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Background: Alefacept (Amevive®) was the first biologic agent to be approved by the FDA for use in moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis and remains one of the safest systemic agents. However, alefacept is the least utilized of all the biologic agents due to the finding that it is only effective in a small proportion of patients and its maximal efficacy is not seen until approximately 6 weeks after treatment completion., Objective: To determine whether intralesional injections with a biologic agent can predict who will be a responder or a non-responder to the medication., Methods: This was a single-center 22-week study consisting of three phases: i) intralesional injection to a target plaque, ii) intramuscular alefacept injections for 12 weeks (standard dose) and iii) post-treatment follow-up., Results: There appears to be a perfect correlation between patients who show a response to an intralesional injection of alefacept to a small, target plaque and those who eventually respond to a full 12-week systemic course of the medication (achieve at least 70% improvement in their PASI scores from baseline) (p = 0.0003)., Limitations: This study had a small sample size and was limited by the fact that it was open-label without a control arm., Conclusion: The results from this pilot study demonstrated that alefacept appears to work intralesionally and this may be usable to predict systemic response. More importantly, these results strongly suggest that a biologic agent can work locally - a novel concept that contradicts the common notion that biologic agents must work "systemically".

A case-case-control study was conducted to identify independent risk factors for recovery of Escherichia coli strains producing CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases (CTX-M E. coli) within a large Southeastern Michigan medical center. Unique cases with isolation of ESBL-producing E. coli from February 2010 through July 2011 were analyzed by PCR for blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaSHV genes. Patients with CTX-M E. coli were compared to patients with E. coli strains not producing CTX-M-type ESBLs (non-CTX-M E. coli) and uninfected controls. Of 575 patients with ESBL-producing E. coli, 491 (85.4%) isolates contained a CTX-M ESBL gene. A total of 319 (84.6%) patients with CTX-M E. coli (282 [74.8%] CTX-M-15 type) were compared to 58 (15.4%) non-CTX-M E. coli patients and to uninfected controls. Independent risk factors for CTX-M E. coli isolation compared to non-CTX-M E. coli included male gender, impaired consciousness, H2 blocker use, immunosuppression, and exposure to penicillins and/or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Compared to uninfected controls, independent risk factors for isolation of CTX-M E. coli included presence of a urinary catheter, previous urinary tract infection, exposure to oxyimino-cephalosporins, dependent functional status, non-home residence, and multiple comorbid conditions. Within 48 h of admission, community-acquired CTX-M E. coli (n = 51 [16%]) and non-CTX-M E coli (n = 11 [19%]) strains were isolated from patients with no recent health care contacts. CTX-M E. coli strains were more resistant to multiple antibiotics than non-CTX-M E. coli strains. CTX-M-encoding genes, especially bla(CTX-M-15) type, represented the most common ESBL determinants from ESBL-producing E. coli, the majority of which were present upon admission. Septic patients with risk factors for isolation of CTX-M E. coli should be empirically treated with appropriate agents. Regional infection control efforts and judicious antibiotic use are needed to control the spread of these organisms.

Background: Alefacept is a remittive treatment for generalized psoriasis but is rarely used due to its erratic efficacy., Objective: To determine if psoriasis plaques will respond to intralesional alefacept and if this predicts a systemic response to intramuscular (IM) alefacept., Methods: We describe a 25-week, single-center, open-label study. Patients received weekly intralesional alefacept of increasing concentrations into target plaques for 3 weeks followed by IM injections for 12 weeks and concluded with an observation period of 9 weeks. The psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) was used to assess the efficacy of IM alefacept., Results: Interim results are reported for the first seven patients enrolled. Two patients responded intralesionally to the most dilute 1:100 concentration of alefacept to sterile water and achieved a 59% and 100% improvement in PASI. Five patients did not respond intralesionally to the most dilute form of alefacept and none achieved PASI 75. Two of these five patients did not respond to any concentration and achieved a 26% and 38% improvement in PASI. Limitations to this study include a small sample size and being non-placebo-controlled., Conclusion: Alefacept is effective intralesionally and may predict a systemic response - challenging the concept that biologics must work systemically.

Background: This is the first study defining the facial anthropometric and aesthetic measurements in Indian American women (IAW)., Methods: This is a prospective cohort study involving evaluation of facial photographs. Frontal, lateral and basal photographs were taken of IAW (n=102), and 30 anthropometric measurements were determined. Proportions were compared with published North American white women (NAWW) norms. Judges (n=6) evaluated the photographs for aesthetics using a visual analogue scale. Attractive IAW (top 15%) were compared with average IAW (remaining 85%) and average NAWW. All completed a facial self-esteem survey., Results: There were significant differences between IAW and NAWW in 25 of 30 facial measurements. Six measurements correlated with aesthetic scores: intercanthal distance, mouth width, nasolabial angle, midface height 2, ear length and nasal height. Attractive IAW had nine measurements approximating NAWW features, 15 measurements similar to average IAW values and two measurements distinct from both average IAW and average NAWW. Attractive IAW had higher facial self-esteem scores than average IAW., Conclusions: Facial measurements in IAW are much different from NAWW, and these results will assist in preoperative planning. Several features are correlated with attractiveness in IAW: larger and wider-set eyes, a smaller midface, a smaller nose with greater tip rotation, smaller ears and a larger mouth. Attractive IAW display many measurements typical of average IAW and several measurements that reflect average NAWW values. These results contribute to concepts of transcultural aesthetics--for a minority ethnic group, facial beauty appears to be an assimilation of deep-rooted ethnic features with prevailing cultural traits and aesthetic standards., (Copyright © 2009 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cyclosporine has been shown to increase the risk of lymphoma when used in organ transplant patients; however, studies have failed to demonstrate an increased risk of lymphoma when used at lower dermatologic doses for psoriasis. The authors present a case of solid B-cell lymphoma occurring in a psoriasis patient with a history of intermittent exposure to high-dose methotrexate, followed by low-dose cyclosporine for two years and subsequently transitioned to treatment with adalimumab. Methotrexate, cyclosporine and adalimumab are each effective treatments for psoriasis. However, when faced with an interplay of several factors, closer surveillance for malignancy is warranted than that which is currently considered for monotherapy.

Background: Phototherapy is an effective treatment for generalized plaque psoriasis, but is inconvenient and dosimetry is limited by the minimal erythema dose (MED)., Objective: This pilot study evaluated the efficacy, safety, and feasibility of excimer laser utilizing a supra-erythemogenic phototherapy strategy (phototherapy well beyond the MED dose) to treat generalized psoriasis., Methods: In this 9-month study, 13 patients with psoriasis involving > 10% but < 30% body surface area received laser treatment twice weekly for 12 weeks, with 6 months of post-treatment follow-up. The primary endpoint was percentage of patients achieving Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) 75., Results: Of the 12 patients who completed the treatment phase, 54% achieved PASI 75. During the 6-month follow-up period 83% maintained PASI 50 with no treatment., Limitations: This pilot study had a small sample size., Conclusion: The laser is an effective treatment with a favorable remission rate. With enhanced power in the near future, laser is likely to become more promising for generalized psoriasis.

Psychocutaneous conditions are difficult to diagnose and a challenge to treat. Clinical manifestations can be caused by diverse and creative methods from garlic to deodorant. This review discusses the literature on dermatitis artefacta (DA). Although the overall incidence of DA is not known, the importance is emphasized by a strong association with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and dissociation disorders as well as a prevalence of 33% in patients diagnosed with anorexia and bulimia. Furthermore, DA is frustrating for physicians and family members, with a differential diagnosis that includes severely morbid medical conditions. Thus, recognizing and correctly diagnosing DA is critical to avert unnecessary tests, treatments, and frustrations, ultimately allowing for more efficient management and better healing.

Background: Psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) for the treatment of psoriasis has never been evaluated using the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The lack of such data limits our capacity to estimate PUVA's efficacy relative to other treatment options that are available today., Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of PUVA therapy for patients with plaque-type psoriasis., Methods: This study involved 40 patients with psoriasis; 30 received PUVA and 10 received UVA with placebo. PASI scores were assessed at baseline and every 4 weeks thereafter for 12 weeks., Results: By nonresponder imputation, 60% (18 of 30) in the PUVA group achieved 75% or more improvement in PASI score after 12 weeks of treatment compared with 0% (0 of 10) in the UVA plus placebo group (P < .0001). Using intent to treat with last observation carried forward analysis, 63% (19 of 30) in the PUVA group achieved 75% or more improvement in PASI score compared with 0% (0 of 10) in the UVA plus placebo group (P < .0001). By per protocol analysis, 86% (18 of 21) in the PUVA group as compared with 0% (0 of 7) in the UVA plus placebo group reached 75% or more improvement in PASI score after 12 weeks (P < .0001)., Limitations: The study was relatively small with only 40 patients enrolled and 28 patients who completed the protocol. Further studies that involve head-to-head comparison of PUVA with other treatment modalities are needed. Nonresponder imputation, last observation carried forward with intent to treat, and per protocol analyses each have separate advantages and limitations when determining clinical significance., Conclusions: This study supports the observation that PUVA is a highly efficacious treatment for chronic plaque psoriasis.

This chapter will discuss the entire spectrum of phototherapy, including narrowband UVB photo-therapy, broadband UVB phototherapy, PUVA, targeted excimer laser phototherapy, and combination treatments. Phototherapy can range from simple treatments in a UVB phototherapy box, with or without concurrent use of various tar preparations, to more elaborate modalities in which the intensity of UVB radiation applied varies according to different anatomical regions. Combining PUVA or UVB phototherapy with topical and systemic agents can also enhance phototherapy. Certain forms of phototherapy, such as the traditional Goeckerman regimen of using black tar daily with UVB light, induce a prolonged remission. Outpatient phototherapy is usually reserved for patients whose disease is not adequately controlled with topical medications, including steroids, vitamin D analogues, tazarotene, tar, or anthralin. It is also indicated for patients with such extensive psoriasis that topical therapy is nearly impossible. Additionally, phototherapy may be an excellent option for patients with specific medical problems for whom systemic medications such as methotrexate, cyclosporine, or biological agents may not be suitable. For patients with generalized psoriasis, phototherapy is a reasonable first choice among the available options because of its superior systemic safety profile in comparison to systemic or biological agents. As with all other forms of psoriasis therapy, it is essential to consider the impact of the treatment on the patient's lifestyle when selecting the treatment plan. Important points to consider when initially discussing phototherapy are the patient's employment schedule, commitment, flexibility, location of the phototherapy unit, and transportation., (Copyright (c) 038\ S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of 3-/4-dimensional ultrasonography (3D/4DUS) on parental impressions of their fetus using preexamination and postexamination parental drawings., Methods: One hundred one parents (32 male and 69 female) were asked to draw pictures of their fetus immediately before and after undergoing 3D/4DUS. A drawing assessment instrument was used to evaluate the fetal anatomy by 4 reviewers. Overall descriptive quality and a comparison of before and after images were assessed., Results: Reviewers judged the drawings as significantly different in 23% to 56% of cases, slightly different in 41% to 64%, and having no significant difference in 2% to 22%; some difference was identified in at least 78%. Reviewers familiar with ultrasonography were able to correctly predict which picture was drawn first in 78%. Differences identified were related to extremity positioning, personalized uterine environment, and artistic nature. No significant difference in the overall total scoring for anatomic differentiation before and after 3D/4DUS was found. A trend in drawing less anatomic structures after 3D/4DUS was discovered. Significantly fewer people drew hair after 3D/4DUS (P<.01) even when they had drawn hair before the 3D/4DUS. Similar significant differences were seen for the lower extremities (P<.01), with less detail being presented after the 3D/4DUS., Conclusions: Differences were seen between drawings made before and after 3D/4DUS by parents. Drawings after 3D/4DUS emphasized structures seen during the 3D/4DUS examination and were more reality based, whereas drawings before 3D/4DUS were more iconographic and based on preconceived anatomic knowledge.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a change in parental bonding and couples' attitudes toward their fetus after undergoing 3-/4-dimensional ultrasonography (3D/4DUS)., Methods: Sixty-five fathers and 124 mothers were asked to fill out a maternal-fetal attachment questionnaire relating to how they felt about their fetus before and after 3D/4DUS and to mark on a line indicating their feelings about the ultrasonography experience. In addition, 135 parents filled out a positive feelings questionnaire consisting of 5 sections assessing their feelings about the fetus. The 3D/4DUS examination included rendering of the fetal face, limbs, and thorax., Results: One hundred forty-two patients filled out all questions and were analyzed for the total attachment score. The difference of the total score for the maternal-fetal attachment questionnaire before and after 3D/4DUS had a z value of 5.6 for all patients and was statistically significant (P < .0001). In analyzing each question, 5 were found to have a statistically significantly different score for women, but only 2 were found so for men. The scores for the line, before and after 3D/4DUS, showed a significant difference for men but not women. The women studied did not show a change using this instrument because their median response was at the maximum measurement before their sonograms. The positive feelings questionnaire showed a statistically significant change for women in all sections but for men in only 2., Conclusions: Parents have a change in attitude regarding their fetus after undergoing 3D/4DUS. Mothers showed an increase in bonding to their fetus after 3D/4DUS in more categories than fathers.