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The present paper deals with experimental and numerical study on the longitudinal heat transportation by an oscillatory water flow in a double tube type heat transportation pipe. Experiments were performed to measure the heat transportation rate in the ranges of 2.3 ⩽ Wo ⩽ 7.2 and 400 ⩽ Re max ⩽ 6600. The heat transportation rate was approximately 10–490 times the heat transportation rate of a straight round pipe, and it was around 1–40 times the heat conduction rate through a copper rod. Analytical heat transportation rates agreed well with the experimental ones.

This paper deals with heat transportation by oscillatory flow in grooved ducts. The heat transportation rate, work rate, heat transportation efficiency, and dispersions of fluid particles and heat were analyzed with the computer code FLUENT. The frequency and tidal amplitude of the oscillatory flow were 0.05 Hz and 45 mm, respectively. The internal diameters of the contraction and expansion sections of the grooved ducts were 6 and 12 mm, respectively. The groove lengths varied from 0 to 40 mm and the pitch of the grooves was fixed at 10 mm. We found that: (1) The grooved duct with S=15 mm had the highest heat transportation rate, which was about 4.5 times that of the smooth round pipe. (2) The grooved duct with S=20 mm had the greatest heat transportation efficiency, which was about 6.4 times that of the smooth round pipe. (3) Enthalpy transportation by the dispersion motion of fluid particles played a substantial role in the heat transportation of the grooved ducts with 5 mm≤S≤40 mm. (4) The grooved duct with S=10 to 15 mm had the greatest dispersion of fluid particles, which explained their having the greatest heat transportation rate. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 37(2): 68–85, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20192

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out for an oscillatory flow in a 3D realistic model of the human central airways to reveal the effect of airway geometry on the oscillatory flow structure. This 3D realistic airway model is a computational model of multi-branching airway constructed based on X-ray CT images of actual human airways in which the airway diameter ranged from approx. 2 to 14 mm, and the flow in this airway model was simulated using CFD software (Fluent). The resultant inspiratory flow patterns in this 3D realistic airway model were relatively similar to patterns observed in a simplified planar multi-branching airway model, whereas the expiratory flow patterns strongly depended on the realistic airway geometry and showed more complicated secondary flow patterns. Secondary flow velocities were higher in the realistic airway model than in the simplified airway model in both the inspiratory and expiratory flows. Langrangian fluid particle tracking clarified the convective dispersion due to asymmetric inspiratory and expiratory velocity profiles.

Background and study aims: Bleeding after colonoscopic resection of pedunculated polyps cannot be easily predicted. The aims of this study were to evaluate the blood supply in pedunculated polyps and to clarify the optimal position on the polyp stalk for snare placement to prevent post-polypectomy hemorrhage. ]Patients and methods: In one institution, 11 pedunculated polyps from 11 patients were studied prospectively. All polyps were resected at the base of the stalk using a snare wire with electrocautery. Histologic axial sections from the apex and base of the stalk were examined with hematoxylin eosin and elastica stains. Elastica stains were used to identify blood vessels. The cross-sectional area of the stalk, total vessel area, maximum diameter of artery/arteriole lumen, number of thick (≥ 0.1 mm) vessels, and number of arteries/arterioles were measured in each section with image processing software. Wilcoxon signed-ranks test was used for comparison. Results: The median polyp diameter was 16 mm (range 7 to 24 mm) and median length of the stalk was 11 mm (range 7 to 23 mm). Two invasive cancers (T1) were included. The maximum diameter of the arterial/arteriolar lumen was greater at the base (P = 0.0044), whereas the ratio of the vessel area to the cross-section area was greater at the apex (P = 0.016). The number of thick vessels and arteries/arterioles were equivalent between apex and base. Conclusions: Morphometric study of the blood supply of pedunculated polyps confirmed that the optimal site for the excision of pedunculated polyps is in the middle of the stalk.

Oscillatory flow in loop channels consisting of a T-branch, two reservoirs, and main and side branches was experimentally investigated. The following were found: (1) Oscillatory flow composed of oscillatory and steady components was induced in the loop channels. (2) The ratio of the flow rate of the steady component in the main and side branches to the maximum flow rate of oscillatory flow in the primary branch approached constant values in the Reynolds number range of 5 000 < Re p,max ≤ 10 000. (3) Time-averaged pressure differences were generated between the two exits of the T-branch and between the inside and outside of the reservoirs. These pressure differences induced the steady component in the oscillatory flow in the loop channel. (4) The ratio of the flow rate of the oscillatory component in the main branch to that in the side branch was nearly equal to the ratio of the reciprocal lengths of the main and side branches.

This paper deals with heat transportation by oscillatory flow in grooved ducts. The heat transportation rate, work rate, heat transportation efficiency and variances of fluid particles and heat were analyzed with the computer code FLUENT. The frequency and amplitude of the oscillatory flow was 0.05 Hz and 45 mm. The internal diameters of the contraction section and the expansion section were 6 and 12 mm respectively and the length of the contraction section was fixed to be 10 mm with the length of groove varying from 0 to 40 mm. We found : (1) Heat transportation rate reached about 4.5 times as large as that of smooth round pipe at the groove length of around 10-15 mm. (2) Heat transportation efficiency increased to about 6.4 times that of smooth pipe at the groove length of 20 mm. (3) The dispersion of fluid particles caused the augmentation of the heat transportation of grooved ducts with 40 mm≥groove length≥5 mm. (4) The grooved ducts with the groove length of 10-15 mm had the maximum value of the variance of fluid particles which accounted for their high heat transportation rates.

This paper deals with heat transportation by an oscillatory flow composed of a sinusoidal oscillatory flow superimposed with a steady flow. Velocity and temperature fields, heat transportation rate, work rate, and heat transportation efficiency were investigated through numerical analysis. Results obtained elucidated that (1) the phase difference between velocity and temperature variation remained the same as that of the sinusoidal reciprocal flow without the use of a steady flow component. (2) In the upstream direction heat was mainly transported by the steady flow component and in the downstream direction transportation was mainly performed by the oscillatory flow component. (3) The heat transportation rate of the present oscillatory flow composed of both steady and oscillatory flow components was less than the arithmetic sum of the rates produced by the steady flow and the sinusoidal oscillatory flow. (4) The heat transportation rate was increased immensely by superimposing the steady flow on the sinusoidal oscillatory flow. (5) Conversely, work done by the present oscillatory flow increased only slightly. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(7): 482–500, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20130

Aim: To evaluate the surgical results of the en bloc removal of the kidney and ureter with a bladder cuff by using our modified pluck method. Methods: We employed this procedure in 28 patients with renal pelvic and ureteral cancer. The clinical stages of the 28 patients were T(1–3)N(0–1)M(0). These patients were operated on by nephrectomy with standard open or retroperitoneoscopic surgery, and then standard or blind dissection of the distal ureter. After simultaneously making a transurethral circular incision of the ureteral meatus with a J-shaped electrode, the ureteral end was plucked out of the bladder, and en bloc removal of the kidney and ureter was performed from the wound. Results: The mean operating time for nephroureterectomy using the pluck method was 278 min in all cases. The mean time for the pluck procedure after nephrectomy was 24 min in 22 cases, and 73 min in six cases where the nephrectomy was carried out via a new lower pararectal wound. There were no intra- or postoperative complications associated with these procedures. Within the mean follow-up period of 25 months, there was no recurrence of tumors in the perivesical retroperitoneal space; however, the usual rate of intravesical recurrence was observed. Three patients died, two of metastatic urothelial cancer and one of heart disease. Conclusions: En bloc nephroureterectomy using our modified pluck method is a useful procedure for patients with upper urothelial cancer because of the simplicity and ease of the procedure.

Heat transfer during oscillatory flow in a circular straight tube with a solid-core tube inserted in its center was numerically simulated. The purpose of the solid-core tube is to enhance axial heat transfer by increasing the lateral heat transfer effect for high frequency of the oscillatory flow. Simulation results showed that (a) axial heat transfer increases with the increasing diameter of the solid-core tube, (b) the material of the solid-core tube does not significantly affect axial heat transfer, and (c) efficiency based on the ratio of heat transfer to the work done is higher than that in a bundle of circular capillary tubes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(1): 61–74, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20094

This paper deals with the transportation of heat by an oscillatory flow that is sinusoidal oscillatory flow superimposed with steady flow. The velocity and temperature fields, transportation rate of heat, work rate and transportation efficiency of heat were investigated by numerical analysis. The results obtained are (1) the phase difference between the velocity and temperature variation remained the same as that of the sinusoidal oscillatory flow, (2) in the upstream thermal energy is transported mainly by steady flow component and in the downstream mainly by oscillatory flow component, and (3) transportation rate of heat by the present oscillatory flow is less than the arithmetic sum of those by steady flow and by sinusoidal oscillatory flow, (4) transportation rate of heat was increased in a large amount by superimposing steady flow on sinusoidal oscillatory flow, (5) on the other hand, work done by the present oscillatory flow increased little.

The typhoon No.10 hit the Pacific cost in Hokkaido on August 9 in 2003. The casualties were 10 killed and 3 wounded. The missing person has not been found yet. This typhoon gave the biggest damage by flood to Hokkaido in the last twenty years. In Saru River basin and Appetu River basin in Ilidaka region, serious damages, such as flooded house, house failure and bridge fall, occurred by this typhoon. Farmland and flood plain were covered for the large sediment.In this paper, we will report an outline of heavy rainfall disasters of Hidaka region in Hokkaido by the typhoon No.10. We hope that the result of this investigation helps to clarify the mechanisms of the heavy rainfall disasters with hydrologic and hydraulic knowledge.

Rainfall-runoff phenomena generally belong to a random process. Thus, a rainfall runoff system is described by random differential equations. However, the stochastic response characteristics of rainfall runoff systems for a larger basin are not clear. In this paper, the Kinematic Wave model is used as a rainfall runoff system, derivation of theoretical differential equations to calculate the first-and second-order moments of discharge is shown. The validity of derived equations is shown by the results of simulation. By using a similar way, estimation of the higher-order moments of discharge output and its probability density function that change with time is possible. The results of this study can be applicable to the evaluation method of models based on their stochastic response characteristics.

Solidification characteristics of hexadecane particles injected through a single nozzle into coolants of stagnant pure water, ethylene glycol 30 wt% water solution, and ethylene glycol 50 wt% water solution were investigated. Experimental parameters were varied in the ranges of 22.4 Re p Pr Ste Fo

The entropies of nuclear arrangements as an indicator of pleomorphism are assessed using a morphometric method. Sixty astrocytic tumors (grades I, II, III and IV; 15 cases each) were reviewed and analyzed. All slides were stained with HE and MIB-1 antibody. The MIB-1 labeling index (LI) was assessed by counting nuclei under a microscope. Images of HE-stained slides were digitized and segmented using the watershed algorithm. Then, six nuclear parameters were measured automatically: (i) the number of total nuclei in the image, (ii) percentage of total nuclear area in the image, (iii) the mean area of the nucleus, (iv) the standard deviation of the area of the nucleus, (v) the entropy of nuclear arrangement (Entropysimple), and (vi) conditional entropy of nuclear arrangement (Entropyconditional). Entropysimple was defined according to the area of the nucleus and Entropyconditional was defined according to both the area of the nucleus and the area of its neighboring nuclei. Image processing and image analysis were performed with public domain software developed in the laboratory. Segmentation of the images resulted in inappropriate segmentation in a few percent of the images. The measurements obtained for each parameter were classified using discriminant analysis. The percentage of correct classification with Entropyconditional was 62%, which was the highest value among all the measurements. Classification based on the combination of all measurements resulted in a rate of correct classification of 88%. Thus, conditional entropy of nuclear arrangement is useful for grading of astrocytic tumors and it is proposed as an indicator of pleomorphism.

Although MIB-1 labeling index (LI) was frequently used as a proliferation indicator, it can differ among observers. In this study, we evaluated the observer-variability and we propose to use GunmaLI, an image analytical software, to measure LI.

In order to reveal the nature of turbulence in a lung, the measurements of turbulence in the oscillatory flow in a model of bronchial bifurcation were made by a two-colour laser-Doppler velocimeter. Experiments were performed for the Reyonolds number from 1 100 to 10 000, and for the frequency parameter from 3 to 10. The spatial and temporal variation of turbulence were strongly dependent on the secondary flow structure generated by the branch. It was also found that as the frequency parameter became larger, the transition Reynolds number became smaller compared with that for the straight tube.

Responses of a runoff system with slope-length distribution have been studied in detail by many researchers. In those studies, rainfall input to the runoff system was considered a deterministic variable. However, rainfall input should be treated as a random process.In this paper, the Kinematic Wave model is used as a runoff system, and differential equations whose solutions provide the first-to fourth-order moments of discharge outputs from the runoff system under the impact of mutually independent rainfall inputs and slope-length distribution are theoreticallyderived. The validity of the proposed differential equations is cross-checked by results of simulation. Estimation of the probability density function of discharge outputs is possible by using the first-to fourth-order moments presented in this paper.

Present paper deals with experiments of direct-contact freezing of Hexadecane particles injected into stagnant pure water, ethylene glycol 30 wt% water solution and ethylene glycol 50 wt% water solution. The experimental parameters were varied in the ranges of 22.4 < Rep < 492, 1860< Ar < 168000, 8.79

We conducted a phase I/II study of combination chemotherapy with nedaplatin (NDP) and irinotecan to determine the effects against advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to determine the qualitative and quantitative toxicities of the combination chemotherapy. NDP was given on day 1 and irinotecan on days 1 and 8. The treatment cycle was designed to be repeated every 3 weeks. We fixed the dose of irinotecan as 60 mg/m(2) and escalated the NDP dose from a starting dose of 50 mg/m(2) by 10-mg/m(2) increments until the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was reached. The MTD was defined as the dose level at which at least two of three or three of six patients experienced a dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Between April 1997 and November 2000, 42 patients were registered in the study. Of the 42 patients, 37 had no prior treatment, 3 had received whole-brain irradiation, 1 had undergone surgical resection, and 1 had had one regimen of chemotherapy before enrolling in this study. In the phase I study, we observed DLTs such as grade 4 neutropenia lasting 7 days and grade 3 diarrhea lasting 1 day in one patient at level 2, grade 3 elevated of GPT in one patient at level 3, and acute myocardial infarction in one patient at level 6. We could not determine the MTD until dose level 6 was reached, so decided on a recommended dose of 100 mg/m(2) NDP, which is recommended for NDP-alone chemotherapy. Because of prolonged neutropenia in the phase I study, we repeated the treatment every 4 weeks in the phase II study. In the phase II study, a total of 16 patients, including 6 patients from the phase I study, were registered and a total of 42 cycles were administered. Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, grade 3 anemia and grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia occurred in 50%, 12% and 7% of cycles, respectively. Febrile neutropenia occurred in eight cycles (19%) but there were no severe infections. Grade 3 elevation of GPT occurred in one patient. Of the 16 patients, 7 had an objective response. Of the 42 patients, 13 achieved a partial response (PR) and the overall response rate was 31.0%. The median duration of PRs was 226 days (range 59 to 646 days). The median survival time was 341 days and the 1-year survival rate was 45.2%. In conclusion, the combination of NDP and irinotecan was highly effective and well tolerated in NSCLC.

ルアイ・藤田らは, 山腹斜面の流出に関して種々の非線形分布定数系のモデルを用いて, 降雨量と斜面末端からの流出量間の等価周波数伝達関数を求める手法を提案している. 本研究は, この手法を発展させ, kinematic wave 式を基本モデルとして任意のマグニチュードの河道網流域において, 流域への入力である降雨量と流域全体からの流出量間の等価周波数伝達関数を求める手法を示している. 得られた等価伝達関数を規定しているパラメータは, 平均降雨量に関する斜面域, 河道域の到達時間になっていることを明らかにした. さらに, 得られた等価周波数伝達関数が, 2～3次遅れ系で近似できることを示した. 遅れ系のパラメータを等価周波数伝達関数より求め, これらが河道網の構造に依存していることを明らかにした.

Generally, it is well known that rainfall-runoff phenomena belong to a random process. So, the runoff system is described by random differential equations. In this paper, I adopted Kinematic Wave model for tow slopes and a river channel and derived differential equations whose solutions provided the average and variance of discharge output from the runoff system under the condition of mutually independent rainfall input. The validity of proposed theoretical equations was cross-checked by a simulation. By using similar way, it is possible to estimate the higher order moments of discharge output and its probability density function which change with time.The results of this study can be applied to the evaluation method of models based on its stochastic response characteristics.

A mountainous drainage basin with forested soil is considered as a lowpass filter. Unsaturated flow equation is frequently substituted for runoff system in a mountain slope. This substitution is based on the analysis of actual rainfall-runoff phenomena there. This paper adopts a two-dimensional unsaturated flow equation as runoff system and theoretically derives its equivalent frequency transfer function. The validity of the proposed function is cross-checked by a simulation method. By using this function, it is possible to estimate a gain characteristic of substituted runoff system. The analytical result using frequency response method by the gain characteristic shows the response characteristic of this system for arbitrary rainfall input.

This study deals with the exchange flow of two different gases(He-air, Ar-air, and SF6-air)through a rectangular channel that has a 5-mm width, a 50-mm height, and a 200-mm length. The net exchange flow rate is measured by an electronic mass balance, and velocity distribution is measured by a laser-Doppler anemometer. Flow patterns of the exchange flow are made visual with a tracer method using smoke. The effects of gas densities, molecular diffusion coefficients, inclination angles (θ) of the channel, on the flow patterns and the net exchange flow rates, are discussed. Based on the experimental results, the net exchange flow data are correlated by the equation derived by dimensional analysis: Q*=2.87×10-7Gr2.17Sc0.41θ-1.09.

The effect of a simple bare metal stent on repression of wall shear stress inside a model cerebral aneurysm was experimentally investigated by two-dimensional particle image velocimetry in vitro. The flow model simulated a cerebral aneurysm induced at the apex of bifurcation between the anterior cerebral artery and the anterior communicating artery. Wall shear stress was investigated using both stented and non-stented models to assess the simple stent characteristics. The flow behavior inside the stented aneurysm sac was unusual and wall shear stress was much smaller inside the aneurysm sac. Stent placement effectively repressed the temporal and spatial variations and the magnitude of wall shear stress. Hence, there is an effective possibility that would retard the progress of cerebral aneurysms by even simple stent.

The efficiency of axial gas dispersion during ventilation with high-frequency oscillations (HFO) can be improved by manipulating the oscillatory flow waveform such that intermittent oscillatory flow occurs. To clarify the augmentation of axial gas transfer during intermittent oscillatory flow, we measured the axial and secondary velocity profiles during intermittent oscillatory flow through a model human central airway. We used a rigid model of human airways consisting of asymmetrical bifurcations up to third generation. Velocities in the axial and radial directions were measured with two-color laser-Doppler velocimetry. Secondary flow was accelerated at the beginning of the stationary period, particularly in the trachea, which resulted in enhanced gas transport during intermittent oscillatory flow.

In a retrospective study, we showed that a monocyte count of150/microl on days 6 to 8 might be a predictor of grade III or IV neutropenia during cancer chemotherapy given at 3- or 4-week intervals. In the present study, we investigated whether the administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) when monocytopenia appears lessens neutropenia during chemotherapy for lung cancer. Between June 1997 and August 1998, 60 patients who received chemotherapy at 3- or 4-week intervals for unresectable lung cancer were randomized to receive G-CSF (2 microg/kg or 50 microg/m2) when monocytopenia (150/microl) appeared on days 6 to 8 after chemotherapy (group A) or when neutropenia (1,000/microl) or leukopenia (2,000/ microl) appeared after chemotherapy (group B). The administration of G-CSF was stopped when the leukocyte or neutrophil counts reached10,000/microl or 5,000/microl, respectively. The blood cells counts were examined three times a week and the degree, duration, and frequency of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia of the two groups were compared. One patient in group A was excluded because whole brain irradiation during chemotherapy was required. Twenty-nine and 30 patients in groups A and B, respectively, received platinum-based chemotherapy and their chemotherapy-induced hematologic toxicities were analyzed. The mean neutrophil count nadir of group A (1,558 +/- 1,771/microl) was significantly higher than that of group B (810 +/- 639/microl, p = 0.032). The duration of grade III neutropenia in group A (1.4 +/- 1.7 days) was significantly shorter than that in group B (2.9 +/- 1.9 days, p = 0.004), and the frequency of grade III neutropenia in group A (48%) was significantly lower than that in group B (83%, p = 0.002). Infectious episodes occurred in five and eight patients in groups A and B, respectively. The durations of G-CSF therapy required by group A and B patients (4.8 +/- 3.1 vs. 4.7 +/- 2.7 days) were not significantly different. Prophylactic administration of G-CSF did not exacerbate anemia or thrombocytopenia induced by chemotherapy. We conclude that the prophylactic administration of G-CSF when monocytopenia appears can lessen neutropenia caused by chemotherapy for lung cancer without increasing the total G-CSF dose.

Hashino had already proposed the application of Freund's bivariate exponential density function for a design storm. At present, it is impossible to use this distribution to estimate a design flood because of its nonstationarity (average and variance) and mutual dependency. As a first step to conquer these difficulties, authors assume that the average rainfall is nonstationary and the random component of rainfall is expressed by AR (1) based on the analysis of observed rainfall. Finally, authors adopt the storage function runoff model as rainfall runoff system and propose the differential equations whose solutions provide the first four moments of discharge under the impact of mutually dependent rainfall inputs. The probability density function of discharge is easily derived by the obtained first four moments of discharge.

JO N 3 13 8 examination of the specimens obtained by fine needle aspiration of the gland revealed no malignancies. On neurological examination, the eye movements were severely restricted in all directions with mild bilateral ptosis (Fig. 1 a). He also had difficulty in opening the mouth, and his tongue was enlarged, hard, rimmed by indentations caused by the teeth, and having neither the capacity for movement nor fasciculation (Fig. 1 c). The proximal muscles were moderately weak and wasting, without hypertrophy. His serum analyses showed κ-type BenceJones protein (κ-BJP), IgG, IgA and IgM decrement and normal CK. Other laboratory results, including thyroid function tests, anti-thyroid antibodies and anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody, were unremarkable. A CT scan of the orbital structures revealed bilateral lacrimal grand swelling with calcification (Fig. 2 a). An MRI of the orbits also demonstrated an enlargement of all extraocular muscles (Fig. 2 b). Within days after admission, he developed progressive paralytic ileus. He then developed pulmonary edema and cardiac failure, which required intubation and mechanical ventilation. He died 36 days after admission. An autopsy was performed. The histological examination revealed various amounts of an amorphous eosinophilic material deposited in the interstitial tissue of the submaxillary gland, tongue (Fig. 2 c), lungs, pericardium, iliopsoas muscles (Fig. 2 e) and colon. Positive staining with Congo red revealed the eosinophilic material to be an amyloid deposition (Fig. 2 d and f). The tongue and iliopsoas muscle fibers showed marked atrophy under the thick perimysium and endomysium deposited by the eosinophilic material (Fig. 2 c and e). Amyloid Akihiko Hoshi Masahiro Ebitani Gaku Tanaka Kouichirou Nakamura Ken Shibano Nozomu Matsuda Masafumi Abe Yoshikazu Ugawa