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Chronic neuropathic pain is often very difficult to treat effectively and constitutes a significant burden on both the affected patients and society. Invasive neuromodulation, electrical stimulation of specific nerve structures with implanted electrodes, can be a viable treatment option for patients suffering from severe, chronic neuropathic pain where conventional treatment has not provided sufficient pain relief. Careful patient selection is vital. This paper provides an overview of the treatment field in Denmark.

The discovery and application of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a novel treatment modality for diseases, which remain incurable. Particularly, in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), iPSC‑technology holds an interesting prospect for replacement therapy. Currently, the prognostic improvement of PD is limited and relies on symptomatic treatment. However, the symptomatic dopamine‑replacement therapies lose their long‑duration responses, and novel regenerative treatment modalities are needed. Animal models have provided valuable information and identified pathogenic mechanisms underlying PD but the lack of models that recapitulate the complex pathophysiology of the disease postpones further development of novel therapeutics. This review summarizes the possible uses of iPSCs in PD and discusses the future investigations needed for iPSCs as a possible treatment of PD patients.

The aim was to establish a non-primate large animal PD model by lentiviral vector mediated mutant alpha-synuclein overexpression in the substantia nigra. Lentivirus encoding A53T alpha-synuclein (6 x 2.5 μl) was stereotaxically injected into the substantia nigra of six adult female Göttingen minipigs. Contralateral control injections encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) were performed. Gait-analysis was performed pre- and postoperatively. PCR of the transgenes and immunohistochemical staining against alpha-synuclein, EGFP, GFAP and TH was performed after 20 weeks. Gait analysis revealed a significant increase in step length and height, and a decrease in the double stand phase. PCR verified the mesencephalic presence of transgenes. IHC analysis showed alpha-synuclein expression in nigral neurons, around the injection tract and in related nigrostriatal projections. The alpha-synuclein positive neurons appeared swollen and vacuolated, in contrast to the EGFP-injected control side. To transduct all nigrostriatal cells with few microinjections, wider dissemination of the transgene must be achieved.