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Preemptive therapy with ganciclovir has been recommended in the pediatric liver transplant strategy to avoid the development of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) from an high Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is detected. We sought viral load to analyze the response to preemptive therapy with valganciclovir (VGC) in children with liver transplantations and an high quantitative EBV-PCR. Methods From June 2005 to December 2007, we tested 979 EBV-PCR among 80 pediatric liver transplant recipients, from those 21/80 PCR were tested from the date of transplantation and 59/80 belonged to the historical cohort (7/59 had a prior history of PTLD). Patients were divided into 2 groups depending upon whether they did (n = 22) or did not (n = 19) receive VGC treatment. The response to VGC was considered complete, if the PCR was negative at 30 and 60 days of treatment; and partial, when the PCR decreased at least 50%. Ganciclovir blood levels tested in 109 cases instances and correlated with the EBV-PCR. Results A total of 369 (33%) positive PCR were detected in 36/80 patients (mean, 75,000 copies; range = 5000–4,200,000). Among the 22 episodes treated for 30 days, 34% showed complete responses, 41%, partial, and 23%, no response. Among the non-treated group the rates were 6%, 25%, and 68%, respectively (P = .01). However, no differences were observed among those episodes treated for 60 days. At the administered doses, hardly any patient reached the recommended ganciclovir therapeutic level at 2 hours (6 μ/mL). However, the mean PCR was lower when the ganciclovir levels were greater than 4 mg/L when compared with lower levels (P = .03). Conclusion After 30 days of treatment there was a response to VGC in the EBV viral load. There was high interpatient variability of ganciclovir serum concentrations, suggesting the need for pharmacokinetic monitoring to optimize treatment. There was a relationship between the concentration of ganciclovir and the EBV viral load.

Reported cases of meningococcal disease between 1997 and 2008 were analyzed to determine the evolution after the introduction of a conjugated vaccine. In

Fundamentos: La enfermedad meningocócica continúa siendo un grave problema de salud pública en todo el mundo. En Cataluña, tras implementar el programa de vacunación, ha habido un descenso importante de los casos producidos por meningococo C. Métodos: Se analizaron los casos notificados de enfermedad meningocócica entre 1997 y 2008 para determinar la evolución después de la introducción de la vacuna conjugada en Cataluña. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia de casos por serogrupo C en menores de 6 años se redujo de 7,6 por 100000 personas/año en el período prevacunal (1997-2000) hasta 0,6 en el período postvacunal (2001-2007). En los casos por serogrupo B, la reducción fue mucho menor, de 15.4 a 11.1. En los menores de 20 años, la tasa de letalidad solo aumento en los casos por serogrupo B (3% en el período prevacunal y 7.4% en el postvacunal).Entre 2000 y 2008, el subtipo P1.15 ha sido el más frecuentemente identificado entre los casos por serogrupo B (31%), asociado principalmente al serotipo 4 (80%), y el subtipo P1.5 (36%) asociado mayoritariamente al serotipo 2a (86%), en los casos por serogrupo C. Durante 2008, 5 casos de B:2a:P1.5, sin aparente relación entre sí fueron identificados en una misma zona geográfica, con una letalidad de 80%. Conclusiones: Es necesario mantener una constante y exhaustiva vigilancia para conocer las cepas circulantes en cada momento y detectar precozmente posibles cambios y recombinaciones entre ellas Backgrounds: Meningococcal disease remains a serious public health problem worldwide. In Catalonia, after implementing the vaccination program, there has been a significant decrease in cases caused by meningococcus C. Methods: Reported cases of meningococcal disease between 1997 and 2008 were analyzed to determine the evolution after the introduction of a conjugated vaccine in Catalonia. Results: In

Nocardiosis is difficult to diagnose and infrequently associated with bronchiectasis or cystic fibrosis. This study analyzes the clinical and microbiological characteristics of 40 patients in whom microorganisms belonging to the Nocardia asteroides complex were isolated.We studied 27 males and 13 females, with a mean age of 45 years (8-82). Nocardia spp. were isolated in 129 samples. Cultures were performed with conventional methods; additionally, when branching Gram-positive bacilli were visualized on microscopic examination, modified BCYE-alpha (m) medium was used.In 77.5% of the cases, investigation for Nocardia spp. was based on microscopy findings, in six patients it was a fortuitous finding in BCYE-alpha (m) medium, and in only three patients nocardiosis was clinically suspected. Twenty-five patients had nocardiosis (5 disseminated infection and 20 lung infection) and the remaining 15 were colonized. The most frequent risk factor in the infections, whether disseminated or not, was systemic glucocorticoid use (P 5 .001). The most frequent underlying pathology was bronchiectasis (80%), associated or not with cystic fibrosis. There were seven deaths and two patients had neurological sequelae.Bronchiectasis was an important risk factor for colonization by Nocardia spp. (P 5 0.01) in all the patients studied, and for infection (P 5 0.05) in patients without cystic fibrosis. The use of BCYE-alpha (m) medium in processing respiratory secretions highly facilitated the isolation of Nocardia spp.

The aim of this study was to conduct an investigation into an outbreak of food-borne disease at a hotel, when epidemiological and microbiological results determined that the etiological agent was Norovirus and the source of infection was food handlers.We detected an outbreak of gastroenteritis in a group of 59 students and teachers from a secondary school who were staying at a hotel in Espot, Lleida (Spain). A historic cohort study was conducted into the consumption of water and food and clinical symptoms were also analyzed. We studied the water supply and various food items. Faecal specimens from 14 patients and four food handlers were cultured and examined for Norovirus by PCR-RT. The influence of each foodstuff was assessed by relative risk (RR) at 95% confidence intervals.We interviewed 96.6% of the patients (57/59). The overall attack rate was 66.7% (38/57). The median period of incubation was 25.0 hours (maxim 59 and minimum 19 hours). Symptoms included abdominal pain 94.7% (36/38), vomiting 86.8% (33/38), nausea 76.3% (29/38), diarrhoea 52.6% (20/38) and fever 48.6% (17/35). Of the four different kinds of drinking water and 13 food items studied, the only significant factor was the consumption of sandwiches (RR = 2.3; CI 95%, 1.1-5.1). Cultures were negative for bacteria. PCR-RT tests were positive for Norovirus in 12 of 14 faecal samples. There were also positive results for the same virus in two of four faecal samples from food handlers, although neither of them presented clinical symptoms.This research highlights the fact that food-handlers should always be investigated in the case of outbreaks of food borne Norovirus. They must strictly follow hygiene rules, especially when they produce food that is to be eaten without any form of cooking.

Estudis de control de casos; Pneumònia; Vacunació i immunització Estudios de casos y controles; Neumonía; Vacunación e inmunización Case-control studies; Pneumonia; Vaccination and immunization Background The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was licensed based on the results of immunogenicity studies and correlates of protection derived from randomized clinical trials of the 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine. We assessed the vaccination effectiveness (VE) of the PCV13 in preventing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children aged 7–59 months in a population with suboptimal vaccination coverage of 55%. Methods The study was carried out in children with IPD admitted to three hospitals in Barcelona (Spain) and controls matched by hospital, age, sex, date of hospitalization and underlying disease. Information on the vaccination status was obtained from written medical records. Conditional logistic regression was made to estimate the adjusted VE and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results 169 cases and 645 controls were included. The overall VE of ≥1 doses of PCV13 in preventing IPD due to vaccine serotypes was 75.8% (95% CI, 54.1–87.2) and 90% (95% CI, 63.9–97.2) when ≥2 doses before 12 months, two doses on or after 12 months or one dose on or after 24 months, were administered. The VE of ≥1 doses was 89% (95% CI, 42.7–97.9) against serotype 1 and 86.0% (95% CI, 51.2–99.7) against serotype 19A. Serotype 3 showed a non-statistically significant effectiveness (25.9%; 95% CI, -65.3 to 66.8). Conclusions The effectiveness of ≥1 doses of PCV13 in preventing IPD caused by all PCV13 serotypes in children aged 7–59 months was good and, except for serotype 3, the effectiveness of ≥1 doses against the most frequent PCV13 serotypes causing IPD was high when considered individually. This work was supported by the Plan Nacional I+D+I, ISCIII – Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria (Projects PI 11/02081, PI 11/2345) and cofounded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and AGAUR (Grant 2014 SGR 1403).