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51. A method for computing hourly, historical, terrain‐corrected microclimate anywhere on earth.

Author

Kearney, Michael R., Gillingham, Phillipa K., Bramer, Isobel, Duffy, James P., Maclean, Ilya M.D., and Goslee, Sarah

Subjects
SOIL temperature, SNOW cover
Abstract

Microclimates are the thermal and hydric environments organisms actually experience, and estimates of them are increasingly needed in environmental research. The availability of global weather and terrain datasets, together with increasingly sophisticated microclimate modelling tools, makes the prospect of a global, web‐based microclimate estimation procedure feasible.We have developed such an approach for the r programming environment which integrates existing r packages for obtaining terrain and sub‐daily atmospheric forcing data (elevatr and rncep), and two complementary microclimate modelling packages (NicheMapR and microclima). The procedure can be used to generate NicheMapR's hourly time‐series outputs of above‐ and below‐ground conditions, including convective and radiative environments, soil temperature, soil moisture and snow cover, for a single point, using microclima to account for local topographic and vegetation effects. Alternatively, it can use microclima to produce high‐resolution grids of near‐surface temperatures, using NicheMapR to derive calibration coefficients normally obtained from experimental data.We validate this integrated approach against a series of microclimate observations used previously in the tests of the respective models and show equivalent performance.It is thus now feasible to produce realistic estimates of microclimate at fine (<30 m) spatial and temporal scales anywhere on earth, from 1957 to present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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53. High abundances of species in protected areas in parts of their geographic distributions colonized during a recent period of climatic change

Author

Gillingham, Phillipa K., Alison, Jamie, Roy, David B., Fox, Richard, Thomas, Chris D., Gillingham, Phillipa K., Alison, Jamie, Roy, David B., Fox, Richard, and Thomas, Chris D.

Abstract

It is uncertain whether Protected Areas (PAs) will conserve high abundances of species as their distributions and abundances shift in response to climate change. We analysed large datasets for 57 butterfly and 42 odonate species (including 4 that have recently colonised Britain). We found that 73 of 94 species with sufficient data for analysis were more abundant inside than outside PAs in the historical parts of their British distributions, showing that PAs have retained high conservation value. A significant majority (61 of 99 species) was also more abundant inside PAs in regions they have colonised during the last 30–40 years of climate warming. Species with relatively high abundances inside PAs in long-established parts of their distributions were also disproportionately associated with PAs in recently-colonized regions, revealing a set of relatively PA-reliant species. PAs therefore play a vital role in the conservation of biodiversity as species’ ranges become more dynamic.

Published
2015

57. Comparison of methods for a landscape-scale assessment of the cultural ecosystem services associated with different habitats

Author

Gosal, Arjan S., Newton, Adrian C., and Gillingham, Phillipa K.

Subjects
15. Life on land
Abstract

Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are widely acknowledged as important but are often neglected by ecosystem service assessments, leading to a representational bias. This reflects the methodological challenges associated with producing robust and repeatable CES valuations. Here we provide a comparative analysis of three approaches for non-monetary valuation of CES, namely a structured survey, participatory GIS (PGIS) and GPS tracking methods. These were used to assess both recreation and aesthetic value of habitats within the New Forest National Park, UK. The association of CES with habitats enabled results of all three methods to be visualised at the landscape scale using maps, strengthening their value to conservation management. Broadleaved woodland and heathland habitats were consistently valued highly for both CES, whereas agricultural land tended to be associated with low values. Results obtained by the different methods were positively correlated in 6 out of 10 comparisons, indicating a degree of consistency between them. The spatial distribution of CES values at the landscape scale was also generally consistent between the three methods. These results highlight the value of comparative analyses of CES for identifying robust results, providing a way forward for their inclusion in land management decision-making.EDITED BY Matthias Schröter EDITED BY Matthias Schröter

58. Comparison of methods for a landscape-scale assessment of the cultural ecosystem services associated with different habitats

Author

Gosal, Arjan S., Newton, Adrian C., and Gillingham, Phillipa K.

Subjects
15. Life on land
Abstract

Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are widely acknowledged as important but are often neglected by ecosystem service assessments, leading to a representational bias. This reflects the methodological challenges associated with producing robust and repeatable CES valuations. Here we provide a comparative analysis of three approaches for non-monetary valuation of CES, namely a structured survey, participatory GIS (PGIS) and GPS tracking methods. These were used to assess both recreation and aesthetic value of habitats within the New Forest National Park, UK. The association of CES with habitats enabled results of all three methods to be visualised at the landscape scale using maps, strengthening their value to conservation management. Broadleaved woodland and heathland habitats were consistently valued highly for both CES, whereas agricultural land tended to be associated with low values. Results obtained by the different methods were positively correlated in 6 out of 10 comparisons, indicating a degree of consistency between them. The spatial distribution of CES values at the landscape scale was also generally consistent between the three methods. These results highlight the value of comparative analyses of CES for identifying robust results, providing a way forward for their inclusion in land management decision-making.EDITED BY Matthias Schröter EDITED BY Matthias Schröter

60. Drivers of jaguar (Panthera onca) and puma (Puma concolor) predation on endangered primates within a transformed landscape in southern Mexico

Author

Shedden-Gonzalez, Aralisa, Solórzano-García, B., White, J. M., Gillingham, Phillipa K., Korstjens, Amanda H., Shedden-Gonzalez, Aralisa, Solórzano-García, B., White, J. M., Gillingham, Phillipa K., and Korstjens, Amanda H.

Abstract

Human pressures have increasingly placed keystone species, such as large cats, under threat. Together with forest loss, prey depletion is one of the main threats to the survival of jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor) throughout the Neotropics. Generally, primates are not considered main prey for jaguar and puma, and their inclusion in the diet could be indicative of ongoing prey species decline. Here, we investigate the effect of habitat type and disturbance on primate predation by large cats. Surveys took place during the dry seasons (March to June) of 2010 and 2011, covering a total of 608.5 km across 24 localities in the Uxpanapa Valley, Mexico. We found 65 felid scat samples with the aid of a wildlife scat detection dog, and then examined them to identify predator species and classify the prey remains they contained. Primates represented the most frequent prey (35%) for both jaguar and puma in our study site and constituted approximately half of the biomass consumed by these felines in the area. Primate remains were more likely to be found in scats surrounded by the lowest percentage of conserved forest or in areas surrounded by more villages, showing the potential effects of human activities on these species' populations. The high proportion of primates found in scats within our study site could be an early indication that populations of ungulates and other “typical” prey are beginning to collapse, and urgent conservation interventions are needed for both large cats and primates before they become locally extinct.

61. Climate change adaptation for biodiversity in protected areas: An overview of actions

Author

Gillingham, Phillipa Kirsty, Britton, J Robert, Jones, Georgia, Miller-Rushing, A., Stafford, Richard, Slater, Helen, Gillingham, Phillipa Kirsty, Britton, J Robert, Jones, Georgia, Miller-Rushing, A., Stafford, Richard, and Slater, Helen

Abstract

Protected Areas (PAs) have been a cornerstone of conservation policy in the past but are generally static and thus might be less useful under climate change as species move away from reserves designated for them. In addition, shifting phenology and habitat alteration due to extreme events could make conditions unviable within PAs for species unable to move. However, several recent papers documented their utility in retaining contracting species, acting as stepping-stones for expanding species of conservation concern and resisting invasion by vagrants. Theoretical studies have suggested a role for both protected area design and management to enable biodiversity to adapt to climate change and implementation of these actions has begun. Here we synthesise case studies of climate change adaptation actions in protected areas from the globally available literature. We found 91 case studies of 114 different actions from 30 countries, mostly within Europe, specifically the UK. Half reported an outcome of actions, however, these were generally either the area restored or protected, or incidental reports of colonisation by desired species, without a description of monitoring before and after action. In addition, 72 % of actions would have been beneficial to biodiversity without the presence of climate change, so transformative action is lacking. Better monitoring and reporting of outcomes are urgently needed to develop the evidence base on which actions are most effective, to enable more reserve managers to take action. Managers also need encouragement to identify transformative actions, perhaps by the use of scenario planning to aid understanding of future uncertainties.

62. A consumer attributions-based approach for investigating the effect of corporate greenwashing on wishcycling

Author

Vayona, Anastasia, Demetriou, Giorgos, Hartwell, Heather, Britton, Robert, Gillingham, Phillipa, Vayona, Anastasia, Demetriou, Giorgos, Hartwell, Heather, Britton, Robert, and Gillingham, Phillipa

Abstract

This paper addresses the issue of corporate greenwashing and its impact on consumer behavior, specifically in the context of circular food and beverage packaging. We conducted a survey with 537 participants and utilized Structural Equation Modeling to analyze the relationships between company motives, consumer attributions, perceptions of greenwashing, and wishcycling behavior. Additionally, we explored the moderating effect of core self-evaluation on the relationship between circular packaging and greenwashing techniques. Our findings highlight the mediating role of consumer perceptions of company motives in the relationship between corporate greenwashing and wishcycling. We also found that consumer personality traits, particularly core self-evaluation, moderate the relationship between circular packaging and perceptions of greenwashing. These results emphasize the importance of understanding consumer behavior and perceptions in circular environments and policy domains. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and researchers seeking to promote sustainable consumption and mitigate environmental harm in the transition toward a more circular economy.

63. Nature-based Solutions and the Built Environment

Author

Cadotte, Marc W., Bader, Elana, Chamberlain, Bethany, Goddard, Mark, MacIvor, J. Scott, Stafford, Rick, Chamberlain, Bethany, Clavey, Laura, Gillingham, Phillipa K., McKain, Sarah, Morecroft, Mike D., Morrison-Bell, CamillaBell, and Watts, Olly

Subjects
F800
Abstract

1. KEY POINTS\ud 1. The novelty of nature-based solutions (NbS) for cities lies in a focus on the cost-effective provision of multiple co-benefits for many urban residents.\ud 2. A participatory placemaking approach to equitable co-design, co-creation and co-management of NbS that include multiple stakeholders and beneficiaries has the potential to maintain or improve biodiversity while simultaneously addressing societal issues such as climate change and other socio environmental inequalities across both spatial and temporal scales.\ud 3. NbS harnesses blue and green infrastructure, such as sustainable drainage systems (SuDS), green roofs, rivers, urban trees and community green spaces, which support significantly higher levels of biodiversity than constructed ‘grey’ infrastructure. These features can also help urban areas adapt to increased and more extreme temperature and rainfall events associated with climate change whilst delivering important environmental, social and economic benefits.\ud 4. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of NbS, its implementation in cities is inherently complex and at odds with many siloed governance structures, largely due to knowledge and skills gaps and the lack of coordination across sectors or departments, particularly at local authority level.

Published
2021

64. Farmland biodiversity and agricultural management on 237 farms in 13 European and two African regions

Author

Gisela Lüscher, Youssef Ammari, Aljona Andriets, Siyka Angelova, Michaela Arndorfer, Debra Bailey, Katalin Balázs, Marion Bogers, Robert G. H. Bunce, Jean-Philippe Choisis, Peter Dennis, Mario Díaz, Tetyana Dyman, Sebastian Eiter, Wendy Fjellstad, Mariecia Fraser, Jürgen K. Friedel, Salah Garchi, Ilse R. Geijzendorffer, Tiziano Gomiero, Guillermo González-Bornay, Yana Guteva, Felix Herzog, Philippe Jeanneret, Rob H. G. Jongman, Max Kainz, Norman Kwikiriza, María Lourdes López Díaz, Gerardo Moreno, Pip Nicholas-Davies, Charles Nkwiine, Julius Opio, Maurizio G. Paoletti, László Podmaniczky, Philippe Pointereau, Fernando Pulido, Jean-Pierre Sarthou, Manuel K. Schneider, Tahar Sghaier, Norman Siebrecht, Siyka Stoyanova, Sebastian Wolfrum, Sergiy Yashchenko, Harald Albrecht, András Báldi, Márta Belényesi, Jacinto Benhadi-Marin, Theo Blick, Serge Buholzer, Csaba Centeri, Norma Choisis, Gérard Cuendet, Hendrika J. De Lange, Sylvain Déjean, Christo Deltshev, Darío J. Díaz Cosín, Wenche Dramstad, Zoltán Elek, Gunnar Engan, Konstantin Evtushenko, Eszter Falusi, Oliver-D. Finch, Thomas Frank, Federico Gavinelli, David Genoud, Phillipa K. Gillingham, Viktor Grónás, Mónica Gutiérrez, Werner Häusler, Xaver Heer, Thomas Hübner, Marco Isaia, Gergely Jerkovich, Juan B. Jesus, Esezah Kakudidi, Eszter Kelemen, Nóra Koncz, Eszter Kovacs, Anikó Kovács-Hostyánszki, Luisa Last, Toshko Ljubomirov, Klaus Mandery, Josef Mayr, Atle Mjelde, Christoph Muster, Juri Nascimbene, Johann Neumayer, Frode Ødegaard, Francisco Javier Ortiz Sánchez, Marie-Louise Oschatz, Susanne Papaja-Hülsbergen, Mauro Paschetta, Mark Pavett, Céline Pelosi, Károly Penksza, Reidun Pommeresche, Victor Popov, Volodymyr Radchenko, Nina Richner, Susanne Riedel, John Scullion, Daniele Sommaggio, Ottó Szalkovszki, Erich Szerencsits, Dolores Trigo, Jim Vale, Ruud van Kats, Angel Vasilev, Andrew E. Whittington, Jerylee Wilkes-Allemann, Tommaso Zanetti, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS, Agroscope, Institute of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich, Institut National de Recherche en Génie Rural, Eaux et Forêts de Tunisie (INRGREF), Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, Institute of Plant Genetic Resources K.Malkov, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Institute of Environmental and Landscape Management, Szent István University, Wageningen University and Research Center (WUR), Dynamiques Forestières dans l'Espace Rural (DYNAFOR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Universidad de Oviedo, Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Independent, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), University of Padova, Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Technische Universitat Munchen, Makerere University Kampala (MUK), University of Extremadura, Department of Soil Science, Department of Biology, University of Washington [Seattle], Institute of Environmental & Landscape Management, Szent Istvan University, SOLAGRO, UMR : AGroécologie, Innovations, TeRritoires, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Senckenberg Research Institute, Chercheur indépendant, Institut de Génie de l'environnement EPFL, Université de Lausanne, Conservatoire Régional des Espaces Naturels Midi-Pyrénées (CREN Midi-Pyrénées), Universidad Complutense de Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Alterra Green World Research (ALTERRA), nstitute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Tänikon Research Station ART, UE, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Institut National de Recherche en Génie Rural Eaux et Forêts (INRGREF), Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts (ENGREF)-Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles [Tunis] (IRESA), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)-Aberystwyth University, Universidad de Oviedo [Oviedo], Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Association Solagro (Solagro), AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Lüscher, Gisela, Ammari, Youssef, Andriets, Aljona, Angelova, Siyka, Arndorfer, Michaela, Bailey, Debra, Balázs, Katalin, Bogers, Marion, Bunce, Robert G H, Choisis, Jean-Philippe, Dennis, Peter, Díaz, Mario, Dyman, Tetyana, Eiter, Sebastian, Fjellstad, Wendy, Fraser, Mariecia, Friedel, Jürgen K, Garchi, Salah, Geijzendorffer, Ilse R, Gomiero, Tiziano, González-Bornay, Guillermo, Guteva, Yana, Herzog, Felix, Jeanneret, Philippe, Jongman, Rob H G, Kainz, Max, Kwikiriza, Norman, López Díaz, María Lourde, Moreno, Gerardo, Nicholas-Davies, Pip, Nkwiine, Charle, Opio, Juliu, Paoletti, Maurizio G, Podmaniczky, László, Pointereau, Philippe, Pulido, Fernando, Sarthou, Jean-Pierre, Schneider, Manuel K, Sghaier, Tahar, Siebrecht, Norman, Stoyanova, Siyka, Wolfrum, Sebastian, Yashchenko, Sergiy, Albrecht, Harald, Báldi, Andrá, Belényesi, Márta, Benhadi-Marin, Jacinto, Blick, Theo, Buholzer, Serge, Centeri, Csaba, Choisis, Norma, Cuendet, Gérard, De Lange, Hendrika J, Déjean, Sylvain, Deltshev, Christo, Díaz Cosín, Darío J, Dramstad, Wenche, Elek, Zoltán, Engan, Gunnar, Evtushenko, Konstantin, Falusi, Eszter, Finch, Oliver-D, Frank, Thoma, Gavinelli, Federico, Genoud, David, Gillingham, Phillipa K, Grónás, Viktor, Gutiérrez, Mónica, Häusler, Werner, Heer, Xaver, Hübner, Thoma, Isaia, Marco, Jerkovich, Gergely, Jesus, Juan B, Kakudidi, Esezah, Kelemen, Eszter, Koncz, Nóra, Kovacs, Eszter, Kovács-Hostyánszki, Anikó, Last, Luisa, Ljubomirov, Toshko, Mandery, Klau, Mayr, Josef, Mjelde, Atle, Muster, Christoph, Nascimbene, Juri, Neumayer, Johann, Ødegaard, Frode, Ortiz Sánchez, Francisco Javier, Oschatz, Marie-Louise, Papaja-Hülsbergen, Susanne, Paschetta, Mauro, Pavett, Mark, Pelosi, Céline, Penksza, Károly, Pommeresche, Reidun, Popov, Victor, Radchenko, Volodymyr, Richner, Nina, Riedel, Susanne, Scullion, John, Sommaggio, Daniele, Szalkovszki, Ottó, Szerencsits, Erich, Trigo, Dolore, Vale, Jim, van Kats, Ruud, Vasilev, Angel, Whittington, Andrew E, Wilkes-Allemann, Jerylee, and Zanetti, Tommaso

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Vascular plant, habitat diversity, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, biobio, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biodiversity, 01 natural sciences, Permanent crop, Biodiversiteit en Beleid, Uganda, earthworm, spider, 2. Zero hunger, Agroforestry, Ecology, vascular plant, Agriculture, Bees, Habitat diversity, Grassland, Europe, Geography, Dierecologie, Animal Ecology, Arable land, BioBio, Environmental Monitoring, Crops, Agricultural, Farms, Tunisia, arable crop, agricultural management, education, Tunesia, Biodiversity and Policy, 010603 evolutionary biology, Agricultural management, uganda, bee, grassland, permanent crop, Animals, Spider, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Farm enterprise, WIMEK, business.industry, Species diversity, 15. Life on land, tunisia, Animal ecology, Earthworm, Arable crop, Africa, Agricultural biodiversity, business
Abstract

Farmland is a major land cover type in Europe and Africa and provides habitat for numerous species. The severe decline in farmland biodiversity of the last decades has been attributed to changes in farming practices, and organic and low-input farming are assumed to mitigate detrimental effects of agricultural intensification on biodiversity. Since the farm enterprise is the primary unit of agricultural decision making, management-related effects at the field scale need to be assessed at the farm level. Therefore, in this study, data were collected on habitat characteristics, vascular plant, earthworm, spider, and bee communities and on the corresponding agricultural management in 237 farms in 13 European and two African regions. In 15 environmental and agricultural homogeneous regions, 6-20 farms with the same farm type (e.g., arable crops, grassland, or specific permanent crops) were selected. If available, an equal number of organic and non-organic farms were randomly selected. Alternatively, farms were sampled along a gradient of management intensity. For all selected farms, the entire farmed area was mapped, which resulted in total in the mapping of 11 338 units attributed to 194 standardized habitat types, provided together with additional descriptors. On each farm, one site per available habitat type was randomly selected for species diversity investigations. Species were sampled on 2115 sites and identified to the species level by expert taxonomists. Species lists and abundance estimates are provided for each site and sampling date (one date for plants and earthworms, three dates for spiders and bees). In addition, farmers provided information about their management practices in face-to-face interviews following a standardized questionnaire. Farm management indicators for each farm are available (e.g., nitrogen input, pesticide applications, or energy input). Analyses revealed a positive effect of unproductive areas and a negative effect of intensive management on biodiversity. Communities of the four taxonomic groups strongly differed in their response to habitat characteristics, agricultural management, and regional circumstances. The data has potential for further insights into interactions of farmland biodiversity and agricultural management at site, farm, and regional scale.

Published
2016
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