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RESUMEN La enfermedad meningocócica representa un problema de salud pública y una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo. Los serogrupos que causan la mayor carga de enfermedad a nivel global son A, B, C, W e Y. El objetivo del estudio fue describir los serogrupos y la resistencia antimicrobiana de Neisseria meningitidis aisladas de enfermedad invasiva en Paraguay durante el periodo 2010-2020. Se estudiaron todas las muestras de líquido cefalorraquídeo y sangre con aislamientos o detección de ADN por PCR de N. meningitidis de pacientes de diversas edades, que fueron remitidas al Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública durante el periodo 2010-2020, dentro del marco de la vigilancia epidemiológica de meningitis (n=163) en Paraguay. La mayor frecuencia de hallazgos de N. meningitidis se observó en el grupo de edad de < 1 año. El 25,7% de los casos correspondió al serogrupo B, el 52,1% al serogrupo C, 18,4% al serogrupo W y 3,7% al serogrupo Y. En el 2018, se evidenció la mayor cantidad de casos por serogrupo C (n=27). La menor frecuencia de sensibilidad disminuida a penicilina G fue en el 2010 (12,5%) y la mayor en el 2014 (100,0%). Se registró un aumento de casos por serogrupo C a partir del 2017, posicionándose como serogrupo prevalente hasta el 2020, y además, un aumento de la sensibilidad disminuida a la penicilina. La vigilancia es de importancia en el control de la enfermedad meningocócica para detección de brotes, estimación de la carga de enfermedad, análisis de resistencia antimicrobiana, distribución de serogrupos y evaluaciones de estrategias de control. ABSTRACT Meningococcal disease represents a public health problem and one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The serogroups that cause the highest burden of disease globally are A, B, C, W, and Y. The aim of the study was to describe serogroups and antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria meningitidis isolated from invasive disease in Paraguay during the 2010-2020 period. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid and blood with isolates or detection of DNA by PCR of N. meningitidis from patients of different ages referred to the Central Public Health Laboratory during the period 2010-2020 within the framework of the epidemiological surveillance of meningitis (n = 163) in Paraguay were studied. The highest frequency of N. meningitidis findings was observed in the

Esta investigación analiza las informaciones relativas a Roberto Bolaño en los medios generalistas, como caso de estudio para conocer cómo se desarrollan los procesos de reinterpretación mediática que introduce el periodismo cuando trata de literatura. A través de un análisis de contenido, se analizan los 208 relatos que tres periódicos españoles: El País, El Mundo y ABC y el chileno La Nación han publicado sobre un escritor que ha logrado premios, el prestigio de la crítica y gran éxito comercial. El estudio revela que el autor chileno es un personaje periodístico por la notoriedad que la prensa le otorga, aunque cada periódico tiene diferentes criterios de selección; de hecho, el polémico cambio de editorial realizado por la viuda fue obviado por algunos medios, lo que puede explicarse por las relaciones de la prensa con el sector editorial. En todo caso se prima, sobre todo entre los periódicos españoles, una imagen muy positiva del escritor, con atributos y valoraciones que le encumbran como gran autor universal. Bolaño aparece en prensa no solo cuando se publican o reeditan sus obras, también con motivo de premios, exposiciones, u otros homenajes, confirmando la rutina de destacar la crónica social propia de los eventos culturales. De sus obras, destacan Los detectives salvajes y 2666, los libros más conocidos, mencionados como elementos de identificación del autor. Especial importancia tiene su muerte, que marca el inicio de su presencia mediática, otra característica propia del periodismo cultural que ayuda, además, a la creación del mito del autor maldito. This research analyzes the information related to Roberto Bolaño in the generalist media, as a case study to learn how the processes of media reinterpretation that journalism introduces when dealing with literature are developed. Through a content analysis, the 200 stories that three Spanish newspapers: El País, El Mundo and ABC and the Chilean La Nación have published about a writer who has won awards, critical prestige and great commercial success are analyzed. The study reveals that the Chilean author is a journalistic character due to the notoriety that the press gives him, although each newspaper has different selection criteria; in fact, the controversial change of publisher made by the widow was ignored by some media, which can be explained by the relations of the press with the publishing sector. In any case, a very positive image of the writer prevails, especially among Spanish newspapers, with attributes and evaluations that elevate him as a great universal author. Bolaño appears in the press not only when his works are published or republished, but also on the occasion of awards, exhibitions, or other tributes, confirming the routine of highlighting the social chronicle of cultural events. Of his works, Los detectives Salvajes and 2666 stand out, the best-known books, mentioned as elements of identification of the author. Of special importance is his death, which marks the beginning of his media presence, another characteristic of cultural journalism that also helps to create the myth of the cursed author.

Laundry greywater is considered as an alternative source of non-potable water, as it is discharged in approximately 70% of homes. Because this water contains compounds such as biodegradable and recalcitrant organic matter, surfactants, and microbiological compounds, it must be treated prior to reuse. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the behavior of organic matter and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in greywater treated by a constructed wetland (CW). The results show that the organic matter removal efficiencies were 67.19%, 50.15%, and 63.57% for biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC), respectively; these efficiencies were not significant (p > 0.05). In addition, the CW allows the distribution of TOC and ionic compounds in the fractions below 1000 Da to increase by 5.03% and 13.05%, respectively. Meanwhile, the treatment of microbiological compounds generated non-significant removals (p > 0.05), along with increases in bacteria resistant to the antibiotics ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ceftriaxone (CTX) of 36.34%, and 40.79%, respectively. In addition, a strong association between ARB to CIP, CTX, cationic and non-ionic surfactants was determined, indicating the role of surfactants in ARB selection. It is suggested that disinfection systems should be employed prior to the reuse of the treated water.

Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp. are parasites that cause diseases in the population. Most of parasite diseases regarding the consumption of drinking water polluted with sewage are caused by Cryptosporidium sp. or Giardia sp. it is because of the incomplete disinfection of the wastewater treatment. Therefore, in this work the removal or inactivation efficiency of different treatment technologies presented by around 40 scientific studies was evaluated, with a view to water circularity. For Cryptosporidium sp., we conclude that the most efficient secondary technologies are aerobic technologies, which remove between 0.00 and 2.17 log units (Ulog), with activated sludge presenting the greatest efficiency, and that the tertiary technologies with the greatest removal are those that use ultrasound, which reach removal values of 3.17 Ulog. In the case of Giardia sp., the secondary technologies with the greatest removal are anaerobic technologies, with values between 0.00 and 3.80 Ulog, and the tertiary technologies with the greatest removal are those that combine filtration with UV or a chemical disinfection agent. Despite the removal values obtained, the greatest concern remains detecting and quantifying the infectious forms of both parasites in effluents; therefore, although the technologies perform adequately, discharge effluents must be monitored with more sensitive techniques, above all aiming for circularity of the treated water in a context of the water scarcity that affects some parts of the world.

The educational inclusion of gifted students requires not only equity but also emotional accessibility and social participation. However, different studies indicate that gifted students constitute a vulnerable group (for example, the incidence of bullying is higher). Psychosocial variables are determinants for the development and expression of giftedness, particularly during adolescence. This study analyzes the impact of an inclusive extracurricular enrichment program for gifted secondary school students on the well-being of adolescents. The program was based on the enrichment model of Renzulli and Reis (2016). The objective was to develop a cluster to facilitate high-achieving learning in collaboration with teachers, administrators, and guidance counselors from their schools as well as university professors and students that would address their emotions and socialization across the board and benefit or involve their peers in their regular classrooms. The intervention took place over two years: eight sessions, one afternoon per week, for five months during each school year. The sample consisted of 47 students from the first and second years of compulsory secondary education (Educación Secundaria Obligatoria - ESO) (age, mean (M) = 12.57, standard deviation (SD) = 0.82) during the first year and 27 students from the first, second, and third years of ESO (age, M = 13.48, SD = 0.94) during the second year; 61.4% were girls. Participants completed a questionnaire before (T1) and (T3) and after (T2) and (T4) each intervention. The results show better outcomes for psychological and subjective well-being, more positive moods, and a significant reduction in school fears. The results from this study indicate the importance of educational screening and support for gifted students to promote their well-being through collaborative enrichment activities.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the distribution of the molecular weights of the recalcitrant organic matter contained in kraft mill effluents and identify microbial consortia responsible for an anaerobic biodegradable fraction. As a result, the average removal efficiencies of chemical organic demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD

The main objective of this review is to evaluate the performance of constructed wetlands (CWs) used to reduce antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) during sewage treatment. To accomplish this objective, statistical and correlation analyses were performed using published data to determine the influence of operational and design parameters on ARG reduction in CWs. The effects of design and operational parameters, such as different CW configurations, seasonality, monoculture and polyculture, support medium, and hydraulic retention time (HRT), on ARG removals, were analyzed. A comparison of ARG reduction under different CW configurations showed that the hybrid configuration of surface flow (SF)–vertical subsurface flow (VSSF) achieved the highest reductions, with values of 1.55 ulog. In this case, aeration is considered an important factor to reduce ARGs in CWs, and it should be considered in future studies. However, statistical analyses showed that the ARG reductions under different CW configurations were not significant (p > 0.05). The same behavior was observed when the effects of operational factors on ARG reductions were analyzed (p > 0.05). The results of this study show that CWs are not optimal technologies to reduce ARGs in sewage. The combination of CWs with advanced wastewater technologies can be a solution for enhancing ARG reduction and reducing the spread of antibiotic resistance.

Kraft mill effluents are characterized by their content of suspended solids, organic matter and color due to the presence of lignin, lignin derivatives and tannins. Additionally, Kraft mill effluents contain adsorbable organic halogens and wood extractive compounds (resin acids, fatty acids, phytosterol) and show high conductivity due to the chemical compounds used in the digestion process of pulp. Currently, Kraft mills are operating under the concept of a linear economy and, therefore, their effluents are generating serious toxicity effects, detected in daphnia, fish and biosensors. These effluents are treated by activated sludge and moving bed biofilm systems that are unable to remove recalcitrant organic matter, color and biological activity (toxicity) from effluents. Moreover, under climate change, these environmental effects are being exacerbated and some mills have had to stop their operation when the flows of aquatic ecosystems are lower. The aim of this review is to discuss the treatment of Kraft pulp mill effluents and their impact regarding the current practices and future perspectives towards sustainability under climate change. Kraft pulp mill sustainability involves the closure of water circuits in order to recirculate water and reduce the environmental impact, as well as the implementation of advanced technology for these purposes., This research was funded by ANID/FONDAP/15130015.

Recent research has addressed the special relationship between energy poverty and women. Despite that not many studies are yet available, results show that there might be strong gender inequalities connected with household’s energy deprivation. Furthermore, differentiated health impacts have been detected between men and women, putting women into a more vulnerable position. In this sense, the so-called feminization of energy poverty is urging a revision of the existing studies from a gender perspective to foster its inclusion within energy poverty alleviation policies. The present study explores the links between summer energy poverty and gender in the city of Madrid. Summer energy poverty is considered another variety of energy deprivation particularly relevant within mid- and low-latitude countries, in which energy consumption for cooling is heavily increasing. It also seems to be particularly relevant in cities in which the urban heat island introduces relevant variations in the microclimatic conditions that might increase the housing-cooling demand. Following the methodology developed in previous studies, the risk of suffering from summer energy poverty is, in this paper, explored considering the household’s gender composition. The geospatial distribution of their vulnerability is compared with other indicators related to their exposure to high temperatures: the housing energy efficiency and the cooling degree hours. The evaluation at the sub-municipal scale is carried out among the different subgroups in which a woman is the main breadwinner: single women with children and single women over 65 years old. Their situation is also compared to those households in which a man is the main breadwinner. The analysis of the selected variables is conducted using a hot spot analysis, which evaluates the autocorrelation of each variable according to its spatial distribution. Results show that women living alone and above 65 years old seem to be under the highest risk. They concentrate in areas with low energy-efficient housing stock and strong urban heat island intensities. On a general basis, the income gap between women and men makes it advisable to address energy poverty with a gender perspective.

espanolLos paradigmas son fundamentales en la investigacion y aun mas cuando se ignoran, pues se dan por supuestos. Con el objetivo de obtener perspectivas acerca de los significados y de las implicaciones de los paradigmas en el campo de la comunicacion, en una linea de trabajo de metainvestigacion con perspectiva historica, orientada a identificar el andamiaje intelectual que ha venido definiendo la investigacion, se realizo un analisis de contenido cualitativo de tres publicaciones referentes especializadas en metainvestigacion en comunicacion: los dos volumenes del Journal of Communication, “Ferment in the Field” (1983) y “The Future of the FieldBetween Fragmentation and Cohesion” (1993), y el volumen 1 de Rethinking Communication, "Paradigm Issues" (1989). A partir del analisis de estos volumenes, se obtuvieron perspectivas respecto de la existencia o no de paradigmas en el campo de la comunicacion, asi como ideas y propuestas para ir construyendo un paradigma que motive y que posibilite una investigacion con una mision transformadora, orientada a generar entornos mas democraticos. EnglishParadigms are essential to research; even more so when they are overlooked because many things are taken for granted. Aiming to gain some perspectives on the meanings and implications of the paradigms in the field of communication, in a work line of meta-research under a historic perspective, intended to identify the intellectual workings that defined the research practice so far, a qualitative content analysis was conducted on three specialized reference publications of communication meta-research: two volumes of the Journal of Communication, “Ferment in the Field” (1983) and “The Future of the Field-Between Fragmentation and Cohesion” (1993); and volume 1 of Rethinking Communication, "Paradigm Issues" (1989). The analysis of these volumes enabled to gain some perspectives on whether paradigms exist or not in the field of communication. It also allowed seeing whether there are ideas and proposals to build a paradigm that encourages and makes possible the research driven by a transforming mission, intended to create more democratic environments. portuguesOs paradigmas sao fundamentais na pesquisa e ainda mais quando ignorados, pois sao dados como certos. Com o objetivo de obter perspectivas sobre os significados e implicacoes dos paradigmas no campo da comunicacao, em uma linha de trabalho de metapesquisa com perspectiva historica, que visa identificar o andaime intelectual que a pesquisa tem definido, foi realizada uma analise de conteudo qualitativo de tres publicacoes referentes especializadas em meta-pesquisa em comunicacao: os dois volumes do Journal of Communication, “Ferment in the Field” (1983) e “The Future of the Field-Between Fragmentation and Cohesion” (1993), e o volume 1 de Rethinking Communication, "Paradigm Issues" (1989). A partir da analise desses volumes, obtiveram-se perspectivas quanto a existencia ou nao de paradigmas no campo da comunicacao, bem como ideias e propostas para ir construindo um paradigma que motive e possibilite uma pesquisa com missao transformadora, orientada a gerar entornos mais democraticos.

Watching movies can be something more than watching a movie, so that the film experience is more complete, you have to read movies, because those words written and read teach you to watch. For that, the cinematographic journalism arises, that not only gives account of the surroundings of the cinema, also analyzes and interprets the films. They are not good times for film journalism, because of the crisis of journalism and the multiplication of voices promoted by the Internet. But the existence of professional criticism and film magazines is still necessary, due to its popularizing role and its potential so that the public can see and understand the film.

The content of the 847 papers presented by authors from Spanish universities at the six conferences of the Spanish Communication Research Association (AE-IC) is analyzed. The six conferences were held in Santiago de Compostela (2008), Malaga (2010), Tarragona (2012), Bilbao (2014), Madrid (2016), and Salamanca (2018). The research variables of study are: author’s profiles, geographic location, gender, home university, most commonly studied topics, and considered media. The results confirm that the gender divide no longer exist: in fact, there are more female than male authors. Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona exhibit the highest rates of participation, and Madrid and Catalonia are the most active regions, followed by Andalusia and Valencia. The topics treated are quite diverse, with the study of media content standing out, mainly those focused on political communication. Other common topics are the impact of the digital age, and audiovisual media structure. Resumen Se analiza el contenido de los 847 trabajos presentados por autores de universidades españolas en las 6 conferencias de la Asociación Española de Investigación en Comunicación (AE-IC). Las 6 conferencias se llevaron a cabo en Santiago de Compostela 2008, Málaga 2010, Tarragona 2012, Bilbao 2014, Madrid 2016 y Salamanca 2018. Las variables de investigación de estudio son: perfiles del autor, ubicación geográfica, género, universidad de origen, temas estudiados más comunes y medios involucrados. Los resultados confirman que ya no existe división de género: de hecho, hay más autoras que autores. La Universidad Complutense de Madrid y la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona son las que tienen las tasas de participación más altas, y Madrid y Catalunya son las regiones más activas, seguidas por Andalucía y Valencia. Los temas tratados son bastante diversos, destacando los estudios de contenidos de los medios, principalmente los centrados en la comunicación política. Otros temas comunes son el impacto de la era digital y la estructura de los medios audiovisuales.

El propósito del presente estudio fue determinar la relación entre el apego parental y la dependencia emocional. La muestra estuvo formada por 110 mujeres con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 36 años del distrito de Túcume- Lambayeque en el centro poblado la Raya en Perú. Para establecer la relación se aplicó un diseño transversal correlacional en el cual se midió el apego emocional y la dependencia emocional, utilizando el Cuestionario de Lazos Parentales - Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI Parker, Tuplin y Brown, 1979) y el Inventario de Dependencia Emocional (IDE Aiquipa Tello, 2012). Se encontró una relación significativa entre el apego parental y la dependencia emocional. En cuanto al análisis correlacional de las variables de estudio se encontró correlación altamente significativa entre la dimensión cuidado paterno y la dimensión prioridad de la pareja; sobreprotección materna con miedo a la soledad; sobreprotección paterna con las dimensiones prioridad a la pareja; deseos de control y dominio; subordinación y sumisión a un nivel de significancia, las mujeres de la muestra manifestaron comportamientos y conductas orientadas a mantenerse en relaciones inapropiadas perjudicando su autonomía emocional.

The aim of this study is to evaluate seasonal enhancement of nitrogen removal on domestic wastewater treatment performance by partially saturated and saturated HBCWs. To achieve this, two HBCWs consisting of a vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland, followed by a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (VSSF-HSSF) were evaluated. Two saturation levels were used: (a) partially saturated HB1:VSSF1 (0.6 m)-HSSF1 (0.15 m), (b) saturated HB2: VSSF2 (0.8 m)-HSSF2 (0.25 m). Each unit was planted with Schoenoplectus californicus and was operated for 297 days. The removal efficiencies in HB1 and HB2 were above 70%, 86%, 77% and 55% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen as ammonium (NH4+-N), and total nitrogen (TN), respectively. For VSSF, a higher level of saturation (from 0.6 to 0.8 m) meant a decrease of 17% in the TN removal efficiencies, and for HSSF, an increase from 0.15 to 0.25 m of saturation meant a decrease of 11 and 10% in the NH4+-N and TN removal efficiencies, respectively. Thus, the increase of saturation level in HBCWs reduces the transformation and/or removal of components of the wastewaters to be treated, particularly nitrogen. Through this research, the possibility of optimizing the transformation of nitrogen with partially saturated hybrids can be examined.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the stability of activated sludge (AS) in the treatment of kraft pulp mill effluent exposed to black liquor shock, as well as the effect of its exposure on the morphology of Daphnia magna and DNA damage through mutagenicity and genotoxicity response in Salmonella typhimurium. To this end, we applied doses of 2-, 4-, 10-, and 30-mL black liquor/L influent—shock 1 (S1), shock 2 (S2), shock 3 (S3), and shock 4 (S4), respectively—to kraft pulp mill effluent. The system stability was checked by analyzing heterotrophic biomass activity and discharge quality, evaluated using Ames test and Daphnia magna. The results show that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency for normal conditions was 64.84%, falling to 61.68%, and 61.31% for S1 and S2, respectively, and values of 52.11% for S3 and 20.34% for S4. The biomass activity decreased after each shock was applied, but then recovered. There was no evidence of lethal toxicity (LC50) to Daphnia magna at any of the concentrations. Therefore, it is feasible to apply doses S1 and S2 to an AS system that treats kraft pulp mill effluent.

Resumen Se describe la frecuencia de aislamientos de S. pneumoniae causante de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva (ENI) en adultos, la distribución de los serotipos y su sensibilidad antimicrobiana en Paraguay durante el periodo 2013-2018. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo observacional retrospectivo de corte transversal en el que se estudiaron un total de 269 cepas de S. pneumoniae aisladas en líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) (76/269), líquido pleural (174/269) y hemocultivo 19/269), provenientes de los diferentes centros centinelas y colaboradores de la vigilancia de meningitis y neumonías bacterianas en Paraguay durante el periodo 2013 a setiembre de 2018. Se halló que el 28.0% de los casos correspondieron a meningitis bacteriana aguda (MBA) (76/269), 65.0% a neumonías (174/269) y 7.0% a sepsis (19/269). Se observó una mayor frecuencia de casos en adultos mayores de 60 años en MBA 29.0%, en neumonías 46.0% y en sepsis 42.0%. Los serotipos más frecuentes fueron el 3 con 13.0% (34/269), el 19A 10.0% (26/269), el 14 con 5.0% (12/269), el 12F con 4.0% (11/269) y los NT con 6.0% (16/269). Se encontraron 43/269 (15.0%) serotipos incluidos en la PCV10, 118/269 (44.0%) incluidos en la PCV13 y 165/269 (61.0%) incluidos en la PCV23. En los casos de meningitis se detectaron 20 aislamientos de S. pneumoniae resistentes a penicilina (38.5%). Se concluye que es necesaria una vigilancia epidemiológica continua para evaluar la carga de enfermedad y medir la efectividad de la vacuna en esta población para comprender la plena magnitud de la ENI en Paraguay, incluyendo su impacto económico, y definir estrategias eficaces para prevenirla. Abstract Aim. Describe the frequency of S. pneumoniae isolates that cause invasive pneumococcal disease (ENI) in adults, the distribution of serotypes and their antimicrobial sensitivity in Paraguay during the period 2013-2018. The approach conforms a cross-sectional retrospective observational descriptive study in which a total of 269 strains of S. pneumoniae isolated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (76/269), pleural fluid (174/269) and blood culture 19/269) were studied. the different sentinel centers and collaborators of the surveillance of bacterial meningitis and pneumonias in Paraguay during the period 2013 to September 2018. It was found that 28.0% of the cases corresponded to acute bacterial meningitis (MBA) (76/269), 65.0% to pneumonias (174/269) and 7.0% to sepsis (19/269). A higher frequency of cases was observed in adults over 60 years of age in MBA 29.0%, in pneumonia 46.0% and in sepsis 42.0%. The most frequent serotypes were 3 with 13.0% (34/269), 19A 10.0% (26/269), 14 with 5.0% (12/269), 12F with 4.0% (11/269) and NT with 6.0% (16/269). We found 43/269 (15.0%) serotypes included in PCV10, 118/269 (44.0%) included in PCV13 and 165/269 (61.0%) included in PCV23. In the cases of meningitis, they were detected 20 isolates of S. pneumoniae resistant to penicillin (38.5%). It can be conclude that continuous epidemiological surveillance is needed to assess the burden of disease and measure the impact of the vaccine in this population to understand the full magnitude of the ENI in Paraguay, including its economic impact, and define effective strategies to prevent it.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two ornamental plants in monoculture and polyculture horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetlands for treating wastewater. Two pilot-scale HSSF systems each with a surface area of 4.5 m2 were operated over two years (2015 and 2016); a) one was planted with a mixture of Cyperus papyrus and Zantedeschia aethiopica (HSSF-Cyp/Zant), and b) the other was planted only with Cyperus papyrus (HSSF-Cyp). To compare the performance between monoculture and polyculture systems, in situ parameters and organic matter (chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5)), total suspended solids (TSS), nutrients (total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP)) and pathogens (fecal coliform (FC) and total coliform (TC)) removal efficiencies were evaluated. Moreover, growth characteristics, biomass production and nutrients uptake of different plants used in HSSF systems were also compared. The removal efficiencies of organic matter, suspended solids, nutrients and pathogens during the operational years were above 60%, 90%, 10% and 1.8 Log most probable number (MPN)/100 mL, respectively, without significant differences between HSSF-Cyp/Zant and HSSF-Cyp. The biomass production and the density of both HSSF systems fluctuated between 19.7 and 21.5 kg dry weight (DW)/m2 and 454–684 individuals/m2. Regarding the nutrient content of different plants used, Zantedeschia aethiopica, which was planted in the polyculture system, had the highest TN and TP content in all plants tissues (59.6 g N/kg·DW and 8.28 g P/kg·DW, respectively). However, TN and TP mass balances determined that the effect of monoculture and polyculture systems was not significant. Despite these results, polyculture CWs represent a good alternative of treatment system because they provide social benefits to the community such the improving of the system landscape and a better habitat quality. Moreover, some authors reported that polyculture system enhance the resistance to environmental stress and disease and the system landscape.

Resumen Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina adquirido en la comunidad (SARM-AC) es uno de los principales patogenos causantes de infecciones de piel y partes blandas, aunque tambien se lo implica en infecciones graves, como osteomielitis y neumonia. El objetivo de este estudio descriptivo fue determinar el tipo de cassette SCCmec, el perfil de virulencia y la variabilidad genetica de 21 aislamientos de SARM-AC que infectaron a ninos paraguayos en el ano 2010. Se determino por PCR el tipo de cassette SCCmec y los factores de virulencia, en tanto que la variabilidad genetica se determino por la tecnica multiple locus variable analysis (MLVA). Todos los aislamientos (100%) presentaron cassette SCCmec iv ; algunos portaron factores de virulencia como hla, hlb y sea (el 28,6, el 9,5 y el 4,8%, respectivamente). El analisis MLVA mostro gran variabilidad genetica, con datos de antibiotipo y perfil de virulencia congruentes. Este trabajo pone de manifiesto por primera vez en Paraguay la presencia de SARM-AC portador del cassette SCCmec iv con elevada diversidad genetica.

La ventriculitis por Chryseobacterium indologenes puede ser un reto terapéutico importante, sobre todo cuando el germen adquiere resistencia intra tratamiento a los antimicrobianos habituales. La tigeciclina intraventricular podría ser una excelente opción en estos casos. Se presenta el caso de una escolar que recibió tratamiento intraventricular con tigeciclina, ante la ausencia de alternativas terapéuticas, con suceso exitoso.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the fate of aromatic compounds and organic matter in pilot constructed wetlands (CW) treating Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus sawmill industry leachate. Six lab-scale surface flow CW were built and fed in batches. Three CW were fed with P. radiata leachate, while the other three CW were fed with E. globulus leachate. Each group of three CW included two CW planted with Phragmites australis and one unplanted CW as control unit. A stable hydraulic retention time of seven days was maintained in each CW. The organic loading rate was gradually increased in three phases in the CW fed with P. radiata leachate (i.e., from 12 to 19 g COD/m2/day) and with E. globulus leachate (i.e., from 14 to 40 g COD/m2/day). The operation of the six CWs lasted 98 days. The CW treating P. radiata and E. globulus leachate had a similar performance. The highest performance was obtained by the unplanted CW (approximately 10&ndash, 20% higher than the planted CW), without significant differences observed between the P. radiata and E. globulus leachate treatment, regarding the removal efficiencies of organic matter and total phenolic compounds. The planted systems were probably affected by the high concentrations of these compounds applied, which probably created a toxic environment hindering the microbial community growth.

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is considered one of the most important human pathogens, and its levels of resistance to methicillin have increased even in strains isolated from people without nosocomial risk factors. Molecular analysis is essential for understanding the patterns of dissemination. The objective of this study was to identify community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) clones that infected Paraguayan children patients in two periods of time. Methodology: An observational, descriptive study was designed to determine the genetic variability of 115 isolates of CA-MRSA recovered from children who attended four reference centers in Paraguay between 2009-2010 and 2012-2013. Results: The combined use of Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Multi-Locus Sequencing Typing, Multi-Locus Variable Analysis (MLVA) and Spa typing techniques allowed the identification of two dominant clones: ST30-IV-t019 (77%) and ST5-IV-t311 (10%), and the establishment of the former as the leading cause of CA-MRSA infections in children during the study period. Conclusions: This is the first study that provides epidemiological information as well as microbiological and molecular characteristics of CA-MRSA isolates recovered from children from Asunción and the Central Department of Paraguay.

Se presentan en este artículo los resultados del proyecto “Mapa de la Investigación en Comunicación en las Universidades Españolas de 2007 a 2018” desde la perspectiva de los métodos y las técnicas de investigación que se han utilizado en las principales prácticas científicas realizadas en España en los últimos 10 años: proyectos I+D+i, artículos científicos publicados en revistas indexadas, comunicaciones presentadas en los congresos de la Asociación Española de Investigadores en Comunicación (AE-IC) y tesis doctorales del ámbito de la comunicación. Las conclusiones permiten corroborar la hipótesis de partida, que confirma al análisis de contenido como la técnica más utilizada en las prácticas científicas analizadas del campo de la comunicación, aunque también se utilizan, en menor proporción, otras técnicas de investigación social: análisis del discurso, entrevistas en profundidad y encuestas. In this article the results of the project "Map of Communication Research in Spanish Universities from 2007 to 2018" are presented from the perspective of the research methods and techniques employed in the main scientific practices carried out in Spain over the last ten years: R + D + i projects, scientific articles published in indexed journals, communications presented at the congresses of the Spanish Association of Communication Researchers (AEIC) and doctoral theses in the field of Communication. The conclusions tend to corroborate the initial hypothesis, which confirms content analysis as the most widely used technique in scientific practices in the field of Communication, although, to a lesser extent, other social research techniques are also used: discourse analysis, in-depth interviews and surveys. Investigación financiada por el proyecto de I+D+i: “Mapa de la Investigación en Comunicación en las Universidades Españolas de 2007 a 2018” (PGC2018-093358-B-100, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación).

This paper presents the evaluation and quantification of energy poverty in Madrid, at the city and district level. The incidence of energy poverty is assessed by means of the High Share of Energy Expenditure in Income indicator combined with the monetary poverty perspective, enabling to identify different energy-poor household profiles. The study links the city and district statistical levels. The analysis of the different household groups at the city level allows identifying several determining factors linked to energy poverty in Madrid. Based on these determining factors, this research explores district statistics by following an area-based approach and assesses its energy poverty distribution. The High Energy Requirements index is then built on these determining factors to help to pinpoint the urban areas where energy-poor households are more prone to be located. The results show that 22.7% of households are at risk of energy poverty and suggest a need for effectively incorporating households’ income levels and a monetary approach into energy poverty assessments. Finally, based on the two-scale (city and district) analysis conducted, this paper concludes with energy retrofitting policy guidelines, distinguishing between the different levels of funding, and the efficiency measures to be implemented according to each particular energy poverty condition.

The mining industry is the major producer of acid mine drainage (AMD). The problem of AMD concerns at active and abandoned mine sites. Acid mine drainage needs to be treated since it can contaminate surface water. Constructed wetlands (CW), a passive treatment technology, combines naturally-occurring biogeochemical, geochemical, and physical processes. This technology can be used for the long-term remediation of AMD. The challenge is to overcome some factors, for instance, chemical characteristics of AMD such a high acidity and toxic metals concentrations, to achieve efficient CW systems. Design criteria, conformational arrangements, and careful selection of each component must be considered to achieve the treatment. The main objective of this review is to summarize the current advances, applications, and the prevalent difficulties and opportunities to apply the CW technology for AMD treatment. According to the cited literature, sub-surface CW (SS-CW) systems are suggested for an efficient AMD treatment. The synergistic interactions between CW components determine heavy metal removal from water solution. The microorganism-plant interaction is considered the most important since it implies symbiosis mechanisms for heavy metal removal and tolerance. In addition, formation of litter and biofilm layers contributes to heavy metal removal by adsorption mechanisms. The addition of organic amendments to the substrate material and AMD bacterial consortium inoculation are some of the strategies to improve heavy metal removal. Adequate experimental design from laboratory to full scale systems need to be used to optimize equilibria between CW components selection and construction and operational costs. The principal limitations for CW treating AMD is the toxicity effect that heavy metals produce on CW plants and microorganisms. However, these aspects can be solved partially by choosing carefully constructed wetlands components suitable for the AMD characteristics. From the economic point of view, a variety of factors affects the cost of constructed wetlands, such as: detention time, treatment goals, media type, pretreatment type, number of cells, source, and availability of gravel media, and land requirements, among others.

This chapter describes the strategy of the constructed wetlands for treating domestic and/or industrial wastewater until now and to describe the use of constructed wetlands under a perspective of the global change scenario. Constructed wetlands are engineered systems that have been designed and constructed to treat water or biosolids under different operational conditions. According to hydraulic characteristics, they are classified in three types of wetlands: surface flow (SF), horizontal subsurface (HSSF), and vertical subsurface constructed wetlands (VSSF). SF wetlands are a type of constructed wetlands where the wastewater is exposed to the atmosphere. HSSF wetland is a system where wastewater circulates through the support medium, rhizomes, and roots plants. In a VSSF wetland, wastewater is fed intermittently onto the bed surface flooding the entire surface and then by gravity, percolates and drains through the medium support. Hybrid constructed wetlands are systems which operation and performance consists in a combination of various constructed wetlands operated sequentially.

RESUMEN Introducción: La capacidad de S. aureus para adherirse a superficies y a otras células bacterianas, para conformar un biofilm, es una de las principales causas de la persistencia de las infecciones por este patógeno. Objetivo: Analizar la capacidad de formación de biofilm, mediante el ensayo in vitro en placa de poliestireno, de cepas de S. aureus. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte trasverso Se estudiaron 10 cepas resistentes a meticilina, con caracterización molecular de factores de virulencia y representativas de los grupos clonales detectados en un total de 347 cepas que causaron infecciones de piel y partes blandas e invasivas en niños en el 2012. La estandarización del ensayo in vitro fue exitosa, permitiendo clasificar a las cepas en 3 categorías según la intensidad de formación del biofilm. Resultados: El 100% de las cepas analizadas fue formadora de biofilm y se identificó dentro de la categoría de formadores moderados. Conclusiones: La detección de la formación de biofilms bacterianos, sobre todo en infecciones crónicas, es un tema crucial, ya que de ello depende la elección de estrategias especiales para su eliminación, como la remoción quirúrgica, dada la inefectividad de las terapias antibióticas tradicionales. ABSTRACT Introduction: The capacity of S. aureus to adhere to surfaces and other bacterial cells by forming a biofilm is one of the main causes of the persistence of infections by this pathogen. Objective: To analyze the capacity of S. aureus strains to form biofilm, using in vitro polystyrene plate culture techniques. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study. We studied and performed molecular characterization of viruence factors in ten strains of S. aureus, which were representative of the clonal groups detected in a total of 347 strains that caused skin and soft tissue invasive infections in children in 2012. The standardization of the in vitro assay was successful, allowing to classify the strains into 3 categories according to the intensity of biofilm formation. Results: 100% of the analyzed strains were biofilm formers and were categorized as moderate formers. Conclusions: The detection of the formation of bacterial biofilms, especially in chronic infections, is crucial, since it affects the choice of special strategies, such as surgical removal, for their elimination, given the ineffectiveness of traditional antibiotic therapies.

Paraquat (PQ) is a widely used non-selective contact herbicide shown to produce memory and learning deficits after acute and repeated exposure similar to those induced in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the complete mechanisms through which it induces these effects are unknown. On the other hand, cholinergic and glutamatergic systems, mainly in the hippocampus, are involved on learning, memory and cell viability regulation. An alteration of hippocampal cholinergic or glutamatergic transmissions or neuronal cell loss may induce these effects. In this regard, it has been suggested that PQ may induce cell death and affect cholinergic and glutamatergic transmission, which alteration could produce neuronal loss. According to these data, we hypothesized that PQ could induce hippocampal neuronal loss through cholinergic and glutamatergic transmissions alteration. To prove this hypothesis, we evaluated in hippocampal primary cell culture, the PQ toxic effects after 24h and 14 consecutive days exposure on neuronal viability and the cholinergic and glutamatergic mechanisms related to it. This study shows that PQ impaired acetylcholine levels and induced AChE inhibition and increased CHT expression only after 14days exposure, which suggests that acetylcholine levels alteration could be mediated by these actions. PQ also disrupted glutamate levels through induction of glutaminase activity. In addition, PQ induced, after 24h and 14days exposure, cell death on hippocampal neurons that was partially mediated by AChE variants alteration and cholinergic and gultamatergic transmissions disruption. Our present results provide new view of the mechanisms contributing to PQ neurotoxicity and may explain cognitive dysfunctions observed after PQ exposure.

Kraft mill effluents treated by activated sludge show a reduction in acute toxicity. However, their discharges produce hormonal effects in an aquatic ecosystem, due to the sterols metabolites as androstenedione contained in the effluents. Daphnids bioassays are a powerful approach for determining toxicity. However, there are relative sensitivities depending on the species. The main objective of this study is to determine the sensitivity of D. magna and D. obtusa when exposed to kraft mill effluents, diethylstilboestrol (DES), and androstenedione (AED). The sensitivities were tested using acute bioassay exposed to kraft pulp mill. Moreover, the allometric growth rate of both daphnids affected by DES and AED regarding time were also evaluated for a period of nine days. Variation in the ratio between body length and body width – at the abdominal cavity – over time (k index) was evaluated. Results indicated that AED and DES compounds affected the allometric growth rate of daphnids. Specifically D. magna exhibited more sensitivity when it was exposed to kraft pulp mill.

This ecoefficient renovation of two buildings of social housing for rent is located in the historic center of Zaragoza and has been carried out among 2013 and 2015. It emerges from the conclusions and strategies developed for the NewSolutions4OldHousing project (LIFE10 ENV / ES / 439), funded by the European Commission. The general objective of LIFE project is to define the most appropriate methodology for the rehabilitation of social housing with criteria of energy and environmental sustainability and application of innovative technologies to combat climate change. The application of passive strategies in the refurbishment of these Demonstrator Buildings has helped to achieve thermal and lighting comfort with less energy-consumption, with savings above 70% in demand and about 25% in real consumption. These data are particularly relevant when the residents are renters with very limited incomes, vulnerable to problems such as energy poverty. Therefore, the proposed action serves to improve the passive behaviour of the building and to achieve greater thermal and lighting comfort and liability without increasing the financial costs related to energy consumption.

The main objective of this article is to know and characterize the remakes that have been screened in the Spanish cinemas since the beginning of the 21st century. Through the study of the 162 remakes exhibited between 2000 and 2016, it is possible to know different production and market characteristics of these films and even their relationship with the original films. This study, however, does not reveal anything new regarding the situation of the cinema industry in our country, since also in the field of the remake the dominance of Hollywood is unquestionable: it makes the most remakes, mainly based on its own previous filmography, and when versioning foreign films, it adapts them to their culture. This is a culture that it successfully exports, at least to Spain, as the American remakes are also the ones with the largest audience and the highest-grossing., El objetivo principal de este artículo es conocer y caracterizar los remakes que se han proyectado en las salas españolas desde que se inició el siglo XXI. A través del estudio de los 162 remakes exhibidos entre 2000 y 2016, se pueden conocer características de producción y mercado de esos films, e incluso de su relación con las películas originales. Este estudio revela que los remakes procedentes de EE. UU. son los más numerosos, sobre todo basados en su filmografía anterior, y cuando versiona films extranjeros, los adapta a su cultura. Una cultura que exporta con éxito, por lo menos en España, pues también los remakes norteamericanos son los que más espectadores tienen y los que más dinero recaudan.

This work is part of the activities MODIFICA Project: Predictive model of the energy performance of residential buildings under conditions of urban heat island (BIA2013-41732-R). This project is funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the R + D + i, 2013 program, and the authors are involved in their development, together with the research group Bioclimatic Architecture in a Sustainable Environment - ABIO (UPM). The hypothesis of the project is the fact that the transformation of land for urban growth in the city of Madrid potentiates the effect of the urban heat island (UHI), which modifies substantially in the urban microclimate. The UHI is the result of the gradual replacement of natural Surface by the urban area, whose surfaces absorb more solar radiation. This, coupled with other anthropogenic factors, increase the air temperature and cause an increase in local temperature. The consequence is a modification of the urban microclimate that affects to the comfort conditions in urban space and to the energy performance of buildings and, therefore, to the quality of life of the inhabitants.

Introduccion: La prevalencia de infecciones por Staphylococcus aureus en la comunidad ha aumentado, siendo la poblacion pediatrica la mas afectada; poniendo de relieve la necesidad de una vigilancia epidemiologica. Objetivo: Caracterizar clinica, fenotipica y genotipicamente aislados de S. aureus de muestras de ninos con infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad, recolectadas en hospitales de Asuncion y el Departamento Central, entre noviembre de 2009 y diciembre de 2010. Materiales y Metodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte trasverso. Datos clinicos fueron recabados de fichas, la susceptibilidad a antimicrobianos se hizo segun criterio del CLSI y la deteccion de genes mecA y luk-PV se realizo por RPC empleando oligonucleotidos especificos. Resultados: De 123 aislados de S. aureus, 76% provenian de infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos y 20% de pacientes con bacteriemias. 18,7% (n: 23) fueron resistentes a meticilina (SARM). Se detecto la presencia de genes mecA, una variante del mismo y luk-PV en 9,8%, 1,6 y 39% de los aislados, respectivamente. El 43% de los SARM (n: 10) fue portador de luk-PV. Las diferencias clinicas y demograficas entre pacientes infectados por SARM o SASM no fueron estadisticamente significativas. Discusion: Este estudio constituye la primera caracterizacion clinica, fenotipica y genotipica de S. aureus asociados a la comunidad en poblacion pediatrica realizada en Paraguay.

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is one of the first causes of skin and soft tissue infections, and can also produce severe diseases such as osteomyelitis and pneumonia. The aim of this descriptive study was to determine the SCCmec type and virulence profile and to study the genetic diversity by MLVA analysis of 21 CA-MRSA isolates that infected Paraguayan children in 2010. The SCCmec type and virulence factors were performed by PCR and genetic diversity by MLVA (multiple locus variable analysis). All the isolates carried SCCmec cassette iv. hla, hlb and sea genes were detected in 28,6%, 9,5% and 4,8% respectively. The MLVA analysis showed high genetic diversity with congruent antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles. This study revealed the presence of CA-MRSA harbouring SCCmeciv with high genetic diversity, providing information not available in our country.

The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in the community has increased, being the pediatric population the most affected. This fact highlights the need for epidemiological surveillance.To characterize clinical, phenotypic and genotypic isolates of S. aureus children's samples with community-acquired infections, collected in hospitals of Asuncion and the Central Department, between November 2009 and December 2010.Descriptive and transverse analysis with analytical component. Clinical data collected by medical records, antibiotic susceptibility according to CLSI criteria and detection of mecA (encoding methicillin resistance) and luk-PV genes (encoding Panton Valentine leucocidin) by PCR using specific oligonucleotides.123 isolates of S. aureus, 76% came from skin and soft tissue infections and 20% from sepsis. 18.7% (n = 23) were resistant to methicillin (MRSA). The presence of the mecA gene, a variant there and the PVL was detected in 12.2 and 48 isolates respectively. 43% of MRSA (n = 10) was carrying luk-PV. The clinical and demographic differences between patients infected with MRSA or MSSA were not statistically significant.This study constitutes the first phenotypic and genotypic characterization of S. aureus associated with pediatric patients in Paraguay.

El avance de las nuevas tecnologías ha cambiado considerablemente el modelo educativo. La formación on-line ha aterrizado con fuerza en las universidades y las carreras vinculadas al mundo de la comunicación se han incorporado a ese modelo de enseñanza. En pocos años la oferta en las titulaciones de comunicación se ha multiplicado y parece que esta tendencia se pronuncie en un futuro ante la demanda que tienen las titulaciones de comunicación, por un lado, y las enseñanzas virtuales, por otro. En este artículo se da a conocer la perspectiva que los estudiantes on-line de Periodismo de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid tienen sobre sus estudios. Los resultados de una encuesta a los alumnos de los diferentes cursos que engloban la titulación nos permite ofrecer una perspectiva de sus experiencias al inicio y al final de la carrera. El cuestionario indaga sobre aspectos socio-demográficos a partir de los cuales se traza un perfil sociológico del estudiante de periodismo on-line. Asimismo, se profundiza en las motivaciones y expectativas que rodean la decisión de matricularse en esta modalidad y en su valoración tanto en términos de aprendizaje como de la relación con compañeros y profesores. Algunas de las conclusiones apuntan una actitud positiva de los estudiantes y una valoración satisfactoria de la enseñanza por parte del alumnado.The advance in new technologies has changed the educational model considerably. On-line education has arrived with a bang at university and those degree courses linked to the field of communication have adopted this type of technologies. In just a few years, the number of courses available in the communication field that include on-line subjects has multiplied. It seems that this tendency of proliferation will continue due to a high demand for degrees in the communication field as well as the possibility of completing these degrees on-line. This paper shows the perspective that on-line journalism students at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid have on their studies. The results of a survey of students of the different courses that include the qualification allow us to gain a perspective of their experiences at the beginning and end of the studies. The questionnaire asks about socio-demographic traits from which we draw a sociological profile of on-line journalism student. It also delves into the motivations and expectations surrounding the decision to enrol in this mode and in its assessment both in terms of learning and the relationship between peers and teachers. Some of the conclusions point to the positive attitude of students and a satisfactory evaluation by the students.