Author: "Galina Bogdanova" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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114 results on '"Galina Bogdanova"'

51. Phase I Upgrade of the Readout System of the Vertex Detector at the LHCb Experiment

Author: Wolfgang Funk, Lars Eklund, Kazu Akiba, Marcel Merk, Jaap Velthuis, Peter Svihra, Karol Hennessy, Malcolm John, Martin van Beuzekom, Tara Shears, Alexander Leflat, Vinicius Franco Lima, Antonio Fernandez Prieto, Agnieszka Oblakowska-Mucha, Igor Kostiuk, Pablo Vazquez Regueiro, Aleksandra Snoch, Andrew J. Morris, Oscar Augusto, Pawel Kopciewicz, T. J. V. Bowcock, John Back, B. Rachwal, Nathan Jurik, Tomasz Szumlak, Elena Dall'Occo, Lucas Meyer Garcia, Victor Coco, Irina Nasteva, Kristof De Bruyn, Abraham Gallas Torreira, Larissa Helena Mendes, Stefano De Capua, Daniel Hynds, Donal Murray, Mark Richard James Williams, Timothy Gershon, David Hutchcroft, Wouter Hulsbergen, Karlis Dreimanis, Deepanwita Dutta, Gabriel Rodrigues, Christopher Parkes, Luke Scantlebury-Smead, Juan Otalora, Pawel Jalocha, Kurt Rinnert, Franciole Da Cunha Marinho, Cristina Sanchez Graz, Jan Buytaert, Galina Bogdanova, Heinrich Schindler, Sneha Naik, Silvia Borghi, Dana Bobulska, T. E. Latham, Beatriz Garcia Plana, Oscar Boente Garcia, Marco Gersabeck, Edgar Lemos Cid, P. Collins, Vladimir Volkov, Manuel Schiller, M. Ferro-Luzzi, Maciej Witold Majewski, Timothy Evans, and Francesco Dettori
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Computer science, business.industry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Interface (computing), Emphasis (telecommunications), Electrical engineering, 01 natural sciences, Upgrade, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Transmission (telecommunications), Application-specific integrated circuit, 0103 physical sciences, Vacuum chamber, Electronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, business
Abstract: This article describes the high-speed system designed to meet the challenging requirements for the readout of the new pixel VErtex LOcator (VELO) of the upgraded LHCb experiment. All elements of the electronics readout chain will be renewed to cope with the requirement of ~40-MHz full-event readout rate. The pixel sensors will be equipped with VeloPix ASICs and placed at ~5 mm from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beams in a secondary vacuum tank in an extremely high and nonhomogeneous radiation environment. The front-end (FE) ASICs with the highest occupancy will have to cope with pixel-hit rates above ~900 Mhits/s using up to four 5.13-Gb/s data readout links. Each module comprises six VeloPix ASICs, wire-bonded to two FE hybrid boards, while a third hybrid will employ a GBTx ASIC as the control interface. High-speed data will reach the wall of the vacuum chamber through low-mass flexible copper tapes. A custom board routes the signals outside the vacuum tank. On the air side, an optical and power board converts the electrical high-speed signals into optical signals for transmission from the underground cavern to the off-detector electronics that process data and send them to a farm of computers for further analysis. Several tests allowing the validation of the system are described here with special emphasis on a test with proton beams that confirms the correct operation of the whole readout hardware.
Published: 2020

52. CREATING A SOFTWARE SYSTEM WITH FUNCTIONALITY TO HELP MAKE IT ACCESSIBLE FOR PEOPLE WITH A VISUAL DEFICIT

Author: Galya Georgieva-Tsaneva, Galina Bogdanova, and Negoslav Sabev
Subjects: Social group, Visual deficit, Multimedia, Computer science, Ocean Engineering, Special needs, Software system, computer.software_genre, computer
Abstract: The software systems that millions of users use everyday around the world are mainly targeted at the main and the largest average group of people - people without disabilities. However, software systems are often inaccessible and unusable for another group of people - people with congenital or acquired disabilities. For a system to be accessible to people with special needs, it must be designed to take account of and be geared to their specific needs, opportunities for using the software systems and the hardware that provides them. This paper presents a model for creating a software system (for a physiological data analysis) that takes into account the needs of people with disabilities and in particular people with visual deficits. This model will ensure the assibilites of the software system and its easy use by both this target group and people without disabilities.
Published: 2018

53. Бариери пред дигиталната и физическата достъпност на религиозното културно наследство на Софийската Света гора

Author: Liana Galabova and Galina Bogdanova
Subjects: Special Needs, Tourist Socialisation, Sacred Sites, Cultural Heritage, Monuments of Culture, Accessibility, Eastern Christian Orthodox Church, Subcultures, Mount, Visual arts, Cultural heritage, Holly Mount of Sofia, Pilgrimage Tourism, Sociology, Physical accessibility
Abstract: Достъпността на религиозните центрове и прилежащите им йеротопични природни и архитектурни пространства, макар и заложена с добродетелите на отговорността, съпричастието, грижата, милосърдието и любовта в православната църква изглежда не е вътрешно-присъщ приоритет на вероизповедните особености на социализация на частни и обществени места. Управлението на живото, традиционно и възстановено, както и на материалното, движимо и недвижимо църковно културно наследство, на произведенията и проявите на изкуствата според художествената им стойности и на празниците и обичаите според туристическите им измерения, се осъществява предимно в интерес на литургичното им вероизповедно предназначение в контекста на православния субкултурен начин на живот в цялото му традиционно и съвременно глокално разнообразие. Accessibility of religious centres and their additional hierotopical natural and architectural spaces, although implied by virtues of responsibility, solidarity, care, charity, and love, does not seem to be internal characteristic priority in confessional specifics of socialisation of private and public places by Eastern Orthodox Christian Church. Management of living heritage (traditional and reconstructed), as well as of tangible (movable and immovable) church cultural heritage, of artworks and art performances according to their artistic value, and of feasts and practices, according to their touristic potential is accomplished mostly in the interest of their liturgical confessional function in the context of Eastern Orthodox Christian subcultural lifestyle in its whole traditional and contemporary global variety.
Published: 2019

54. Software Approaches and Methods to Ensure the Security of Interactive Systems

Author: Todor D. Todorov, Galina Bogdanova, and Galya Georgieva-Tsaneva
Subjects: Software, General Computer Science, business.industry, Computer science, 0502 economics and business, 05 social sciences, 050211 marketing, 010103 numerical & computational mathematics, 0101 mathematics, Software engineering, business, 01 natural sciences
Abstract: In the paper are studied methods for protection of interactive systems and digital archives against unauthorized distribution of digital content. We make an overview of steganographic methods and image protection schemes. An improved watermark error correction scheme is presented. The studies contribute to the overall development of the North+region, provide future generations with widespread public access to digital materials. We achieve a long-term storage, secure data protection and interactive web presence.
Published: 2018

55. ONLINE PLATFORM FOR PROCESSING AND STORAGE OF INFORMATION IN THE FIELD OF MEDICINE: IMPROVING EDUCATION OF THE MEDICAL STUDENTS

Author: Galya Georgieva-Tsaneva, Mitko Gospodinov, and Galina Bogdanova
Subjects: Multimedia, Computer science, Field (Bourdieu), computer.software_genre, computer
Published: 2019

56. SOME ACCESSIBILITY PROBLEMS OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

Author: Negoslav Sabev, Galina Bogdanova, and Stoyan Kapralov
Subjects: Business
Published: 2019

57. Digitization and Preservation of Digital Resources and Their Accessibility for Blind People

Author: Galina Bogdanova and Nikolay Noev
Subjects: Multimedia, Computer science, Digital resources, computer.software_genre, computer, Digitization
Abstract: This chapter explores digital technologies and their use in social applications for blind people. The digitization, creation, and indexing of digital resources aimed at using these resources for the needs of visually impaired people are presented. Standards for digitization, metadata, digital media storage, and media resources are presented. Internet technologies, semantic networks, and ontologies are of particular importance and can be used for blind learners. 3D technologies and 3D models are particularly suitable tools and give new opportunities for blind people. Website standards and website accessibility standards, as well as accessibility technologies for people with disabilities, are a means and a way of socializing. Both digital resources and robots are considered inaccessible to people with visual limitations. They are widespread on a global scale, but their use is rather limited in people with disabilities and in their special education. Particular attention is paid to the interdisciplinary use of digital technologies and social robots as training tools.
Published: 2019

58. ACCESSIBILITY AND SOME EDUCATIONAL BARRIERS FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USERS

Author: Galina Bogdanova, Negoslav Sabev, and Nikolay Noev
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Visually impaired, medicine, Audiology, Psychology
Published: 2019

59. Towards Better Presenting and Searching of Bells Knowledge

Author: Noev, N., Galina Bogdanova, and Todorov, T.
Abstract: The paper presents an online platform with textual data, images, audio and video recordings related to bell knowledge. It was designed to provide digital data for representation of acquired knowledge. The platform includes data repository of bell knowledge objects and a new search engine.
Published: 2016

60. Forecasting the strength properties of the large diameter polymer rebar based on the experimental analysis of its structure

Author: Galina Bogdanova, Artem S. Semenov, Maxim Lobachev, and Andrey Benin
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, chemistry, law, Rebar, Polymer, TA1-2040, Composite material, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), Large diameter, law.invention
Abstract: Fiber reinforced plastic bar (FRP-rebar) is a two-component material consisting of polymer matrix (resin) and reinforcing filler (roving). Large-scale implementation of FRP-rebar and improvement of its manufacturing process have resulted in larger bar diameters. However, it is extremely complicated or even impossible to experimentally determine the mechanical properties of this kind of rebar when using standard testing machines. The reason for this is the low cross-direction strength of the rebar. The purpose of the research is to determine the elastic and strength properties of large diameter FRP-rebar by means of finite-element simulation as well as to analyze the influence of the components’ mass fractions and grooving on the mechanical properties being studied. In order to specify the parameters of the FE simulation model the authors performed some supplementary tests aimed at determining the structure of the fiber. A comparative study of the obtained numerical results against the experimental data is presented in the paper.
Published: 2020

61. Radiation damage effects and operation of the LHCb vertex locator

Author: William Barter, Jaap Velthuis, Timothy Gershon, Mark Richard James Williams, Agnieszka Oblakowska-Mucha, Pawel Kopciewicz, Thomas Hadavizadeh, A. Pritchard, T. E. Latham, M. van Beuzekom, Themistocles Bowcock, Giulio Dujany, Jan Buytaert, P. Rodriguez, Kurt Rinnert, J. Mylroie-Smith, E. Dall'Occo, Manuel Schiller, A. Pearce, Wenbin Qian, Maciej Witold Majewski, Karol Hennessy, Patrick Koppenburg, Sai-Juan Chen, Anton Poluektov, Wouter Hulsbergen, Alexander Leflat, Galina Bogdanova, Silvia Borghi, S. Redford, Marco Gersabeck, G. D. Lafferty, Cameron Thomas Dean, Michael Alexander, S. De Capua, V. Volkov, Tomasz Szumlak, Karlis Dreimanis, Emma Buchanan, David Hutchcroft, Lars Eklund, C. Parkes, P. Collins, Sophie Richards, Andrew Crocombe, Kazuyoshi Carvalho Akiba, Malcolm John, A. D. Webber, Mark Smith, L. Bell, E. Rodrigues, J. Harrison, Timothy Evans, Heather Mckenzie Wark, E. Jans, Francesco Dettori, and Franciole Da Cunha Marinho
Subjects: Quark, leakage current, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Radiation, vertex locator (VELO), 01 natural sciences, National Graphene Institute, 0103 physical sciences, Radiation damage, B meson, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, silicon detector, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Spectrometer, Interaction point, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb), Detector, Depletion voltage, effective doping, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, radiation damage, ResearchInstitutes_Networks_Beacons/national_graphene_institute, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract: Vertex Locator (VELO) is a silicon micro-strip detector situated around the interaction point in the LHCb spectrometer at the LHC. The LHCb experiment is dedicated to studying CP violation in the heavy flavor sector and rare decays of B mesons. The precise reconstruction of both the primary and sec-ondary vertices, obtained by the VELO, is crucial in the selection of signal events containing b and c quarks and lifetime measure-ments. VELO consists of two retractable parts that operate at 8 mm from the interaction region. Its proximity to proton beams makes the LHCb VELO a place for studying radiation damage ef-fects in silicon detectors in proton-proton and heavy ion collisions. The latest results from radiation damage studies and their impact on the operation of the LHCb VELO after the first data taking period (Run I) and ongoing Run II are presented in this paper. The main macroscopic parameters, influenced by particle fluence, are described along with selected methods of their monitoring. All the results show that VELO sustains the impact of high fluence of ra-diation, and its performance will not change significantly until the end of Run II. Vertex locator (VELO) is a silicon microstrip detector situated around the interaction point in the large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) spectrometer at the Large Hadron Collider. The LHCb experiment is dedicated to studying charge conjugation and parity symmetry violation in the heavy flavor sector and rare decays of B mesons. The precise reconstruction of both the primary and secondary vertices, obtained by the VELO, is crucial in the selection of signal events containing b and c quarks and lifetime measurements. VELO consists of two retractable parts that operate at 8 mm from the interaction region. Its proximity to proton beams makes the LHCb VELO a place for studying radiation damage effects in silicon detectors in proton-proton and heavy-ion collisions. The latest results from radiation damage studies and their impact on the operation of the LHCb VELO after the first data-taking period (Run I) and the ongoing Run II are presented in this paper. The main macroscopic parameters, influenced by particle fluence, are described along with selected methods of their monitoring. All the results show that VELO sustains the impact of high fluence of radiation, and its performance will not change significantly until the end of Run II.
Published: 2018

62. Search for collective phenomena in high multiplicity events at Nuclotron and U-70

Author: V.I. Kireev, V. A. Nikitin, Y Borzunov, V. B. Dunin, M Putyrsky, Gleb Pokatashkin, I. Roufanov, R Shulyakovsky, V Avdeichikov, Vladimir Volkov, V. Riadovikov, O Gavrischuk, S. N. Golovnya, I Mironov, S Timoshin, Elena Kokoulina, Andrey Kutov, A. P. Vorobiev, and Galina Bogdanova
Subjects: Physics, Nuclotron, Proton, High multiplicity, Photon yield, law.invention, Nucleon, Nuclear physics, law, High energy physics, Neutral particle, Bose–Einstein condensate, U-70
Abstract: More than ten-year experimental search for collective phenomena in high multiplicity events has been carried out at the Laboratory of high energy physics at JINR. We present main results, which have been received at the U-70 accelerator (IHEP, Protvino) in the proton collisions and at Nuclotron ( JINR, Dubna) in the nuclear interactions. For 𝑝𝑝 interactions, topological cross sections have been gone three orders down and achieved KNO-scaling variable (𝑛/𝑛) 4.5. Probably, the tail of high multiplicity distribution stipulates gluon splitting. In the region of high multiplicity, the formation of pions is predominant. Some collective phenomena are predicted in this region. Using charged multiplicity data, we could restore total (sum of charged and neutral particles) multiplicity and have implemented unique research for fluctuations of the neutral particle number at the given total multiplicity. The revealed growth of scaled variance may indicate the pion (Bose-Einstein) condensate formation. The excess of soft photon yield at interactions of the Nuclotron beams (d, Li and C) with a carbon target has been confirmed. This can be connected with the pion condensate formation. Currently, we prepare two-shoulder electromagnetic calorimeter to carry out experimental studies at BM@N setup and plan to take part in new experiments on heavy ion collisions at Nuclotron.
Published: 2018

63. Charmed particles production in pA -interactions at $\surd s = 11.8$ √ s = 11 . 8 GeV

Author: Elena Kokoulina, S. A. Gorokhov, A. G. Afonin, S. Orfanitsky, V. A. Nikitin, Yu.P. Petukhov, V. Ronjin, A. P. Vorobiev, S. G. Basiladze, P.F. Ermolov, M. Boguslavsky, V. Riadovikov, V.N. Zapolsky, V. Golovkin, L. A. Tikhonova, S. A. Zotkin, V. A. Kramarenko, A. Kiriyakov, D. Karmanov, E. G. Zverev, L. L. Kurchaninov, A. V. Pleskach, A. N. Aleev, A. G. Kholodenko, A. M. Moiseev, A. Vischnevskaya, A. Kubarovsky, V. Volkov, V. Dunun, G. Lanshikov, Ya. V. Grishkevich, Alexander Leflat, S. Golovnia, V. S. Petrov, V. Kozlov, Yu. P. Tsyupa, V. Zmushko, M. Merkin, O. P. Gavrishchuk, E. N. Ardashev, V.V. Konstantinov, A. I. Yukaev, S.I. Lyutov, M. Bogolyubsky, N.A. Kuzmin, N.I. Grishin, N. Furmanec, V. A. Sen’ko, Galina Bogdanova, V. Kireev, M. M. Soldatov, G. Mitrofanov, A. Larichev, I. G. Kosarev, A. A. Voronin, T. Topuria, N. A. Shalanda, I. Rufanov, V. P. Balandin, V. I. Yakimchuk, D. Zotkin, V. V. Popov, and M. Vasiliev
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Meson, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Hadron, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Charmed baryons, Baryon, Pair production, 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Production (computer science), Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Nucleon, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: The results of the SERP-E-184 experiment at the U-70 accelerator (IHEP, Protvino) are presented. Interactions of the 70GeV proton beam with carbon, silicon and lead targets were studied to detect decays of charmed $D^{0}$, $\bar{D}^{0}$, $D^{+}$, $D^{-}$ mesons and $\Lambda_{c}^{+}$ baryon near their production threshold. Measurements of lifetimes and masses have shown a good agreement with PDG data. The inclusive cross-sections of charm production and their A-dependences have been obtained. The yields of these particles are compared with the theoretical predictions and the data of other experiments. The measured cross-section of the total open charm production ( $\sigma_{\rm tot}(c\bar{c}) = 7.1 \pm 2.3({\rm stat}) \pm 1.4({\rm syst})$ μb/nucleon) at the collision c.m. energy $\surd s = 11.8$ GeV is well above the QCD model predictions. The contributions of different kinds of charmed particles to the total cross-section of the open charm production in proton-nucleus interactions vary with energy.
Published: 2017

64. Charm production nearby threshold in pA-interactions at 70 GeV

Author: Yuri Tsyupa, D. Karmanov, V. Golovkin, A. P. Vorobiev, Anatolii Pleskach, V. Riadovikov, Viktor Kramarenko, Sergei Gorokhov, V. Volkov, I. Rufanov, Elena Kokoulina, O. Gavrishchuk, Vladimir Zapolsky, E. N. Ardashev, Alexander G. Afonin, Alexander Voronin, Andrei Kiryakov, Alexander Yukaev, Alexander Leflat, Valerii Ronjin, Galina Bogdanova, Mikhail Bogolyubsky, V. V. Popov, Sergei Golovnia, V. P. Balandin, Evgenii Zverev, and Y. P. Petukhov
Subjects: Physics, Quantum chromodynamics, Particle physics, Meson, Proton, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, FOS: Physical sciences, Lambda, Baryon, Production (computer science), High Energy Physics::Experiment, Charm (quantum number), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nucleon, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The results of the SERP-E-184 experiment at the U-70 accelerator (IHEP, Protvino) are presented. Interactions of the 70 GeV proton beam with C, Si and Pb targets were studied to detect decays of charmed $D^0$, $\overline D^0$, $D^+$, $D^-$ mesons and $\Lambda _c^+$ baryon near their production threshold. Measurements of lifetimes and masses are shown a good agreement with PDG data. The inclusive cross sections of charm production and their A-dependencies were obtained. The yields of these particles are compared with the theoretical predictions and the data of other experiments. The measured cross section of the total open charm production ($\sigma _{\mathrm {tot}}(c\overline c)$ = 7.1 $\pm $ 2.3(stat) $\pm $1.4(syst) $\mu $b/nucleon) at the collision c.m. energy $\sqrt {s}$ = 11.8 GeV is well above the QCD model predictions. The contributions of different species of charmed particles to the total cross section of the open charm production in proton-nucleus interactions vary with energy., Comment: 4 pages, 6 pages, 38th International Conference on High Energy Physics 3-10 August 2016, Chicago, USA
Published: 2017
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65. Parameter identification for coupled elasto-plasto-damage model for overheated concrete

Author: S.G. Semenov, Andrey Benin, Galina Bogdanova, and Artem S. Semenov
Subjects: Engineering, Tension (physics), business.industry, 05 social sciences, Mechanical engineering, 050109 social psychology, Model parameters, Structural engineering, Compression (physics), Nonlinear system, Identification (information), Data acquisition, lcsh:TA1-2040, 0502 economics and business, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, business, lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), Elastic modulus, 050203 business & management
Abstract: The methodology of experimental acquisition and subsequent processing of data for identification of nonlinear elasto-plasto-damage concrete model parameters are considered. Typical measurement equipment and data acquisition process are described. The experiments were carried out on standard specimens of cubic and prismatic form under compression and dog-bone-shaped specimens under tension. Elasticity modulus in tension and compression, ultimate strengths in compression and tension, damage evolutions during deformations process and other mechanical characteristics were obtained. The results of parameter identification and validation for typical structural concrete including regular and overheated concrete are presented and discussed.
Published: 2017

66. Project 'North +': documenting, preserving and providing public access to the cultural heritage in libraries, museums, archives and galleries in North and Central Bulgaria

Author: Ivanova, K., Galina Bogdanova, Zdravkov, K., Pavlov, R., and Paneva-Marinova, D.
Abstract: This paper presents the project „North +“ for documenting, preserving and providing public access to the cultural heritage in libraries, museums, archives and galleries in North and Central Bulgaria.
Published: 2014

67. Experimental Study and Mathematical Modeling of Bond of Different Types Winding Glass-Plastic Reinforcement with Concrete

Author: Galina Bogdanova, S.G. Semenov, and Andrey Benin
Subjects: Materials science, business.industry, Bond, Composite number, Foundation (engineering), General Medicine, Structural engineering, Deformation (meteorology), business, Reinforcement, Finite element method
Abstract: The experimental studies of flat and relief glass-plastic reinforcement bond with concrete were conducted. The comparative analysis of obtained experimental data with results of other researchers in field of reinforcement and concrete bond was made. It was identified that composite reinforcement with flat winding has better bond characteristics in comparison with steel reinforcement and other winding types composite reinforcement. The analytical dependencies, allowing to simulate the process of fiber-plastic reinforcement bond with concrete, were obtained. The finite element modeling of deformation process of concrete foundation of transport constructions with fiber-plastic reinforcement were made.
Published: 2014

68. Spectrometer with a vertex detector for experiments at the IHEP accelerator

Author: V. N. Ryadovikov, V. V. Popov, Yu. P. Tsyupa, S.I. Lyutov, A. G. Kholodenko, M. Merkin, V. S. Petrov, V.I. Kireev, Alexander Leflat, G. I. Lanshchikov, E. N. Ardashev, A. A. Voronin, N. A. Shalanda, S. A. Gorokhov, V. A. Nikitin, I. Rufanov, S. N. Golovnya, M. K. Polkovnikov, Viktor Kramarenko, A. P. Vorob’ev, D. Karmanov, V. V. Myalkovskii, E. G. Zverev, V. I. Yakimchuk, V. A. Sen’ko, Galina Bogdanova, V. V. Avdeichikov, V. Yu. Volkov, A. N. Aleev, V. Golovkin, N.F. Furmanets, A. M. Vishnevskaya, M. M. Soldatov, G. Ya. Mitrofanov, A. Ya. Kutov, S. G. Basiladze, P.F. Ermolov, A. I. Yukaev, S.A. Zotkin, V. Kh. Malyaev, Ya. V. Grishkevich, Vladimir Peshekhonov, A. V. Pleskach, L.A. Tikhonova, and Elena Kokoulina
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Spectrometer, Hodoscope, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Vertex detector, Instrumentation, Silicon microstrip detectors
Abstract: The stages of development and the current status of the versatile “Spectrometer with a Vertex Detector” setup designed for physics experiments at the U-70 accelerator of the Institute for High Energy Physics (Protvino) is described. The main detectors of the setup are the vertex detector based on silicon microstrip detectors, the wide-aperture magnetic spectrometer based on multiwire proportional chambers, and the lead-glass hodoscope γ detector. In the setup, there is a fast two-level trigger system for selecting required particle interactions. The key characteristics of the setup systems are presented, and the physical results obtained on it are briefly listed.
Published: 2013

69. From soft photon study at Nuclotron and U-70 to NICA

Author: S. A. Gorokhov, Gleb Pokatashkin, N.A. Kuzmin, V. Rogov, M. K. Polkovnikov, Elena Kokoulina, Andrey Kutov, A. Kazakov, V. Volkov, I. Lobanov, V. Golovkin, A. G. Kholodenko, V. B. Dunin, N.K. Zhidkov, A. P. Vorobiev, V.V. Avdeichikov, V. N. Ryadovikov, E. N. Ardashev, I. Rufanov, O. P. Gavrishchuk, Galina Bogdanova, S. G. Reznikov, Yu.P. Petukhov, V. A. Nikitin, Yu. P. Tsyupa, L. S. Zolin, V.N. Ronzhin, V. P. Balandin, S. N. Golovnya, V. V. Popov, A. Isupov, and A. A. Kiryakov
Subjects: Nuclear reaction, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclotron, Particle physics, Photon, Soft photon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Elementary particle, 01 natural sciences, Electromagnetic radiation, Nuclear physics, Massless particle, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, U-70
Abstract: Experimental and theoretical studies of direct photon production in hadronic collisions essentially expand our insights in multiparticle production mechanisms. These photons are useful probes to investigate nuclear matter at all stages of the interaction. Soft photons play a particular role in these studies. Until now we have no explanation for the experimentally observed excess of soft photons. These photons have low transverse momenta $ p_{T} < 0.1$ GeV/c, $ \vert x\vert < 0.01$ . In this domain their yield exceeds the theoretical estimates by 5-8 times. The registration of soft photons at Nuclotron (LHEP, JINR) has been carried out by the electromagnetic calorimeter built by the SVD-2 Collaboration. Soft photon electromagnetic calorimeter was tested at U-70, IHEP (Protvino). For the first time the soft photon yield at interactions of 3.5A GeV/c per nucleon deuterium and lithium beams has been measured. The obtained energy spectra confirm the increased yield of soft photons with their energy less than 50MeV (in the laboratory system) in comparison with theoretical predictions and agree with previous experiments at high-energy interactions. It is planned to continue soft photon study at the future accelerator complex NICA with heavy-ion beams.
Published: 2016

70. A trigger of events with a high multiplicity of charged particles at the SVD-2 setup

Author: V. V. Popov, A. Ya. Kutov, A. G. Kholodenko, V. Yu. Volkov, V.A. Budilov, Alexander Leflat, V. V. Avdeichikov, Galina Bogdanova, I. Rufanov, V. A. Nikitin, and Elena Kokoulina
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Particle physics, Scintillation, Collective behavior, Thermalisation, Spectrometer, Hodoscope, Hadron, Multiplicity (mathematics), Instrumentation, Charged particle
Abstract: The Thermalization project is currently under way on the extracted proton beam of the U-70 accelerator at the Institute for High Energy Physics. The main goal of this experiment is to study the collective behavior of secondary particles produced in a multiparticle pp interaction at beam energy E = 50–70 GeV. The region of high charged-particle multiplicities nch ≥ 10 is investigated. In this region, a significant portion of energy in the center-of-mass system is dissipated on production of secondary particles, which results in formation of a hadronic system. At the initial instant of evolution, the density of this system is high, which may be responsible for the collective behavior of the secondary particles. The investigations are performed at the SVD-2 wide-aperture magnetic spectrometer. A multichannel trigger scintillation hodoscope used to select rare events with a large number of charged particles exceeding the predetermined value is described. The main flow of low-multiplicity events is suppressed by the trigger system by a factor of ∼102.
Published: 2011

71. QPlus: computer package for coding theory research and education

Author: Todor Todorov, V. H. Todorov, and Galina Bogdanova
Subjects: Block code, Theoretical computer science, Number theory, Computational Theory and Mathematics, Computer package, Modular arithmetic, Applied Mathematics, Computation, Equidistant, Coding theory, Linear code, Computer Science Applications, Mathematics
Abstract: A shared computer tool QPlus for studying coding theory studying is presented. The system offers computations over Zq={0, 1,..., q-1} (q
Published: 2011

72. NEW TERNARY AND QUATERNARY CONSTANT-WEIGHT EQUIDISTANT CODES

Author: Todor Todorov, Galina Bogdanova, and Teodora Yorgova
Subjects: Combinatorics, Discrete mathematics, Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics, Equidistant, Quaternary, Constant (mathematics), Programming method, Ternary operation, Mathematics
Abstract: In this paper we consider the problem of finding bounds on the size of ternary and quaternary constant-weight equidistant codes with 2 ≤ w < n ≤ 10. Optimal ternary and quaternary constant-weight equidistant codes have been constructed by combinatorial and computer methods. All open cases for the size of optimal ternary and quaternary constant-weight equidistant codes have been closed.
Published: 2010

73. Lexicographic Constant-Weight Equidistant Codes over the Alphabet of Three, Four and Five Elements

Author: Todor Todorov, Teodora Yorgova, and Galina Bogdanova
Subjects: Block code, Combinatorics, Discrete mathematics, Equidistant, Alphabet, Constant (mathematics), Lexicographical order, Expander code, Computer search, Mathematics
Abstract: In this paper we consider the problem of finding bounds on the size of lexicographic constant-weight equidistant codes over the alphabet of three, four and five elements with 2 ≤ w < n ≤ 10. Computer search of lexicographic constant-weight equidistant codes is performed. Tables with bounds on the size of lexicographic constant-weight equidistant codes are presented.
Published: 2010

74. Using error-correcting dependencies for collaborative filtering

Author: Tsvetanka Georgieva and Galina Bogdanova
Subjects: Information Systems and Management, business.industry, Computer science, Process (computing), Recommender system, Machine learning, computer.software_genre, Fractal dimension, Collaborative filtering, Error correcting, Artificial intelligence, Data mining, business, Baseline (configuration management), computer
Abstract: Collaborative filtering aims to automate the process of organizing and recommending information to users. This process consists of predicting the user rating of a given item based on other users' ratings. We propose a new algorithm for tackling this problem based on discovering the functional error-correcting dependencies in a dataset by using the fractal dimension. We experimentally evaluate our algorithm and compare it to some of the baseline schemes. The experimental results presented in this paper prove that our approach improves the accuracy and the performance of the filtering.
Published: 2008

75. A drift tracker of the SVD-2 setup

Author: S. G. Basiladze, P.F. Ermolov, E. G. Zverev, V. Yu. Volkov, A. V. Kubarovskii, Alexander Leflat, V. N. Bychkov, V. V. Popov, Elena Kokoulina, Ya. V. Grishkevich, M. A. Baturitskii, V. A. Sen’ko, G. D. Kekelidze, N. A. Shalanda, K. S. Viryasov, V. V. Myalkovskii, Vladimir Peshekhonov, Galina Bogdanova, A. Yu. Yukaev, I. Rufanov, V. A. Nikitin, and V. M. Lysan
Subjects: Physics, Quality (physics), Optics, business.industry, Track (disk drive), Singular value decomposition, Resolution (electron density), business, Instrumentation, Anode
Abstract: The design and the characteristics of a drift tracker for the SVD-2 setup at the U-70 accelerator of the Institute for High Energy Physics (Protvino, Russia) are described. The drift tracker has been developed to improve the quality of track reconstruction in high-multiplicity events. It is composed of 2304 drift tubes with a diameter of 6 mm and a sensitive region 500–900 mm long. The distance between a track and the anode wire is determined from the drift time. The coordinate resolution and the detection efficiency of the tubes have been determined from the data of the accelerator run in 2006.
Published: 2008

76. On the construction of q-ary equidistant codes

Author: V. A. Zinoviev, Todor Todorov, and Galina Bogdanova
Subjects: Physics::Computational Physics, Discrete mathematics, Combinatorics, Block code, Physics::Popular Physics, Computer Networks and Communications, Equidistant, Alphabet, Computer Science Applications, Information Systems, Mathematics
Abstract: The problem of constructing equidistant codes over an alphabet of an arbitrary size q is considered. Some combinatorial constructions and computer-based search methods are presented. All maximal equidistant codes with distances 3 and 4 are found.
Published: 2007

77. A vertex microstrip detector of the SVD setup for experiments on the IHEP accelerator

Author: Ya. V. Grishkevich, V. S. Petrov, D. Karmanov, A. V. Kubarovskii, V. B. Ezhov, S. Golubkov, A. V. Pleskach, V. Kh. Malyaev, S. G. Basiladze, V. Yu. Volkov, E. G. Zverev, E. N. Ardashev, L. A. Tikhonova, M. V. Vasil’ev, P.F. Ermolov, G. Ya. Mitrofanov, A. I. Sidorov, L. L. Kurchaninov, A. A. Voronin, A. A. Kiryakov, A. V. Gor’kov, Viktor Kramarenko, A. P. Vorob’ev, N. A. Shalanda, S. A. Gorokhov, S.I. Lyutov, N. Egorov, A. A. Minaenko, V. V. Popov, A. G. Kholodenko, M. S. Levitskii, V. V. Parakhin, Yu. P. Tsyupa, M. M. Merkiv, Alexander Leflat, Y. Kozlov, S. N. Golovnya, V. A. Sen’ko, M. M. Soldatov, L. V. Pilavova, Galina Bogdanova, and V. I. Yakimchuk
Subjects: Physics, Vertex (computer graphics), Spectrometer, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Particle detector, Semiconductor detector, Data acquisition, Optics, Measuring instrument, business, Instrumentation, Beam (structure)
Abstract: A precision vertex microstrip detector has been developed for the spectrometer with a vertex detector (SVD) setup on which the properties of hadrons and short-lived unstable particles are investigated on the accelerator of the Institute for High Energy Physics. The structure and the design of the main detector components—microstrip sensors and an active target—are presented, as well as techniques for manufacturing them. The readout electronics, the data acquisition system, and its software are also described. The accuracy in determining the vertex position is 70–250 µm along the beam axis and 8–15 µm in a transverse direction at a throughput of 500–1000 events/s.
Published: 2007

78. Soft photon registration at Nuclotron

Author: Gleb Pokatashkin, A. A. Kiryakov, Ruslan Salyanko, Vladimir Volkov, V. P. Balandin, M. K. Polkovnikov, V. B. Dunin, I. Lobanov, Alexander Isupov, Yu. P. Tsyupa, V. Rogov, I. Rufanov, Galina Bogdanova, A. G. Kholodenko, Alexey Kazakov, E. N. Ardashev, O. P. Gavrishchuk, S. G. Reznikov, Elena Kokoulina, S. N. Golovnya, Andrey Kutov, Vasilii Ryadovikov, Nikolay Kuzmin, A. P. Vorobiev, V. Golovkin, Vladimir Avdeichikov, N.K. Zhidkov, V. V. Popov, S. A. Gorokhov, V. A. Nikitin, L. S. Zolin, V.N. Ronzhin, and Yu.P. Petukhov
Subjects: Physics, Nuclotron, Photon, Soft photon, Nuclear Theory, FOS: Physical sciences, Spectral line, Nuclear physics, Electromagnetic calorimeter, Yield (chemistry), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nucleon, Nuclear Experiment, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: First results of a soft photon yield in nucleus-nuclear interactions at 3.5 GeV per nucleon are presented. These photons have been registered at Nuclotron (LHEP, JINR) by an electromagnetic calorimeter built in the SVD Collaboration. The obtained spectra confirm the excess yield in the energy region less than 50 MeV in comparison with theoretical predictions and agree with previous experiments at high-energy interactions., 5 pages, 3 figures, presented at the International Conference on New Photo-detectors July 6-9, 2015, Moscow, Troitsk, Russia
Published: 2015

79. Electronic equipment for reading and recording signals from the microstrip vertex detector of the SVD-2 setup

Author: Yu. P. Tsyupa, S. G. Basiladze, P.F. Ermolov, Alexander Leflat, Galina Bogdanova, V. Yu. Volkov, M. Merkin, A. P. Vorob’ev, A. A. Voronin, M. V. Vasil’ev, D. Karmanov, V. A. Sen’ko, E. G. Zverev, M. M. Soldatov, L. L. Kurchaninov, and E. A. Usenko
Subjects: Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Computer science, business.industry, Reading (computer), Singular value decomposition, Electrical engineering, Vertex detector, business, Instrumentation, Microstrip, Electronic equipment
Abstract: Electronic equipment developed for reading, shaping, and recording signals from microstrip sensors of the vertex detector of the SVD-2 setup is described. The configuration of the vertex detector sensors, construction of signal-reading cards, and structure and functions of the recording modules are considered. The obtained characteristics are analyzed.
Published: 2006

80. Electronic equipment for readout and processing of data from the microstrip vertex detector of the SVD-2 setup

Author: Alexander Leflat, M. M. Merkin, N. A. Shalanda, L. L. Kurchaninov, V. A. Sen’ko, M. M. Soldatov, A. A. Voronin, Yu. P. Tsyupa, S. G. Basiladze, P.F. Ermolov, V. Yu. Volkov, V. I. Yakimchuk, Galina Bogdanova, and A. P. Vorob’ev
Subjects: Data processing, Data acquisition, Software, business.industry, Computer science, Reading (computer), Singular value decomposition, Vertex detector, business, Instrumentation, Computer hardware, Electronic equipment, Microstrip
Abstract: The electronic equipment for data processing and reading designed for the vertex detector of the SVD-2 setup is described. The structure of basic modules, their characteristics, and software for data acquisition are considered.
Published: 2006

81. Observation of a narrow baryon resonance decaying to pK S 0 in proton-nucleus interactions at 70 GeV/c with the SVD-2 setup

Author: M. M. Soldatov, L. V. Pilavova, Alexander Leflat, V. A. Kramarenko, N. V. Korotkov, V. B. Ezhov, V. V. Popov, R. E. Rudenko, M. Vasiliev, V. P. Balandin, N.K. Zhidkov, V. I. Yakimchuk, T. Topuria, E. S. Kokoulina, D. Zotkin, S. A. Zotkin, M. D. Shafranov, I. V. Boguslavsky, V. Zmushko, N.A. Kuzmin, V. Riadovikov, A. I. Sidorov, L. A. Tikhonova, S. A. Golubkov, P. P. Nomokonov, E. N. Ardashev, V. S. Petrov, N. A. Shalanda, L. Zakamsky, N. N. Egorov, V. Yu. Volkov, G.G. Ermakov, A. M. Moiseev, N.I. Grishin, S. Orfanitsky, A. Larichev, I. Rufanov, A. A. Kiryakov, S. N. Golovnya, I. G. Kosarev, V. A. Sen’ko, N. Furmanec, S. G. Basiladze, A. V. Gorkov, E. Kuznetsov, P.F. Ermolov, A. A. Oleinik, A. N. Aleev, L. L. Kurchaninov, Yu. F. Kozlov, A. P. Vorobiev, I. M. Gramenitsky, Yu. P. Tsyupa, A. I. Yukaev, V. Kuzmin, A. Kubarovsky, S.I. Lyutov, M. Merkin, Galina Bogdanova, A. A. Voronin, G. Lanshikov, A. G. Kholodenko, N. S. Amaglobeli, A. V. Pleskach, V.N. Zapolsky, D. Karmanov, E. G. Zverev, S. V. Maiorov, V. S. Murzin, S.F. Berezhnev, A. Minaenko, A. Vischnevskaya, V. Parakhin, Ya. V. Grishkevich, M. Levitsky, G. Ya. Mitrofanov, S. A. Gorokhov, V. A. Nikitin, and V. Kozlov
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Proton, Meson, Nuclear Theory, Hadron, Elementary particle, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Pentaquark, Baryon, Nuclear physics, Exotic baryon, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear Experiment, Nucleon
Abstract: Data from the SVD-2 experiment that were obtained at the IHEP accelerator in 70-GeV/c proton-nucleus interactions are analyzed with the aim of searches for an exotic Θ+ baryon that decays through the pK S 0 channel. The reaction pN → pK S 0 + X characterized by a bounded multiplicity of charged secondaries is used for this analysis. A resonance of mass M = 1526 ± 3(stat.) ± 3(syst.) MeV/c 2 and width Γ < 24 MeV/c 2 is observed in the invariant-mass spectrum of the pK S 0 system at a statistical significance of 5.6σ. The mass and the width of this resonance correspond to the recently found positive-strangeness Θ+ baryon, which was predicted to be an exotic baryon consisting of five quarks (pentaquark), $$uudd\bar s$$ . The total cross section for the production of a Θ+ baryon in pA interactions is estimated at a value within the range 30–120 μb for x F ≥ 0. An analysis of the A dependence of the cross section for Θ+-baryon production does not reveal a significant deviation from the A dependence for inelastic events (∼A 0.7).
Published: 2005

82. Enumeration of Optimal Ternary Constant-Composition Codes

Author: Galina Bogdanova and S. N. Kapralov
Subjects: Combinatorics, Discrete mathematics, Constant composition, Computer Networks and Communications, Enumeration, Ternary operation, MathematicsofComputing_DISCRETEMATHEMATICS, Computer Science Applications, Information Systems, Mathematics
Abstract: The problem of classification of optimal ternary constant-composition codes is considered. Using a combinatorial-computer method, the number of inequivalent codes is determined for 3 ≤ d ≤ n ≤ 10.
Published: 2003

83. Bounds and constructions for ternary constant-composition codes

Author: Galina Bogdanova, M. Svanstrom, and Patric R. J. Östergård
Subjects: Discrete mathematics, Block code, Concatenated error correction code, Hamming distance, Library and Information Sciences, Linear code, Expander code, Computer Science Applications, Combinatorics, Ternary Golay code, Constant-weight code, Hamming code, Information Systems, Mathematics
Abstract: The problem of determining the maximum size of a ternary code is considered, under the restriction that each symbol should appear a given number of times in each codeword. Upper and lower bounds on the size of such codes under the Hamming metric are discussed, where the lower bounds follow from constructions of good codes. Some of the results are obtained by explicitly finding codes by computer search. A table of exact values and best known bounds on the maximum size for codes of length at most 10 is presented.
Published: 2002

84. Experimental estimation of the charm-production cross section in pp interactions at 70 GeV/c with the aid of the SVD setup

Author: S. V. Chekulaev, T. Topuria, A. P. Vorobiev, I. M. Gramenitsky, A. E. Kiryunin, A. Ya. Kutov, K. S. Medved, Alexander Leflat, S. G. Basiladze, V. P. Rukovichkin, V.I. Kireev, S. M. Ruzin, Gennady I. Karlov, V. V. Popov, V. A. Samsonov, V. A. Kramarenko, Yu. P. Tsyupa, A. V. Pleskach, E. G. Zverev, A. Vischnevskaya, B. A. Utochkin, M. Merkin, L. A. Tikhonova, L. L. Kurchaninov, N. S. Amaglobeli, B. V. Prosin, Yu.V. Tevzadze, P.F. Ermolov, E. K. Shabalina, Ya. V. Grishkevich, Sh. M. Esakia, O. V. Grishina, V. T. Tolmachev, M. S. Levitsky, A. G. Kholodenko, A. Kubarovsky, A. A. Minaenko, N. K. Bulgakov, Galina Bogdanova, V. N. Ryadovikov, A. Larichev, Yu.V. Khrenov, V. M. Rybnikov, G. O. Kuratashvili, O. S. Zaitseva, V. Yu. Volkov, E. N. Ardashev, S. Nedev, V.N. Zapolsky, A. V. Selikov, I. V. Boguslavsky, M. D. Shafranov, N. A. Galyaev, S.I. Lyutov, S. A. Zotkin, S. Orfanitsky, B. G. Chiladze, M. Yu. Bogolyubsky, N. A. Ivanova, A. M. Moiseev, V. Kozlov, and A. I. Popov
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Spectrometer, Meson, Perturbative QCD, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Charged particle, Nuclear physics, symbols.namesake, Singular value decomposition, symbols, Bubble chamber, Feynman diagram, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Multiplicity (chemistry), Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Charmed-particle production in pp interactions at 70 GeV/c was studied with the SVD setup at the IHEP accelerator (Protvino). The experimental procedure used and the data-selection methods are described. Data obtained by using a quickly cycling bubble chamber and a magnetic spectrometer are analyzed. The number of inelastic-interaction events recorded in the chamber is 109000, with the charge multiplicity being nch/4. The corresponding statistics are 4.96 event/µb. Part of the events were recorded in the magnetic spectrometer. Three three-prong decays of charged particles near the primary vertex are found on the films, two of these being recorded with the spectrometer. All three are interpreted as D− decays. Two neutral decays observed simultaneously in the chamber and in the spectrometer are interpreted as $\bar D^0 $ decays. The total cross section for $c\bar c$ production in the Feynman variable region −1
Published: 2001

85. [Untitled]

Author: Alexander Leflat, Yu.P. Petukhov, V. Yu. Volkov, A. G. Kholodenko, E. N. Ardashev, Yu. P. Tsyupa, V. V. Babintsev, Galina Bogdanova, and N. A. Shalanda
Subjects: Active target, Scintillation, Hodoscope, Spectrometer, Computer science, business.industry, Singular value decomposition, Table (database), Vertex detector, business, Instrumentation, Computer hardware, Data selection
Abstract: A first-level trigger system for the SVD-2 setup, based on an active target and a scintillation hodoscope, is described. The implementation of the table method for data selection in the trigger system is presented. The good performance of the first-level trigger system was demonstrated in the testing run of the Serpukhov accelerator in 1999.
Published: 2001

86. Radiation damage in the LHCb Vertex Locator

Author: J. Garofoli, S. Redford, M. Whitehead, Timothy Gershon, A. D. Webber, D. Dossett, S. De Capua, Agnieszka Oblakowska-Mucha, Alexander Leflat, G. D. Patel, Tomasz Szumlak, T. E. Latham, David Hutchcroft, S. Ali, J. Harrison, Karol Hennessy, Eddy Jans, M. Liles, Christopher Thomas, J. J. Velthuis, Malcolm John, Dermot Moran, C. Farinelli, E. G. Zverev, V. Heijne, I. Mous, M. M. Reid, A. A. Affolder, Jack Benton, M. van Beuzekom, P. M. Bjørnstad, Galina Bogdanova, Manuel Schiller, Michael Alexander, Marina Artuso, G. D. Lafferty, C. Parkes, J. Buytaert, H. Brown, Tjeerd Ketel, Kazu Akiba, Lars Eklund, Vladimir Volkov, Silvia Borghi, Themistocles Bowcock, Kurt Rinnert, Gianluigi Casse, Hamish Gordon, Eduardo Rodrigues, Marco Gersabeck, and P. Collins
Subjects: Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Silicon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Hadron, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Fluence, Charged particle, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Baryon, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), chemistry, Neutron, Irradiation, Atomic physics, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Nucleon, Instrumentation, QC, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: The LHCb Vertex Locator (VELO) is a silicon strip detector designed to reconstruct charged particle trajectories and vertices produced at the LHCb interaction region. During the first two years of data collection, the 84 VELO sensors have been exposed to a range of fluences up to a maximum value of approximately $\rm{45 \times 10^{12}\,1\,MeV}$ neutron equivalent ($\rm{1\,MeV\,n_{eq}}$). At the operational sensor temperature of approximately $-7\,^{\circ}\rm{C}$, the average rate of sensor current increase is 18$\mu$ A per $\rm{fb^{-1}}$, in excellent agreement with predictions. The silicon effective bandgap has been determined using current versus temperature scan data after irradiation, with an average value of $E_{g}=1.16\pm0.03\pm0.04\,\rm{eV}$ obtained. The first observation of n-on-n sensor type inversion at the LHC has been made, occurring at a fluence of around $15 \times 10 ^{12}$ of $1\,\rm{MeV\,n_{eq}}$. The only n-on-p sensors in use at the LHC have also been studied. With an initial fluence of approximately $\rm{3 \times 10^{12}\,1\,MeV\,n_{eq}}$, a decrease in the Effective Depletion Voltage (EDV) of around 25\,V is observed, attributed to oxygen induced removal of boron interstitial sites. Following this initial decrease, the EDV increases at a comparable rate to the type inverted n-on-n type sensors, with rates of $(1.43\pm 0.16) \times 10 ^{-12}\,\rm{V} / \, 1 \, \rm{MeV\,n_{eq}}$ and $(1.35\pm 0.25) \times 10 ^{-12}\,\rm{V} / \, 1 \, \rm{MeV\,n_{eq}}$ measured for n-on-p and n-on-n type sensors, respectively. A reduction in the charge collection efficiency due to an unexpected effect involving the second metal layer readout lines is observed. The LHCb Vertex Locator (VELO) is a silicon strip detector designed toreconstruct charged particle trajectories and vertices produced at the LHCbinteraction region. During the first two years of data collection, the 84 VELOsensors have been exposed to a range of fluences up to a maximum value ofapproximately 45 × 1012 1 MeV neutron equivalent(1 MeV neq). At the operational sensor temperature of approximately−7 °C, the average rate of sensor current increase is18 μA per fb−1, in excellent agreement withpredictions. The silicon effective bandgap has been determined using currentversus temperature scan data after irradiation, with an average value ofEg = 1.16±0.03±0.04 eV obtained. The first observation ofn+-on-n sensor type inversion at the LHC has been made, occurring at a fluenceof around 15 × 1012 of 1 MeV neq. The only n+-on-psensors in use at the LHC have also been studied. With an initial fluence ofapproximately 3 × 1012 1 MeV neq, a decrease in theEffective Depletion Voltage (EDV) of around 25 V is observed. Following this initialdecrease, the EDV increases at a comparable rate to the typeinverted n+-on-n type sensors, with rates of (1.43±0.16) × 10−12 V/ 1 MeV neq and (1.35±0.25) × 10−12 V/ 1 MeV neq measured for n+-on-p andn+-on-n type sensors, respectively. A reduction in the charge collectionefficiency due to an unexpected effect involving the second metal layer readoutlines is observed. The LHCb Vertex Locator (VELO) is a silicon strip detector designed to reconstruct charged particle trajectories and vertices produced at the LHCb interaction region. During the first two years of data collection, the 84 VELO sensors have been exposed to a range of fluences up to a maximum value of approximately $\rm{45 \times 10^{12}\,1\,MeV}$ neutron equivalent ($\rm{1\,MeV\,n_{eq}}$). At the operational sensor temperature of approximately $-7\,^{\circ}\rm{C}$, the average rate of sensor current increase is $18\,\upmu\rm{A}$ per $\rm{fb^{-1}}$, in excellent agreement with predictions. The silicon effective bandgap has been determined using current versus temperature scan data after irradiation, with an average value of $E_{g}=1.16\pm0.03\pm0.04\,\rm{eV}$ obtained. The first observation of n-on-n sensor type inversion at the LHC has been made, occurring at a fluence of around $15 \times 10 ^{12}$ of $1\,\rm{MeV\,n_{eq}}$. The only n-on-p sensors in use at the LHC have also been studied. With an initial fluence of approximately $\rm{3 \times 10^{12}\,1\,MeV\,n_{eq}}$, a decrease in the Effective Depletion Voltage (EDV) of around 25\,V is observed, attributed to oxygen induced removal of boron interstitial sites. Following this initial decrease, the EDV increases at a comparable rate to the type inverted n-on-n type sensors, with rates of $(1.43\pm 0.16) \times 10 ^{-12}\,\rm{V} / \, 1 \, \rm{MeV\,n_{eq}}$ and $(1.35\pm 0.25) \times 10 ^{-12}\,\rm{V} / \, 1 \, \rm{MeV\,n_{eq}}$ measured for n-on-p and n-on-n type sensors, respectively. A reduction in the charge collection efficiency due to an unexpected effect involving the second metal layer readout lines is observed.
Published: 2013

87. Study of the underlying event at forward rapidity in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{s}=0.9,2.76,\;\mathrm{and}\;7\;\mathrm{TeV} $

Author: Adrian Perieanu, A. Meyer, Russell Richard Betts, M. Cardaci, Felicitas Pauss, J. Thomsen, Daniele Bonacorsi, Y. J. Lu, Conor Henderson, R. Carroll, A. M. Lopez, Konstantin Matchev, Jae Chul Yun, Jean-Marie Brom, M. Bontenackels, R. Beuselinck, David Stuart, Alice Mignerey, Daniel Pitzl, B. De La Cruz, J. Palinkas, M. Z. Mehta, L. M. Villasenor-Cendejas, C. Diez Pardos, Chayanit Asawatangtrakuldee, Yetkin Yilmaz, R. Rougny, Alex Garabedian, Paolo Giacomelli, Shin-Shan Yu, Vladimir Epshteyn, Mihee Jo, Geoffrey Hall, Sanjay Padhi, Egidio Longo, Y. Guo, Francesca Ricci-Tam, G. Merino, Paul Geffert, I. Segoni, J. Bochenek, Atanu Modak, Brian L Winer, Donato Creanza, M. Meneghelli, G. Brona, Salvatore Rappoccio, W. Hopkins, Sebastian Naumann-Emme, Loukas Gouskos, Bastian Kargoll, D. Lazic, David Mason, Wee Don Teo, Peter Elmer, David Sperka, Gaelle Boudoul, Marc Dobson, P. Goldenzweig, Yao Weng, Maksim Azarkin, Zhenwei Yang, Panagiotis Kokkas, S. Wakefield, Alexis Kalogeropoulos, Alessandro Giassi, F. M. Stober, Luigi Moroni, Luca Lista, Julian Bunn, Maurizio Pierini, David Cussans, M. Müntel, Edward Laird, Ricardo Lopez-Fernandez, Vieri Candelise, S. K. Park, M. Pioppi, Lovedeep Kaur Saini, P. Lecomte, Albert Knutsson, H. Silverwood, Teresa Rodrigo, Josef Hrubec, J. Roe, Ted Kolberg, Claude Charlot, Burton Betchart, Denis Favart, M. Pimiä, H. Van Haevermaet, E. A. De Wolf, Salim Cerci, V. Grishin, Wei Li, Daniel R Claes, H. Bahtiyar, Suat Ozkorucuklu, Sam Harper, Ivo Nicolas Naranjo, Xavier Janssen, Dirk Ryckbosch, Iban Jose Cabrillo, Alexander Gude, T. Christiansen, P. Lawson, Shuichi Kunori, M. Pernicka, Mikko Voutilainen, K. Gabathuler, M. Janulis, Giovanni Polese, T. Kurca, James G Branson, Aristotle Calamba, J. G. Smith, M. Giunta, S. Gowdy, Jesus Marco, Francesca Cavallari, Paolo Azzurri, Günther Dissertori, Yi Chen, Robert Harr, E. Luiggi Lopez, Rainer Wallny, T. Karaman, S. Di Guida, Nancy Marinelli, H. Snoek, C. Park, K. H. Chen, Nicola Pozzobon, Laurent Mirabito, Steven Lowette, I. Belotelov, Natale Demaria, W. Andrews, G. P. Van Onsem, J. Kolb, A. Van Spilbeeck, Matti J Kortelainen, J. Robles, Alexandre Zabi, D. Lopes Pegna, Sara Alderweireldt, Vladimir Rekovic, Ian Shipsey, P. Verdier, Andrius Juodagalvis, Luigi Benussi, M. Gabusi, Vincent Dero, C. Lazaridis, M. Xu, Leonard Apanasevich, Alexey Svyatkovskiy, Vincenzo Chiochia, A. Potenza, Y. Tschudi, Charalambos Nicolaou, G. Wrochna, Niki Saoulidou, T. J. Mertzimekis, Sercan Sen, Yuan-Hann Chang, Geoffrey Smith, M. Bansal, Muhammad Shoaib, Giuseppe Iaselli, Georgi Sultanov, V. Gaultney, David Cutts, David Krofcheck, Kevin Stenson, Jonathan Hollar, S. Lynch, Willis Lin, Achim Stahl, G. P. Di Giovanni, Anirban Saha, R. Wilken, Ekaterina Avdeeva, Stefano Belforte, Andrés G Delannoy, Christopher Hill, Jongmin Lee, C. Urscheler, S. H. Chuang, Valery Zhukov, Alexander Spiridonov, I. A. Melzer-Pellmann, A. Nürnberg, Vardan Khachatryan, Robert Hirosky, Ivan Amos Cali, Lev Khein, Plamen Iaydjiev, Peter Robmann, Vladimir Karjavin, Kerstin Borras, E. Friis, Dong-Chul Son, Liliana Teodorescu, Adolf Bornheim, Joseph Goodell, Stephen Sanders, Wesley H Smith, Francesca Nessi-Tedaldi, Ron Lipton, Artur Kalinowski, G. Christopher, C. Vuosalo, Felix Bachmair, Frank Hartmann, Luciano Orsini, Georgia Karapostoli, T. Pearson, Vasile Mihai Ghete, D. Krpic, Huseyin Topakli, J. Sammet, R. Gonzalez Suarez, Ketino Kaadze, Gian Piero Siroli, Christian Contreras-Campana, André Holzner, Werner Sun, Norbert Neumeister, Gyorgy Bencze, Dimitri Bourilkov, S. Carrillo Moreno, M. Mohammadi Najafabadi, Daniel Troendle, Panja-Riina Luukka, Roberto Salerno, Olga Kodolova, Bora Isildak, Riccardo Travaglini, Antonio Rossi, Pete Markowitz, Dario Menasce, F. 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Rodríguez-Marrero, Ryan Kelley, Paraskevas Sphicas, Charles Maguire, Theodoros Geralis, Fabrizio Gasparini, A. Tropiano, Michele Selvaggi, Andrea Rizzi, Yong Ban, M. De Gruttola, Marco Cuffiani, Andrew Rose, T. Dorland, Oliver Buchmuller, C. Hackstein, Carlos Lourenco, Martijn Mulders, M. Hollingsworth, C. Kottachchi Kankanamge Don, J. Slaunwhite, Amr Radi, Darin Baumgartel, F. Palmonari, W. Reece, Michal Simon, Zhiqing Zhang, G. Lungu, S. Tupputi, Jian-Guo Bian, Andrey Pozdnyakov, M. Vergili, Vladimir Palichik, Sue Ann Koay, Anna Colaleo, Mingming Yang, Chiara Mariotti, Ivan Mikulec, Francesco Micheli, Sunghyun Chang, Gul Gokbulut, Denis Rathjens, Cesar Augusto Bernardes, Aniello Spiezia, Cosmin Dragoiu, Jeremy Mans, A. Quintario Olmeda, W. Dominik, Thomas Kress, Gulsen Onengut, Viktor Matveev, C.W. Fabjan, Alexey Volkov, Andrey Leonidov, Matteo Marone, Jie Zhang, Ilina Vasileva Akin, Francesco Navarria, Antonio Branca, Jean-Charles Fontaine, C. Rohringer, C. Riedl, Taimoor Khurshid, Anton Dimitrov, Jean-Louis Faure, I. Ross, J. E. Ramirez Vargas, Philippe Miné, Ajit Mohapatra, L. M. Lebolo, Christophe Ochando, M. Cwiok, Joram Berger, Konstantinos Theofilatos, J. Gartner, Sandor Czellar, Christopher George Tully, Martino Margoni, Jochen Ott, G. Schott, A. Ellithi Kamel, Luca Perrozzi, Manfred Krammer, Kevin Sung, Brian Francis, Florent Lacroix, R. Volpe, V. Klyukhin, Alberto Benvenuti, Konstanty Sumorok, Semiray Girgis, Nil Valls, Eric Wayne Vaandering, Paolo Checchia, Francesco Santanastasio, Stoyan Stoynev, J. Harvey, Alexandre Sakharov, Maria Elena Pol, Susan Gascon, J. A. Coarasa Perez, Francesca Romana Cavallo, Viktor Savrin, J. Babb, Santiago Folgueras, George Alverson, Tongguang Cheng, W. Ferguson, Sergo Jindariani, Benjamin Kreis, Andrea Gozzelino, Enrique Calvo, Werner Lustermann, Andromachi Tsirou, Tatiana Medvedeva, Sanjay Jain, Dave Pellett, Marko Kovac, Thomas Ferbel, J. S. Wood, Mark Pesaresi, Rachel Yohay, Alberto Messineo, Gunther Roland, Rino Castaldi, M. Balazs, A. Kayis Topaksu, Alexander Belyaev, P. Fabbricatore, Claudio Campagnari, Teppo Mäenpää, M. Kress, J. G. Shiu, Sergio P Ratti, Manuel Giffels, I. Svintradze, Mitchell Wayne, Karol Bunkowski, Giorgio Maggi, Sadia Khalil, C. Fernandez Bedoya, A. Markina, Amedeo Staiano, Robert Schöfbeck, H. Schettler, Kirti Ranjan, Dan Green, Arnaud Pin, L. Soares Jorge, Daniel Teyssier, J. Sibille, Lars Sonnenschein, Victor Perelygin, Marta Ruspa, Stepan Obraztsov, Alessandra Fanfani, P. E. Marage, Rong-Shyang Lu, Flavia De Almeida Dias, L. Di Matteo, Oliver Pooth, Jan Steggemann, Frank Chlebana, Giovanni Organtini, Mohammed Mahmoud, A. Sparrow, Paolo Spagnolo, C. Justus, Lindsey Gray, Philip Harris, Andrew Askew, Gurpreet Singh, D. Matos Figueiredo, Noemi Beni, Y. Eshaq, S. Reucroft, M. Della Negra, Maria Isabel Josa, Rafael Marco, Analu Custódio, A.S. Proskuryakov, Markus Seidel, Vineet Kumar, I. Marfin, Sanmay Ganguly, Michail Bachtis, Wolfgang Lohmann, Christopher Neu, D. Barge, W. To, Filip Moortgat, Leonid Levchuk, Luca Scodellaro, Luca Martini, Frank-Peter Schilling, Michael Kramer, C. Vander Velde, Christopher George, S. Kailas, Douglas Wright, Giacomo Fedi, P. Van Hove, T. Dahms, Thomas Bergauer, Michael Planer, J. Anderson, Konstantinos Kousouris, Roberto Sacchi, Natascha Hörmann, K. Kanishchev, Maria Cepeda, S. Ochesanu, Vladimir Mossolov, Jorgen D'Hondt, Tejinder Virdee, Nicolò Tosi, Seth Conrad Zenz, Andrew Godshalk, Attilio Santocchia, Jean Fay, Georg Steinbrück, Igor Dremin, Abideh Jafari, Nathan Mirman, A. M. Kuotb Awad, Joshua Bendavid, N. Pietsch, M. Vidal Marono, S. De Visscher, Julia Thom, Umesh Joshi, Nicanor Colino, T. De Tabarelli Fatis, Nadeesha Wickramage, Eleni Petrakou, A. Volodko, Salvatore Buontempo, O. Gonzalez Lopez, M. Ata, Doris Eckstein, Achim Geiser, Duncan Carlsmith, M. Chasco, G. Broccolo, T. S. Anjos, F. Odorici, M. Luk, Suzan Basegmez, Barbara Clerbaux, T. Caebergs, Burak Bilki, Dirk Krücker, S. Paktinat Mehdiabadi, Gianluca Cerminara, Guo-Ming Chen, Arabella Martelli, Victoria Zhukova, S. Qazi, Muhammad Ahmad, Felix Hoehle, Suman Bala Beri, Y. J. Lei, Paul Avery, Salavat Abdullin, Randy Ruchti, Joe Incandela, M. Görner, Virginia Azzolini, Marcello Maggi, Davide Piccolo, Vincenzo Monaco, Cristina Tuve, Vladimir Andreev, Javier Cuevas, Finn Rebassoo, Volker Blobel, Lucia Silvestris, G. Kukartsev, Neeti Parashar, Stephen Mrenna, Aruna Nayak, Ludivine Ceard, Gervasio Gomez, L. Tikvica, Xuejun Wang, Jessica Leonard, R. Musenich, F. Vazquez Valencia, Miroslav Finger, Marcello Abbrescia, M. Hashemi, Borislav Pavlov, Csaba Hajdu, Laurent Thomas, Emyr Clement, H. Gamsizkan, H. Mendez, Victor Murzin, T. Du Pree, W. De Boer, Archana Sharma, Dae Jung Kong, Danila Tlisov, W. Behrenhoff, Vivian O'Dell, A. Peterman, Tai Sakuma, Saptaparna Bhattacharya, A. M. Guler, Klaus Rabbertz, Sebastiano Albergo, Igor Lokhtin, B. Gobbo, Andrey Korytov, P. Chang, Stefano Marcellini, M. Gataullin, Eduardo De Moraes Gregores, Paul Turner, Robert M Brown, J. Hays, V. Kozhuharov, C. Fantasia, W. Wolszczak, Francesco Pandolfi, Maiko Takahashi, Yutaro Iiyama, J. C. Sanabria, Jung-Hyun Kim, Intae Yu, Tutanon Sinthuprasith, Mark Olschewski, Katja Klein, Ivan Glushkov, James Letts, Andres Tiko, Ernesto Migliore, Hans-Jürgen Simonis, Anna Elliott-Peisert, Todd Adams, Wit Busza, Marc Weinberg, Marco Zanetti, Zero J. Kim, Jan Krolikowski, Luiz Mundim, Duccio Abbaneo, R. Frazier, Elizabeth Locci, T. Kypreos, Ferdinando Giordano, Th. Müller, Vuko Brigljevic, Bruno Wittmer, G. Tinti, Gabriele Benelli, Christian Barth, Daniele Fasanella, T. Hermanns, Paul Sheldon, Yuichi Kubota, Aran Garcia-Bellido, Sho Maruyama, Somnath Choudhury, R. Jussen, Paul Kyberd, H. J. Kluge, Joao Pela, D. Renker, Katarzyna Romanowska-Rybinska, Debarati Roy, Franco Ligabue, Olga Evdokimov, Junghwan Goh, Sergei Gleyzer, Anna Julia Zsigmond, Livio Fanò, Lucie Gauthier, S. Semenov, M. Rosin, Andrea Venturi, R. Schmidt, Tae Jeong Kim, Michael Murray, Jakob Salfeld-Nebgen, Piet Verwilligen, T. Hauth, Stefan Spanier, Brian Dorney, Avishek Chatterjee, Andrea Carlo Marini, Roberto Rossin, Mariarosaria D'Alfonso, Mario Galanti, Randy J. Nelson, Zoltan Szillasi, Alexander Tapper, Philip Hebda, Ian Macneill, O. Koybasi, Andrey Uzunian, Vyacheslav Krutelyov, Suvadeep Bose, Emine Gurpinar, X. Meng, Marco Rossini, Sabino Meola, Roberto Covarelli, Sergio Cittolin, Julien Caudron, Christopher Palmer, Alice Bean, A. Oehler, Balazs Ujvari, P. Juillot, Galina Bogdanova, Yuri Musienko, X. Wan, Shervin Nourbakhsh, A. Lopez Virto, Gian Mario Bilei, Marion Murumaa, Min Suk Kim, Jared Sturdy, Sandra S. Padula, Thomas Weiler, Paolo Vitulo, William J Spalding, Jay Roberts, H. Seo, Nazar Bartosik, A. Sanchez-Hernandez, N. Beaupere, Brian Calvert, Regina Demina, A. Nappi, Y. O. Günaydin, Matthew Walker, Andréia Márcia Santos de Souza David, C. Markou, Maciej Górski, L. I. Sarycheva, Anna Kropivnitskaya, P. de Barbaro, Sara Bolognesi, Stefano Bianco, V. Halyo, Alberto Santoro, Yury Ivanov, Marvin Johnson, Anthony Poll, Andre Sznajder, Michael Squires, M. H.G. Souza, Grigory Safronov, D. Toback, M. Perfilov, Hermine Katharina Wöhri, Yuri Gershtein, S. Wasserbaech, C. A. Carrillo Montoya, Emmanuelle Perez, T. Scarborough, Cristina Riccardi, Claude Nuttens, H. A. Weber, Bryan Dahmes, Y. W. Chang, Matthias Schröder, James Jackson, S. Liang, C. Farrell, M. Merola, Tom Cornelis, Shivali Malhotra, Gunter Quast, Aldo Penzo, Natalie Heracleous, Davide Pagano, Vladimir Popov, S. Habib, Nitish Dhingra, R. Vilar Cortabitarte, J. Suarez Gonzalez, P. Otiougova, A. Everett, Shashikant Dugad, Eva Halkiadakis, Frank Glege, I. Shreyber, Deborah Duchardt, A. Baden, Gino Bolla, M. I. Asghar, Colin Jessop, J. P. Fernández Ramos, P. Martinez Ruiz del Arbol, K. Sogut, Richard Vidal, Matthias Kasemann, D. Montanino, V. Pavlunin, M. Geisler, Marcos Fernandez, Young-Il Choi, O. I. Mall, Rylan Conway, Florian Beaudette, Andrew Kubik, Marcella Diemoz, Nikolai Shumeiko, Bora Akgun, Luigi Guiducci, Gregory R Snow, Jared Turkewitz, Igor Volobouev, Andris Skuja, Sébastien Brochet, Ivica Puljak, Matthias Ulrich Mozer, Massimiliano Chiorboli, A. Morelos Pineda, Hans Reithler, Ben Bylsma, Vladlen Timciuc, Roberto Tenchini, M. Niegel, Alexandre Léonard, Jacobo Konigsberg, L. M. Cremaldi, Alexander Malakhov, Efe Yazgan, A. Polatoz, Jose M Hernandez, Guillermo Breto, B. Marangelli, M. Kossov, Günter Flügge, Magnus Hansen, R. Rahmat, W. Flanagan, H. Held, Sridhara Dasu, Emilio Meschi, E. Aguilo, Pierre Piroué, Raman Khurana, M. Cutajar, Alexandros Attikis, A. York, Robert Clare, Patrizia Azzi, M. Ivova Rikova, Bradley Cox, Filip Thyssen, Andreas Hinzmann, Sarah Kate Boutle, Matt J. Jarvis, Marcin Konecki, Nathaniel Pastika, Ioannis Evangelou, Paul Dauncey, Damir Lelas, Kevin Klapoetke, B. Mathias, M. Marienfeld, Alexander Toropin, L. Perchalla, D. Giordano, F. Nowak, J. Callner, Alexey Vorobyev, Thomas Hebbeker, Paul Lecoq, F. Duru, Virgil E Barnes, J. Behr, T. Mäki, Alessio Ghezzi, Gigi Rolandi, Michael Mooney, Stefano Argiro, M. Jenkins, R. N.C. Gray, Lucia Masetti, Catherine Newman-Holmes, Johannes Haller, Soma Mukherjee, Ian Michael Nugent, Albert M. Sirunyan, A. Harel, R. Ciesielski, Bhawna Gomber, Marcello Mannelli, Vadim Oreshkin, Marco Musich, M. Eads, Carlotta Favaro, Alexis Pompili, J. Fernandez Menendez, Y. Fu, J. S. Werner, Frans Meijers, Shu Li, Stephen Wimpenny, Henning Flacher, Pàl Hidas, Nikolaos Manthos, Martin Grunewald, J. Piedra Gomez, L. Wehrli, S. Elgammal, O. Dogangun, Nikola Godinovic, Altan Cakir, Paolo Meridiani, Oleg Prokofyev, Wolfram Erdmann, Nicolo Cartiglia, Rajat Gupta, C. Fanelli, Kristian Harder, Vladimir Petrov, R. A. Ofierzynski, Mara Senghi Soares, Serguei Ganjour, G. Georgiou, Silvia Taroni, Akshansh Singh, Christoph Grab, Darien Wood, Jyothsna Rani Komaragiri, Thomas N. Williams, Stefan Wayand, E. Karavakis, Nicholas John Hadley, Mark Turner, Jehad Mousa, W-S Hou, Jennifer A. Smith, Henning Kirschenmann, Edouard Boos, Karl Matthew Ecklund, Yeon Sei Chung, S. Khalatyan, Giuseppe Bagliesi, Simone Paoletti, A. Kopecky, Suchandra Dutta, Stephane Perries, Carsten Heidemann, Costas Foudas, Junhui Liao, Devdatta Majumder, Songkyo Lee, A. Bethani, Markus Stoye, A. A. Ocampo Rios, Kai Yi, Anne-Marie Magnan, Wagner Carvalho, S. C. Kao, Dominique Gigi, Pablo Garcia-Abia, Alain Hervé, A. F. Osorio Oliveros, Peter Kreuzer, Raffaello D'Alessandro, Slawek Tkaczyk, Andrei Sobol, A. De Roeck, H. Xiao, Greg Landsberg, Ivan Vila, Alberto Graziano, William John Womersley, J. P. Gomez, Aytul Adiguzel, Gui Nyun Kim, Sw. Banerjee, Manjit Kaur, R. S. Höing, Tomas Lindén, E. Daubie, B. Rutherford, N. Van Remortel, E. Norbeck, Alice Florent, Carlo Civinini, T. R. Fernandez Perez Tomei, U. Akgun, L. Winstrom, N. Sonmez, Francesco Fiori, Christoph Schwick, Richard Lander, Wolfgang Adam, Robert M Harris, Philippe Busson, Suyog Shrestha, Simone Gennai, C. R. Newsom, A. Taurok, Arun Kumar, Daniele Spiga, Piotr Traczyk, David Jonathan Hofman, E. Appelt, Andrea Castro, G. Gomez Ceballos, Nikos Varelas, P. Lobelle Pardo, Edward Allen Wenger, Marc Dünser, M. Grassi, Mikhail Gavrilenko, B. Hegner, Marcos Cerrada, Pedrame Bargassa, S. Panwalkar, Helen F Heath, Mariana Vutova, P. Siegrist, R. K. Shivpuri, Kenichi Hatakeyama, B. R. Drell, Giacomo Bruno, Tomas Hreus, Andrei Gritsan, Petr Levchenko, Marco Costa, M. De Palma, Nikolai Golubev, Rainer Mankel, E. De La Cruz-Burelo, Eric Christian Chabert, S. Vanini, Anders Ryd, Gavin Davies, Julie Malcles, I. Lazzizzera, Shengquan Tuo, N. Dupont-Sagorin, Zviad Tsamalaidze, K. Nirunpong, Louis Antonelli, B. Lutz, Sergey Vavilov, Alexander Lanev, Kalyanmoy Chatterjee, Georgios Daskalakis, Alessandra Romero, Sergei Gninenko, Senka Duric, A. Anastassov, F. J. Munoz Sanchez, Michael Albrow, Guler Karapinar, S. Sumowidagdo, Hamed Bakhshiansohi, V. I. Martinez Outschoorn, Erik Dietz-Laursonn, Thomas Peiffer, Stefano Colafranceschi, J. W. Gary, N. Mohr, Stephan Linn, Marguerite Tonjes, John Paul Chou, David Mark Raymond, K. Goulianos, Olivier Bondu, Christophe Delaere, Brian Paul Padley, Paolo Gunnellini, A. Luthra, Batool Safarzadeh, Juliet Ritchie Patterson, Victor Kim, Armando Lanaro, Daniel Bloch, B. Tali, Gregory Iles, Joao Varela, Leander Litov, Jean-Pierre Merlo, Vivek Sharma, Giuseppe Benedetto Cerati, James D. Olsen, J. Y. Kim, J. S. Lange, Joanne Cole, Eija Tuominen, Pushpalatha C Bhat, Luigi Fiore, Roberval Walsh, Andrey Popov, Lawrence Sulak, Andrzej Zuranski, K. Krajczar, Giovanna Selvaggi, S. Chatrchyan, Roy Montalvo, Gagan Bihari Mohanty, Gabor Istvan Veres, Benjamin Henry Hooberman, János Karancsi, Vladimir Volkov, M. N. Bakirci, D. Polic, Daniel Robert Marlow, J. Klukas, B. Klein, Sarah Catherine Eno, G. Bauer, Y. Assran, Yves Sirois, A. Singovsky, M. Edelhoff, S. Kwan, V. Tcholakov, Alicia Calderon, Arno Heister, Seyed Mohsen Etesami, Minkyoo Choi, D. Benedetti, S. Metson, Hugues Brun, Pieter Everaerts, E. A. Albayrak, Alfredo Gurrola, Christopher Brew, Lothar At Bauerdick, Alexx Perloff, Roman Ryutin, Federica Primavera, Roberto Carlin, Pierre Depasse, J. Lellouch, Lalit Mohan Pant, Aaron Dominguez, and Abdollah Mohammadi
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Jet (fluid), Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Monte Carlo method, Tevatron, Observable, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Pseudorapidity, 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Rapidity, 010306 general physics, Event (particle physics)
Abstract: The underlying event activity in proton-proton collisions at forward pseudo-rapidity (−6.6 < η < −5.2) is studied with the CMS detector at the LHC, using a novel observable: the ratio of the forward energy density, dE/dη, for events with a charged-particle jet produced at central pseudorapidity (|η jet| < 2) to the forward energy density for inclusive events. This forward energy density ratio is measured as a function of the central jet transverse momentum, p T, at three different pp centre-of-mass energies ( $ \sqrt{s}=0.9 $ , 2.76, and 7 TeV). In addition, the $ \sqrt{s} $ evolution of the forward energy density is studied in inclusive events and in events with a central jet. The results are compared to those of Monte Carlo event generators for pp collisions and are discussed in terms of the underlying event. Whereas the dependence of the forward energy density ratio on jet p T at each $ \sqrt{s} $ separately can be well reproduced by some models, all models fail to simultaneously describe the increase of the forward energy density with $ \sqrt{s} $ in both inclusive events and in events with a central jet.
Published: 2013

88. Digitalization and security of 'Bulgarian Folklore Heritage' archive

Author: Todor Todorov, Nikolay Noev, and Galina Bogdanova
Subjects: Multimedia, Folklore, Computer science, Intellectual property, computer.software_genre, language.human_language, Metadata, Cultural heritage, World Wide Web, Digital Archives, language, Bulgarian, Digital watermarking, computer
Abstract: We investigate methods and techniques used in digitalization and security of the objects in multimedia folklore archive. This archive consists of unique folklore artifacts stored and annotated in the National center for non-material cultural heritage, Institute of Folklore, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. First we investigate techniques for digitalization of different multimedia types -- text, images, audio and video. We apply this research to selected collections of artifacts. Next we determine metadata appropriate to investigated objects. Third we describe several methods applied for securing the intellectual property and author rights. This includes digital watermarking and error-correcting codes. Finally we describe process of creation and organization of digital folklore archive that consists of digitalized objects with added metadata and security data.
Published: 2010

89. Use of dynamic technologies for web-enabled database management systems

Author: Mirena Todorova, Galina Bogdanova, Dimitar Blagoev, and Todor Todorov
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Client-side scripting, Database, Web development, Computer science, business.industry, PHP, computer.software_genre, Web application security, Web API, Computer-aided technologies, Education, World Wide Web, Databases, Computer Systems and Web Technologies, medicine, JSP, Web service, business, computer, Web modeling, Data Web
Abstract: In this paper we consider two computer systems and the dynamic Web technologies they are using. Different contemporary dynamic web technologies are described in details and their advantages and disadvantages have been shown. Specific applications are developed, clinic and studying systems, and their programming models are described. Finally we implement these two applications in the students education process: Online studying has been tested in the Technical University – Varna, Web based clinic system has been used for practical education of the students in the Medical College - Sofia, branch V. Tarnovo
Published: 2003

90. New ternary nonlinear codes

Author: Galina Bogdanova
Subjects: Block code, Concatenated error correction code, Turbo code, Reed–Muller code, Forward error correction, Hamming code, Linear code, Algorithm, Raptor code, Mathematics
Abstract: We present two ternary nonlinear codes showing that A/sub 3/(12,7)/spl ges/45 and A/sub 3/(13,7)/spl ges/87. Codes with such parameters were not known until now.
Published: 2002

91. Error-correcting codes over an alphabet of four elements

Author: Andries E. Brouwer, Patric R. J. Östergård, S. N. Kapralov, Galina Bogdanova, and Discrete Algebra and Geometry
Subjects: Combinatorics, Combinatorial mathematics, Minimum distance, Error correcting, Maximum size, Alphabet, Upper and lower bounds, Mathematics
Abstract: The problem of finding the values of Aq(n, d)-the maximum size of a code of length n and minimum distance d over an alphabet of q elements- is considered. When q ≤ M < 2q, all parameters for which Aq(n, d) = M are determined. Methods for obtaining upper and lower bounds on A4(n, d) are discussed.
Published: 2002

92. Neutral pion number fluctuations at high multiplicity in pp-interactions at 50 GeV

Author: N. Grishin, A. G. Afonin, M. Batouritski, A. P. Vorobiev, G. D. Kekelidze, Yu. P. Tsyupa, L. L. Kurchaninov, A. I. Yukaev, S. F. Berezhnev, V. N. Ryadovikov, V.A. Budilov, V. A. Sen’ko, A. N. Aleev, A. A. Kiryakov, V. P. Balandin, V. N. Kramarenko, Y. P. Petukhov, V.N. Ronzhin, Yu.T. Borzunov, A. K. Leflat, S. A. Gorokhov, V. I. Yakimchuk, V.N. Zapolskii, V.V. Myalkovskiy, V. Yu. Volkov, V. V. Popov, M. M. Merkin, V.N. Lysan, L. A. Tikhonova, M. M. Soldatov, S. I. Lyutov, G. I. Lanschikov, M. K. Polkovnikov, Elena Kokoulina, A. V. Pleskach, V.I. Kireev, Galina Bogdanova, A. Ya. Kutov, V.D. Peshehonov, I. Lobanov, V.V. Konstantinov, G. Ermakov, S. N. Golovnya, E. G. Zverev, S. A. Zotkin, A. G. Kholodenko, Vladimir Avdeichikov, V. S. Petrov, S. G. Basiladze, P. F. Ermolov, A. V. Kubarovsky, Yu. A. Chentsov, Ya. V. Grishkevich, N. A. Shalanda, I. Rufanov, E.V. Lobanova, E. N. Ardashev, A. A. Voronin, G. Mitrofanov, D. E. Karmanov, V. A. Nikitin, V. Golovkin, N.F. Furmanets, A. M. Vishnevskaya, and N.K. Zhidkov
Subjects: Physics, Particle physics, Photon, Particle number, QC1-999, Nuclear Theory, Nuclear physics, Thermalisation, Pion, Irradiation, Multiplicity (chemistry), Nuclear Experiment, Quantum statistical mechanics, Event reconstruction
Abstract: The results of E-190 experiment (project Thermalization) with 50 GeV proton beam irradiation of SVD-2 setup are presented. MC simulation has shown the linear dependence of number of photons detected in electromagnetic calorimeter and the average number of neutral pions. Multiplicity distribution of neutral pion, N0, for total number of particles in the event, Ntot = Nch + N0, are obtained with corrections on the setup acceptance, triggering and efficiency of the event reconstruction. The scaled variance of neutral pion fluctuations, ω = D/ < N0 >, versus total multiplicity is measured. The fluctuations increase at Ntot > 18. According to quantum statistics models this behavior can indicate a pion condensate formation in the high pion multiplicity system. This effect has been observed for the first time.
Published: 2012

93. Creating and representing semantic knowledge of bell objects

Author: Galina Bogdanova, Todorov, T., and Noev, N.

94. Using graph databases to represent knowledge base in the field of cultural heritage

Author: Galina Bogdanova, Todorov, T., and Noev, N.
Abstract: This paper presents digital knowledge including context-based annotations of objects in the field of cultural heritage. Some major problems and solutions of digitalization of items, their processing, storing and organizing them in a repository are highlighting. We show how graph databases could be used as data management platform.

95. Virtual museum of Russian bells in Bulgaria

Author: Galina Bogdanova, Todorov, T., and Kancheva, S.
Abstract: The aim of our research is to trace and passport the Russian bells in Bulgaria on the way of the Russian troops from the Danube to Shipka, given in gratitude for the help provided during the Russian-Turkish War (1877-1878). We base our research on previous similar projects that we have successfully completed. In this paper we formulate stages of our project and present current situation in their completeness.

96. Effective methods for organization and presentation of digitized cultural heritage

Author: Galina Bogdanova, Todorov, T., and Noev, N.

97. Protection of semantic organized data. Encryption of RDF graph

Author: Galina Bogdanova, Todorov, T., and Noev, N.
Abstract: The problems of protection of semantic organized data and encryption of RDF graph are investigated. Technologies used in the construction of a semantic network are presented. XML-encryption and standardization of semantically structured content for XML signature are described. We perform encryption of XML data associated with the semantic representation of data for a kind of percussion instruments.

98. Digitization and 3D scanning of historical artifacts

Author: Galina Bogdanova, Todorov, T., and Noev, N.
Subjects: Historical Artifacts, Digitizing, 3D scanning
Abstract: Protection and preservation of our cultural and literary historical and documentary heritage are particularly relevant today. The paper presents methods for creating digital resources of historical artifacts related to the Balkan war. Special attention is paid to the process of 3D scanning of objects. The methodology will be used in building an electronic archive and Virtual Museum. Project “Digital archive of documentary heritage of the Balkan Wars” – funded by the Bulgarian Fund for Scientific Research, more specifics at www-address: http://www.math.bas.bg/vt/balkanwars/balkanwars.htm

99. Information technologies for presentation of Bulgarian-Indian cooperation in a virtual museum

Author: Galina Bogdanova, Atanasova, V., and Todorov, T.
Subjects: Security of Data, Digital Archives, Digitalization
Abstract: We investigate digitalization and security of the Bulgarian and Indian cultural artifacts in multimedia archive. In the paper we describe project implementation and methods for intellectual property protection that are result of bilateral cultural and scientific cooperation between research-workers in India and Bulgaria.

100. Research on linguistic approaches, used for semantic explanation of bell's knowledge

Author: Galina Bogdanova, Todorov, T., Noev, N., and Kancheva, S.

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