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Antifungal activity of thyme essential oil against Monilinia fructigena and development of an effective and stable oil formulation for agricultural use were studied in this paper. Bioactivity of the oil itself and its developed formulation, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC), was tested in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments, using a slightly modified agar overlay technique, showed that the initially emulsified thyme essential oil, as well as the developed formulation, significantly inhibited mycelial growth of M. fructigena in vitro. Experiments in vivo, performed on inoculated apple fruits, revealed that the formulation successfully decreased oil evaporation from the treated area and provided a significant level of M. fructigena suppression, 64.7-72.1% compared to the control. To our knowledge, an EC formulation of thyme essential oil for agricultural uses had never been developed before. The presented results are initial findings and evaluation of product activity should be continued in the field to determine its efficacy and activity spectrum, and to estimate the economic aspect of its use., U radu je proučavana antifungalna aktivnost etarskog ulja timijana na Monilinia fructigena, kao i mogućnost razvoja efikasne i stabilne formulacije ulja za upotrebu u poljoprivredi. Bioaktivnost etarskog ulja kao i razvijene formulacije - koncentrata za emulziju (EC) testirana je u ogledima in vitro i in vivo. Ogledi in vitro, izvedeni po delimično modifikovanoj metodi testiranja antimikrobne aktivnosti na površini agara, pokazali su da i inicijalno emulgovano ulje i razvijena formulacija značajno inhibiraju porast micelije izolata M. fructigena. U ogledima in vivo na inokulisanim plodovima jabuke pokazano je da je procesom formulisanja značajno smanjena isparljivost ulja sa tretirane površine i postignuta inhibicija razvoja mrke truleži ploda 64,7-72,1% u poređenju sa kontrolom. Koliko nam je poznato, u ovom radu je po prvi put razvijena EC formulacija etarskog ulja timijana za upotrebu u poljoprivredi. Dobijeni rezultati predstavljaju početak istraživanja koje treba dopuniti rezultatima ispitivanja efekata razvijene formulacije u uslovima praktične primene, proučavanja spektra njenog delovanja, kao i ekonomske isplativosti njene primene.

The paper compares EU and Serbian legislation pertaining to Pre Harvest Interval (PHI) and Maximum Residue Level (MRL) of pesticides used in Rubus and Ribes species. The number of active substances registered in Serbia for these crops is small; three insecticides (abamectin, dimethoate, spirodiclofen), seven herbicides (dichlobenil, diquat, fluazifop-P-butyl, fluroxypyr, glyphosate, oxyfluorfen, paraquat), fifteen fungicides (azoxystrobin, boscalid, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, cyprodinil, dodine, fenhexamid, fludioxonil, hydrogen peroxide, iprodione, mancozeb, metalaxyl, pyraclostrobin, pyrimethanil, vinclozolin). Serbian regulations have established the PHI and MRL for Rubus and Ribes species for those pesticides (active substances). Most of the above mentioned pesticides are also used in EU countries according to Annex I Directive 91/414, some of them are in the process for inclusion (application resubmitted) and some are not. However, for all of them the MRL for Rubus and Ribes species are set at EU level. It is important to establish the MRL for a number of reasons, the most important of which is safety and the reduction of possible harmful impact of pesticides to the absolute minimum. For the purpose of export to the EU market, local regulations need to be harmonized with EU legislation.

Short-time effects of the herbicide nicosulfuron on the biochemical activity of soil were investigated. Nicosulfuron rates of 0.3, 1.5 and 3.0 mg kg-1 of soil were laboratory-tested on Chernozem soil. The change in the dehydrogenase activity, in microbial biomass carbon, soil respiration and the metabolic coefficient (qCO2 ) were examined. Samples were collected for the analysis 1, 7, 14, 21, 30 and 60 days after nicosulfuron application. The obtained results indicated that the effect of nicosulfuron on the soil biochemical activity depended on its application rate and duration of activity, and the effect was either stimulating or inhibiting. However, the changes detected were found to be transient and, therefore, there is no real risk of the compound disrupting the balance of biochemical processes in Chernozem soil., U radu je ispitivano kratkoročno delovanje herbicida nikosulfuron na biohemijsku aktivnost zemljišta. Ogled je postavljen u laboratorijskim uslovima na zemljištu tipa glinovita ilovača. Nikosulfuron je primenjen u količinama od 0,3, 1,5 i 3,0 mg kg-1 zemljišta. Praćeni su sledeći biohemijski parametri: aktivnost enzima dehidrogenaze, promene mikrobiološke biomase ugljenika, respiracija (disanje) zemljišta kao i metabolitički koeficijent (qCO2). Uzorci za analize uzimani su 1, 7, 14, 21, 30 i 60 dana posle primene nikosulfurona. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je uticaj nikosulfurona na biohemijsku aktivnost zemljišta zavisio od primenjene količine i dužine delovanja, te je u zavisnosti od toga, bilo stimulativno ili inhibitorno. Međutim, utvrđene promene su bile prolaznog karaktera, tako da može da se smatra da nema realnog rizika od narušavanja ravnoteže biohemijskih procesa u zemljištu pod uticajem ovog jedinjenja.

U radu su ispitivani hematološki efekti herbicida Avalon (GAL-57), koji je mešavina bentazona i dikambe kao aktivnih materija, na pacovima. Preparat je doziran oralnim putem (sondom u želudac) u više nivoa doza (250, 500, 1000 i 1250 mg/kg/telesne mase/dan) tokom 28 i 90 dana. Praćeni su sledeći pokazatelji: broj eritrocita, leukocita i trombocita, koncentracija hemoglobina, hematokrit i eritrocitni indeksi (prosečna zapremina eritrocita, srednja vrednost hemoglobina po eritrocitu i prosečna koncentracija hemoglobina u eritrocitima). Rezultati ovih ispitivanja su pokazali da herbicid Avalon kod oba pola izaziva smanjenje vrednosti hemoglobina, hematokrita i eritrocitnih indeksa, dok kod drugih ispitivanih pokazatelja (broj leukocita, eritrocita i trombocita) nisu registrovane promene u odnosu na kontrolu. Sve promene su, najčešće, u korelaciji sa primenjenim dozama a uočena je, u najvećem broju slučajeva, i nešto manja osetljivost ženki u odnosu na mužjake. Rezultati ispitivanja su, takođe, pokazali da Avalon izaziva blagu anemiju kod ispitivanih životinja s tim da je efekat reverzibilnog karaktera; nakon isteka perioda oporavka od 28 dana vrednosti za sve ispitivane parametre se vraćaju na normalu i ne razlikuju se značajnije u odnosu na kontrolu., Hematological effects of the herbicide Avalon (GAL-57), a mixture of bentazon and dicamba, were tested on rats. Avalon was administered by gavage at three and four dose levels (250, 500, 1000 and 1250 mg/kg weight/day) for 28 and 90 days. Hematological parameters, number of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and erythrocyte indexes (MCV, MCH and MCHC) were monitored. The results showed that the herbicide Avalon caused decrease in the values of hemoglobin, hematocrit and erythrocyte indexes (both males and females). The changes (mostly) correlated with the doses administered and, in most cases, a lower susceptibility of females than males was observed. The herbicide GAL-57 had no adverse effect on the number of leukocytes, erythrocytes and thrombocytes (both sexes, all doses tested). The results showed that the herbicide Avalon causes weak anemia to the animals tested. Reversibility was apparent during the recovery period of 28 days.

U poljskim uslovima ispitivana je efikasnost različitih komercijalnih proizvoda rimsulfurona (WG i OD formulacije) u kombinaciji sa tri različita nejonska okvašivača (Extravon, Trend 90 and Break-Thru S240) u suzbijanju korova u kukuruzu. Ispitivanja su obavljena na dva lokaliteta u toku dve godine. Primena herbicida u kombinaciji sa okvašivačima obavljena je jednokratno i dvokratno. Efikasnost rimsulfurona je praćena na pet odabranih korovskih vrsta. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da svaki od ispitivanih okvašivača povećava efikasnost rimsulfurona, ali da nije bilo značajne razlike između različitih komercijalnih preparata, kao ni različitih formulacija rimsulfurona. Takođe, dva različita načina primene nisu uticala na efikasnost ovog herbicida., Field studies were conducted in order to investigate the efficacy of herbicide rimsulfuron in maize with three various commercial products (WG and OD formulations), in combination with three different nonionic adjuvants (Extravon, Trend 90 and Break-Thru S240). The investigation was carried out at two different locations during two years. The application of products in combination with adjuvants was done in one and two steps. The efficacy was evaluated on five weed species. The results demonstrated that the addition of any of the adjuvants improved the efficacy of rimsulfuron, but that there were no significant differences between products of different producers in the case of same or different formulation of rimsulfuron. Two different modes of application had no impact on efficacy.

Hematological effects of the herbicide Avalon (GAL-57), a mixture of bentazon and dicamba, were tested on rats. Avalon was administered by gavage at three and four dose levels (250, 500, 1000 and 1250 mg/kg weight/day) for 28 and 90 days. Hematological parameters, number of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and erythrocyte indexes (MCV, MCH and MCHC) were monitored. The results showed that the herbicide Avalon caused decrease in the values of hemoglobin, hematocrit and erythrocyte indexes (both males and females). The changes (mostly) correlated with the doses administered and, in most cases, a lower susceptibility of females than males was observed. The herbicide GAL-57 had no adverse effect on the number of leukocytes, erythrocytes and thrombocytes (both sexes, all doses tested). The results showed that the herbicide Avalon causes weak anemia to the animals tested. Reversibility was apparent during the recovery period of 28 days., U radu su ispitivani hematološki efekti herbicida Avalon (GAL-57), koji je mešavina bentazona i dikambe kao aktivnih materija, na pacovima. Preparat je doziran oralnim putem (sondom u želudac) u više nivoa doza (250, 500, 1000 i 1250 mg/kg/telesne mase/dan) tokom 28 i 90 dana. Praćeni su sledeći pokazatelji: broj eritrocita, leukocita i trombocita, koncentracija hemoglobina, hematokrit i eritrocitni indeksi (prosečna zapremina eritrocita, srednja vrednost hemoglobina po eritrocitu i prosečna koncentracija hemoglobina u eritrocitima). Rezultati ovih ispitivanja su pokazali da herbicid Avalon kod oba pola izaziva smanjenje vrednosti hemoglobina, hematokrita i eritrocitnih indeksa, dok kod drugih ispitivanih pokazatelja (broj leukocita, eritrocita i trombocita) nisu registrovane promene u odnosu na kontrolu. Sve promene su, najčešće, u korelaciji sa primenjenim dozama a uočena je, u najvećem broju slučajeva, i nešto manja osetljivost ženki u odnosu na mužjake. Rezultati ispitivanja su, takođe, pokazali da Avalon izaziva blagu anemiju kod ispitivanih životinja s tim da je efekat reverzibilnog karaktera; nakon isteka perioda oporavka od 28 dana vrednosti za sve ispitivane parametre se vraćaju na normalu i ne razlikuju se značajnije u odnosu na kontrolu.

A headspace solid phase microextraction method (HS-SPME) for simultaneous determination of five pesticides belonging to triazine and organophosphorus pesticide groups in soil samples was developed. Microextraction conditions, such as temperature, extraction time and sodium chloride (NaCl) content were investigated and optimized using 100 mu m polydimethyl-siloxane (PDMS) fiber. Detection and quantification were done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Relative standard deviation (RSD) and recovery values for multiple analysis of soil samples fortified at 30 mu g kg(-1) of each pesticide were below 13 % and higher than 70 %, respectively. Limits of detection (LOD) for all the compounds studied were less than 3.2 mu g kg(.)(-1) The proposed method was applied in the analysis of some agricultural soil samples.

U radu je ispitivano delovanje pesticida (atrazina) na biohemijsku aktivnost zemljišta. Ogled je postavljen u laboratorijskim uslovima na zemljištu tipa glinovita ilovača. Atrazin je primenjen u količinama od 8,0, 40,0 i 80,0 mg/kg zemljišta. Praćena je aktivnost enzima dehidrogenaze, biomase ugljenika, respiracija (disanje) zemljišta kao i metabolitički koeficijent. Uzorci za analize uzimani su 1, 7, 14, 21, 30 i 60 dana posle primene atrazina. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je delovanje atrazina na biohemijsku aktivnost zemljišta zavisilo od primenjene količine i dužine delovanja, te je u zavisnosti od toga, bilo stimulativno ili inhibitorno. Međutim, utvrđene promene su bile prolaznog karaktera, tako da može da se smatra da nema realnog rizika od narušavanja ravnoteže biohemijskih procesa u zemljištu pod uticajem ovog jedinjenja., The impact of the pesticide atrazine on biochemical processes in soil was investigated. Atrazine loadings of 8.0, 40.0 and 80.0 mg/kg soil were laboratory tested in an experiment set up on a clay loam soil. Dehydrogenase activity, change in biomass carbon, soil respiration and metabolic coefficient were examined. The samples were collected for analysis 1, 7, 14, 21, 30 and 60 days after atrazine application. The acquired data indicated that the effect of atrazine on the biochemical activity of the soil depended on its application rate and duration of activity, and the effect was either stimulating or inhibiting. However, the detected changes were found to be transient, indicating that there is no real risk of the compound disrupting the balance of biochemical processes in soil.

Carbofuran toxicity on rats was studied during subchronic exposure. Female and male rats were administered carbofuran in drinking water in concentrations of 25, 100 and 400ppm for a period of 90 days. Clinical symptoms, water consumption, body weight gain, organ weight, pathological and histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys were observed and biochemical and haematological examinations were carried out. The results obtained show that carbofuran administered to rats caused a significant decrease in water consumption as well as in brain, serum and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities. Statistically significant increases in relation to the control were found in the serum enzyme activities. The haematological data showed that carbofuran had no significant effect on Hb concentration and total RBC, but total WBC showed a significant statistical decrease. The histopathological changes in liver and kidneys were observed. However, cell regeneration in the liver and kidneys was found in all test groups.

A micronucleus test was run to investigate mutagenic potential of the herbicide GAL-57, a formulated mixture of bentazone and dicamba. The test was applied to mice of both sexes (strain: CRL: NMRI BR) and the herbicide (product) was administered by gavage at 2000 mg/kg rate, twice within 24 hs. Cyclophosphamide (positive control) was administered at 60 mg/kg, while distilled water as a solvent was negative control. The animals were sacrificed 24 hrs after second treatment, their bone marrow cells isolated from femur, and effects evaluated. The data acquired showed that repeated treatment of mice with GAL-57 caused neither biological nor significant statistical increase in the number of micronuclei in treated animals. At the same time, the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow of animals treated with cyclophosphamide (positive control) showed a significant statistical increase. The results suggest that the herbicide product tested did not show any mutagenic activity under the conditions of mouse micronucleus test., Mutageni potencijal herbicida GAL-57, koji je formulisan kao mešavina bentazona i dikambe, ispitivan je primenom mikronukleus testa. Ispitivanja su rađena na miševima oba pola (soj: CRL: NMRI BR), a ispitivani herbicid (preparat) je doziran oralno (sondom u želudac) u dozi od 2000 mg/kg, dva puta u razmaku od 24 sata. Kao pozitivna kontrola korišćen je ciklofosfamid (60 mg/kg), a kao negativna rastvarač (destilovana voda). Životinje su žrtvovane 24 sata nakon drugog tretiranja, izolovane su ćelije koštane srži (iz femura) i ocenjivan je efekat supstancije. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da ponovljen tretman miševa herbicidom GAL-57 ne izaziva ni biološki ni statistički značajno povećanje broja mikronukleusa kod tretiranih životinja. Istovremeno, kod životinja tretiranih ciklofosfamidom (pozitivna kontrola) broj mikronukleusa u polihromatskim eritrocitima koštane srži miševa bio je statistički značajno povećan. Na osnovu ovih rezultata može se zaključiti da ispitivani herbicid (preparat), u uslovima mikronukleus testa, ne ispoljava mutagena svojstva.