16.5% at 1 month, and 12.1% at 3 months, compared to 9%, 5.4%, and 4.5%, r espectively, in patients without AKI. Within the first 72 hours, the rate of esophageal variceal re-bleeding was higher in patients with a more advanced stage of AKI. Conclusions: The incidence of recurrent esophageal variceal bleeding was significantly higher in patients with liver cirrhosis who developed AKI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]