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The purpose of the present research was to examine the effect of sensory integration exercises on the sensory profile of children with dyslexia and dysgraphia. The statistical population included all the 7-10 year old primary students with dyslexia and dysgraphia in Behshahr, who had already referred to children’s learning disorder rehabilitation centers in the academic year 1390. Thirty students with dyslexia and 30 students with dysgraphia were randomly selected through (non-random) convenience sampling and assigned to experimental and control groups (15 students in each group). To collect the data, the researchers used the children’s sensory profile questionnaire, and to analyze the data, one-way covariance analysis was conducted. The results indicated that implementing sensory integration exercises enhance some factors of sensory profile (sensory seeking, emotional reaction, oral sensory sensitivity, inattention/distractibility, sedentary, fine motor / perceptual factors) in children with dyslexia. However, sensory integration exercises were found to have no effect on the low endurance/tone, poor registration, and sensory sensitivity of the children with dyslexia. Moreover, it was revealed that sensory integration exercises (as the independent variable) increased all factors of sensory profile significantly in children with dysgraphia.

The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between the variables of autonomy theory (autonomy need, merit and dependency) with the students´ social intelligence. The statistical population included 386 Zanjan Islamic Azad University students with age range from 18 to 39. The sampling method was stratified sampling. To gather the data two kinds of questionnaires namely. Psychological need satisfaction scale and the social intelligence scale were used. The descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson's correlation) were used to test the hypotheses. The results showed that there was a positive signification difference between the autonomy and merit need satisfaction with social intelligence, while there was a negative significant difference between the dependency need satisfactions with social intelligence. The results also showed that there wasn’t any relationship between gender and social intelligence. The satisfaction of the essential psychological needs can be effective on increasing social intelligence but it is still in its primary stages.

Bu çalışmada iki ayaklı robot?un (BİROL), tasarımını ve uygulamasını gerçekleştirip dinamik yürümesinin test edilmesi planlanmıştır. BİROL?un en önemli özellikleri 12 serbestlik derecesinin olması ve servomotorla çalışmasıdır. Bu çalışmada BİROL?un kontrolü ve simülasyonu MATLAB / Simulink ortamında, gerçek zamanlı uygulamalar kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kontrolcü tasarımına başlamadan önce, matematiksel model, Denavit-Hartenberg ve Newton-Euler yöntemi kullanılarak elde edilmiştir.Bir istikrarlı çevrimdışı yürüme modeli, merkezi örüntü üreteçlerini (CPG) kulanarak önce bir masa üstü yürüyen robot sonra da BIROL için oluşturulmuştur. Robotun dengesini sağlamak için tüm eklemlerinin gerekli yörüngesini oluşturan ve sıfır moment noktasını (ZMP) sağlayan, bir hareket modeli kullanılmıştır. Güç sensörleriyle yapılan ölçümler, gerçek sistemde ve simülasyonda yer teması gücü karşılaştırması için kullanılmıştır. This dissertation reports on the developments of the bipedal walking robot BIROL. Special about it is that BIROL has 12 degrees of freedom and is actuated with the servomotors which are controlled in real time mode by RTWT through Matlab/Simulink. Before designing the controller, mathematical model has been obtained using Denavit-Hartenberg convention and Newton-Euler method. We generated a dynamically consistent motion pattern o?-line by using central pattern generators (CPG) first for a Test Bench Walking Robot then for BIROL Robot. In order to keep the balance of robot the motion pattern consists the desired trajectories of all joints and the desired zero moment point (ZMP) trajectory. Force sensory feedbacks give the ground contact forces to compare real system with simulation. 92

Despite the wealth of knowledge on enzymes, their evolutionary emergence is still poorly understood. The classical view that enzymes are highly precise molecular machines has been replaced with the fact that enzymes, as ensemble of conformers, are able to carry secondary activities. Although these unwanted activities are less intense compared to what the enzymes have been specialized for, they may interfere with the metabolism and impose a cost to the cell. Therefore, in in vivo directed evolution of enzymes, restraining effects of fitness costs on the host organism would become beneficial for success. Through successes and failures on directed evolution of a D-alanyl-D-alanine-peptidase (DD-peptidase) from Thermosynechococcus elongatus, named PBP-A, into a beta-lactamase, we have accumulated evidences that this conversion follows a counter-intuitive evolutionary trajectory that is hindered by fitness costs on the host bacteria. In this study, we envisioned to further explore the molecular origins of this fitness cost and to evaluate molecular mechanisms that may contribute to fitness improvement. For that, we initially characterized the PBP-A enzyme by in vitro assays and found that it carries several activities, beside the previously reported DD-carboxypeptidase (DD-CPase) activity. One of the activities that was found to be effective on peptidoglycan of the host Escherichia coli cells, was DD-endopeptidase (DD-EPase) activity. Analysis of the peptidoglycan of the E. coli cells under expression of PBP-A showed a less-crosslinked peptidoglycan as the main origin of the fitness cost. To overcome this cost, we examined several parameters including expression level, pH dependence and potential electrostatic interaction between PBP-A and the peptidoglycan. We found that reducing the expression level of PBP-A, lowering its isoelectric point and avoiding acidic pH conditions, significantly improves the fitness cost. We further investigated the introduction of a disulfide bridge, which is conserved in many class A serine β-lactamases, in PBP-A. Fitness improvement of disulfide-bonded PBP-A was significant and analysis of peptidoglycan indicated that the interfering activity on peptidoglycan was significantly reduced. Further in vitro characterization of the enzymes shows a severe impact of the disulfide bridge on the DD-peptidase activity, without compromising the reactivity against penicillin. Based on these results we propose that disulfide bonds played an intragenic (positive) epistatic role, along evolutionary trajectories from PBPs to β-lactamase, to secure the enzyme against deleterious effects of gaining the hydrolytic power, highlighting an overlooked role of disulfide bonds to impact the structure-function relationship of proteins by constraining the conformational dynamics. To benefit from the single-copy chromosomal expression in the directed evolution approach, we developed a novel scarless method for building chromosomal libraries in genome of E. coli, based on a combination of CRISPR-Cas9 cleavage and λ-Red recombination system. This method allows generation of chromosomal libraries up to million independent clones. We then subjected different variants of PBP-A to directed evolution under the fitness-improving parameters. Although all the attempts to convert PBP-A to a beta-lactamase were not successful, a slightly higher resistance was achievable from the libraries of disulfide-bonded PBP-A, that was strangely not stable upon re-growing of the resistant population. The results of this thesis clearly demonstrate that fitness cost issues are multi-factorial and that an initial careful attention to every biological parameter may be crucial for the success of a directed evolution campaign, especially when dealing with potentially dangerous enzymatic activity such as a hydrolase. (SC - Sciences) -- UCL, 2022