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Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic chronic inflammatory disease characterized by joint destruction, deformity, lower functional status and decrease in life expectancy. Wnt signaling pathway recently it has been implicated in bone homeostasis. Studies suggest that overexpression of inhibitors of the way, like the Dickkopf 1 protein (DKK1) has been implicated in bone destruction Objectives To compare circulating levels of DKK1 in patients with RA to their disease activity and functional status Methods 379 consecutive patients with early and established RA were evaluated at the Hospital Militar Central in Bogota-Colombia, between March 2015 and November 2016. A complete medical history related to RA was obtained. Disease activity was evaluated by DAS28-CRP, CDAI, SDAI and RAPID3. functional status was measurement using MDHAQ and the Steinbrocker functional classification. DKK1 levels measured by ELISA using an Abcam® kit Results The mean age was 60,7±13,1 years, disease duration 13,1±10,9 years, 80,4% were female. Higher levels of DKK1 were not associated with higher disease activity by CDAI (p=0,70), SDAI (p=0,84), DAS28 with CRP (p=0,80) or RAPID3 (p=0,70). Interestingly Higher levels of DKK1 were significantly associated to greater disability and lower functional status according to the Steinbrocker functional grading (p=0.013) and with severe disability by MDHAQ (p=0.004), Table 1. Other variables associated with joint destruction were osteoporosis, elevated rheumatoid factor, smoking, and hospitalization Conclusions Higher levels of DKK1 were found in patients with lower functional status. This association was not found in patients with greater disease activity according to CDAI, SDAI, DAS28 and RAPID3. This could be explaining by greater structural damage though more studies would be needed to explore this possibility References Huizinga TW, Pincus T. In the Clinic. Rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Jul 6;153(1):ITC1–1-ITC-15. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Conforme la administración del marketing ha evolucionado, durante las últimas décadas, sus objetivos y estrategias han cambiado, de un énfasis en ventas y participación (atraer clientes) a ganancias y fidelidad (compromiso con la marca). El estudio se enmarca en identificar los factores que inciden en el manejo de las redes sociales para el mejoramiento del Brand engagement en la provincia de Tungurahua. La investigación presenta un enfoque cualitativo y alcance correlacional. La muestra proviene de 384 consumidores. Se comprueba la hipótesis de estudio, las redes sociales influyen positivamente en la estrategia de brand engagement. Los resultados principales muestran que los contenidos que atraen mayor atención de usuarios en las redes sociales son: noticias y novedades, comentarios, concursos y sorteos de productos y promociones. Se concluye que, los consumidores innovadores no solo están interesados en cosas nuevas, sino que también están interesados en representarse a sí mismos a través de marcas asociadas con nuevos productos.

En la investigación para nuestro artículo científico se determinó como objetivo principal el diseño de nuevas estrategias publicitarias para la decisión de compra del consumidor como repercutió en las empresas comerciales generando un impacto en la sociedad por lo tanto fue necesario crear nuevas estrategias publicitarias que beneficiaron a las empresas con el incremento de sus ventas y al mismo tiempo en captar o atraer nuevos consumidores, para esto se planteó una serie de preguntas alternativas que nos ayudaron a determinar el tipo de estrategias que tuvimos que plantear. La metodología que se utilizo fue de un paradigma critico propositivo la cual nos permitió realizar una investigación de campo mediante encuestas y poder llegar hasta el lugar de los hechos recaudando importante información por parte del investigador, los resultados esperados fueron óptimos para el desarrollo del estudio y las técnicas a usar en las entrevistas dirigidas a empresas comerciales y consumidores en la provincia de Tungurahua para evaluar el comportamiento que tiene en el mercado. Como resultados tuvimos presentaciones de nuevas estrategias publicitarias que ayudaron a las empresas del sector comercial a incrementar sus ventas y por ende a tener un mejor posicionamiento en la mente del consumidor de tal manera que la empresa se siente satisfecha con las nuevas acciones que se va a seguir. Después de haber estudiado y analizado a diferentes autores y haber cumplido con el objetivo principal se pudo concluir que el diseño de estrategias publicitario es esencial para crear un impacto en la mente del consumidor y por ende a la decisión de compra de nuestros productos.

The electoral campaigns carried out by the different political parties, within the framework of the democratic processes of elections that are taking place at present, offer the opportunity, that information and communication technologies can be used and of this Way to publicize and publish electorally to its candidates and their political ideologies and in this way, the electors can choose the best candidate, not without first having very clear the details of their election; It is here that information and communication technologies will have an important role in the transmission of advertising messages. This research aims to study political advertising based on information and communication technologies. For which it was used a qualitative-quantitative approach, supported by a bibliographical research on the variables object of study, in addition a field investigation was carried out where the population to study was structured by the inhabitants of the Tungurahua Province in ages ranging from 16 to 65 years to whom the survey was applied as an instrument for collecting information that was structured with 20 questions. Obtaining as main findings that Facebook is the most used social network followed by Twitter and Instagran. The article is part of the previous results of the institutional research project presented in the Department of Research and Development DIDE of the Technical University of Ambato UTA.

El impacto que la publicidad tiene hoy en día tiene una significancia ya que se reciben alrededor de 3.000 a 5.000 impactos publicitarios, diariamente, las estrategias que el marketing ofrece, permiten determinar las siguientes características, por qué, qué, cómo, dónde, cuándo y a quién deben llegar estos mensajes. Las innumerables luchas publicitarias se libran en el corazón, para crear una corriente de simpatía, un vínculo duradero con los públicos, esta es la finalidad de los anuncios y de toda publicidad que se aprecia. En otras palabras, es evidente, el fin que tiene la comunicación empresarial, como lo es mover a la acción, crear vínculos emocionales entre la marca y sus públicos que propicien una relación duradera. El objetivo de esta investigación se determina el alcance que tiene el impacto publicitario, en la decisión de compra en empresas comerciales, en la actualidad, entendiéndose las variables del estudio, por esta razón permite al usuario desde la consideración de una necesidad hasta la compra de un producto o servicio, por otra parte, la publicidad como parte de un programa de marketing para aumentar las ventas de los productos o servicios. La metodología de esta investigación, fue de campo, lo cual permitió obtener óptimos resultados para el desarrollo del estudio, así como las técnicas a usar fue de encuestar, estuvo dirigida a las empresas comerciales aledañas a la provincia de Tungurahua, pudiendo evaluar el impacto que genera su publicidad, en la decisión de la compra para los consumidores, como resultado se logró un alcance verídico, sobre aquellas empresas comerciales que tienen como estrategia principal el marketing de la publicidad digital. Adicionalmente se puede concluir que por medio de esta investigación podemos visualizar cuales son las necesidades y deseos de los consumidores por otra parte analizar la publicidad en empresas comerciales y saber qué impacto llega a sus clientes y de esa manera ver si les beneficia para la venta de su producto o servicio.

El geomarketing en el ámbito empresarial analiza el comportamiento de los usuarios o clientes tomándose como referencia su localización, sus opiniones y valoración sobre un negocio o empresa. Así, el objetivo de esta investigación es proponer una estrategia de geomarketing para la cadena de farmacias Cruz Azul de la ciudad de Ambato-Tungurahua. El problema radica en que la cadena de farmacias Cruz Azul no realiza mediciones ni análisis del comportamiento de los clientes a través de herramientas de estadística espacial. Los resultados fundamentales es el desarrollo de una estrategia de geomarketing, a partir de una metodología que conlleve a establecer las fases y actividades, que se apoye en herramientas de estadística espacial y que contribuya a la reputación online de los establecimientos.

La presente investigación caracteriza la gerencia publicitaria y analiza la influencia que esta causa en el consumidor del sector comercial de la Provincia de Tungurahua. El estudio tuvo un carácter descriptivo y correlacional que se apoyó en la investigación de campo para aplicar la técnica de la encuesta, con lo que se pudo conocer que la publicidad influye notoriamente en el consumidor y lo cual conlleva a un incremento sustancial en las ventas. La calidad, precio y promociones son los principales factores de publicidad que influyen en el consumidor. Además, que las empresas comerciales se apoyan en medios publicitarios tradicionales como los anuncios televisivos, pero también en medios digitales principalmente en redes sociales como Facebook debido a su facilidad de uso y bajos costos. Razón por la cual se propuso una estrategia sobre publicidad a base de redes sociales en la que se brinda recomendaciones sobre creación, manejo, mantenimiento de estas plataformas y acciones para mejorar las ventas del sector comercial, pues actualmente las redes sociales se han consolidado como un poderoso medio para atender y gestionar clientes mucho más efectivos que cualquier otro tipo de medio.

El consumo es uno de los comportamientos esenciales de la conducta humana, donde los diferentes procesos socioeconómicos pueden comprenderse de mejor manera con el análisis de las preferencias de las personas a lo largo del tiempo. Bajo este contexto, se desarrolló la presente investigación con el objetivo de identificar las determinantes en el comportamiento del consumidor que influyen en la publicidad en el sector comercial de la Provincia de Tungurahua. El estudio tuvo un carácter descriptivo y correlacional que se apoyó en la investigación de campo para la aplicación de la técnica de la encuesta con lo que se pudo conocer que la calidad, precio y promociones son los principales factores en el comportamiento de consumo. Además, que las empresas comerciales se apoyan en medios publicitarios tradicionales como los anuncios televisivos, pero también en medios digitales principalmente en redes sociales como Facebook debido a su facilidad de uso y bajos costos.

Mediante una investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva y no exploratoria se determina cual es el modelo publicitario que tiene más relevancia en el sector comercial en el cantón de Ambato, tomando como referencia la base de datos del CIIU (Clasificación Industrial Internacional Uniforme) y el cumplimiento de los derechos del consumidor en la aplicación de los modelos que la empresa utiliza en la mima, los diez sectores comerciales más importantes del cantón son el objeto de estudio, fueron seleccionados por una muestra intencional para la proporción de información más verídica y principal, la investigación se encuentra sustentado mediante un estudio de campo.

El Marketing Político es un tema de actualidad, un modelo que ha simplificado la estructura, del comportamiento de las campañas, y el posicionamiento político, ya que ha situado al candidato para conocer dónde están los electores y sus intereses, para su propuesta política, pues las elecciones son muy competitivas y el marketing hace la diferencia entre la improvisación y el despilfarro. El marketing político está dentro del marketing no empresarial, con actividades de intercambio de servicios e ideas realizadas por los partidos políticos para la obtención de apoyo y votos, que contiene las características como; intangibilidad, inseparabilidad y variabilidad. El objetivo de este artículo fue socializar los resultados de la investigación, de la caracterización del marketing político en entornos webs, las estrategias que utilizan para posicionar a candidatos, partidos e ideología en la mente de los electores, por internet y redes sociales. El arte del marketing fue definir estrategias para llegar al consumidor y satisfacer dicha necesidad. Se utilizó una investigación de tipo descriptiva, con diseño de un cuestionario, el cual fue dirigido a la población electora de la ciudad de Ambato, además de la realización de entrevistas a representantes de partidos o movimientos politos donde nos explicaron acerca de los factores estratégicos para un marketing político. Los resultados definieron que la utilización correcta de las técnicas y estrategias de Marketing Político generan persuasión e influencia sobre el electorado, con lo que se puede concluir que, a mayor utilización eficiente de herramientas, mayor penetración e influencia.

Los seres humanos buscan estar en grupos, en las organizaciones o empresas esa predisposición debe ser aprovechada para formar equipos de trabajo efectivos. Así han desarrollado distintos tipos de métodos para engranar efectivamente ese grupo. Entendiendo que debe haber una gerencia que supervise y represente esa empresa y sea quien tenga el contacto más cercano con el equipo y sea el responsable ante los dueños de los resultados. Los gerentes deben ser líderes, el ideal es el demócrata. Los equipos deben ser integrados por seres humanos con conocimientos académicos, como por aptitudes, Donde el grupo trabaje por el éxito individual, grupal y empresarial. Ese trabajo se hace con el manejo de roles, comunicación, compromiso y retribución. Cuando las personas deben trabajar en equipo, pero ser capaces de disentir, opinar y son respetados se pueden obtener mejores resultados. Las empresas exitosas han sabido formar y mantener esos equipos.

Resumen Objetivo Conocer la prevalencia de la mutacion C677T en el gen de la metilenotetrahidrofolato reductasa (MTHFR) en mujeres en edad reproductiva de Cantabria, ya que la disfuncion enzimatica que ocasiona se ha asociado con defectos de cierre del tubo neural, otras malformaciones y enfermedad de la gestacion Metodo Estudiamos el ADN genomico extraido de sangre periferica de 400 mujeres ingresadas por parto o aborto. La mutacion C677T fue confirmada por secuenciacion Resultados La frecuencia del polimorfismo de la MTHFR fue: un 30% (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 25,6–34,8) genotipo normal; un 60% (IC del 95%, 55,0–64,8) genotipo heterocigoto, y un 10% (IC del 95%, 7,3–13,5) genotipo homocigoto mutante Conclusiones Nuestros resultados son similares a los observados en grupos australianos de raza blanca (10,7%) y britanicos (12%). No obstante, son mayores que las referidas en holandeses (5%) y finlandeses (5%), y ligeramente menores que las observadas en un estudio italiano (16%) y otros llevados a cabo en Espana (del 13 al 17%) aunque en poblaciones muy diferentes de la nuestra

Using finite-size scaling methods we measure the thermal and magnetic exponents of the site percolation in four dimensions, obtaining a value for the anomalous dimension very different from the results found in the literature. We also obtain the leading corrections-to-scaling exponent and, with great accuracy, the critical density., Comment: 13 pages, 2 postscript figures

We study the antiferromagnetic ${\mathrm{RP}}^{2}$ model in four dimensions. We find a second order transition with two order parameters, one ferromagnetic and the other antiferromagnetic. The antiferromagnetic sector has mean-field critical exponents and a renormalized coupling which goes to zero in the continuum limit. The exponents of the ferromagnetic channel are not the mean-field ones, but the difference can be interpreted as logarithmic corrections. We perform a detailed analysis of these corrections and conclude the triviality of the continuum limit of this model.

De febrero de 1993 a febrero de 1994 se estudio mensualmente una poblacion intermareal de la carragenofita de importancia economica Chondracanthus canaliculatus (Harvey) Guiry, localizada en la costa noroccidental de Baja California, Mexico. Se determino, en cada muestra de 450 plantas recolectadas al azar, el tamano del talo (medido como la talla de la fronda mas larga) y la presencia o ausencia de cistocarpos y de soros tetrasporangiales. El maximo de talla promedio, 25.02 cm, se registro en junio y el minimo, 11.22 cm, en octubre. Las clases de tamano de la 4 a la 8 (10 a 19.9 cm) fueron dominantes durante casi todo el ano, excepto en junio y julio cuando las clases de tamano de la 10 a la 14 (22 a 3 1.9 cm) alcanzaron sus valores maximos, por lo que se sugiere que la clase 8 sea la minima de cosecha. Se presentaron dos periodos con altas tasas de crecimiento: el primero en junio y julio en clases de talla mayores y el segundo en diciembre y enero en clases de talla menores. Si se consideran unicamente las plantas maduras, las cistocarpicas fueron mas abundantes en los meses frios (noviembre a abril) y las tetrasporicas en los meses calidos (mayo a octubre). Sin embargo, debido al alto porcentaje de plantas inmaduras, se plantea la necesidad de desarrollar un metodo para determinar la caracteristica haploide o diploide de esta alga. An intertidal population of Chondracanthus canaliculatus (Harvey) Guiry, a commercial carrageenophyte, was studied monthly from February 1993 to February 1994 on the northwestern coast of Baja California, Mexico. The thallus size (measured as maximum frond length) and the presence of cystocarps and tetrasporangial sori were determined for each sample of 450 thalli randomly collected at monthly intervals. The maximum average thallus size of 25.02 cm was recorded in June and the minimum average size of 11.22 cm was recorded in October. Size classes 4 to 8 (10 to 19.9 cm) were dominant throughout the year, except in June and July when size classes 10 to 14 (22 to 31.9 cm) reached their greatest values. We therefore propose class 8 as the minimum harvest size. There were two periods with high growth rates: the first in June and July in the larger size classes and the second in December and January in the smaller size classes. Cystocarpic thalli were more abundant in colder months (November to April) and tetrasporic thalli in warmer months (May to October). There is a high percentage of immature plants, so it is necessary to develop a method to determine the haploid or diploid characteristics of this alga.

We present the results of a Monte Carlo simulation of the $RP^2$ model in three dimensions with negative coupling. We observe a second order phase transition between the disordered phase and an antiferromagnetic, unfrustrated, ordered one. We measure, with a Finite Size Scaling analysis, the thermal exponent, obtaining $\nu=0.784(8)$. We have found two magnetic-type relevant operators whose related $\eta$ exponents are $0.038(2)$ and $1.338(8)$ respectively., Comment: 10 pages, 2 Postscript figures. Revised version: references added

To carry out the intracellular phase of its life cycle,Trypanosoma cruzimust infect a host cell. Although a few molecules have been reported to participate in this process, one known protein is LYT1, which promotes lysis under acidic conditions and is involved in parasite infection and development. Alternative transcripts from a singleLYT1gene generate two proteins with differential functions and compartmentalization. Single-gene products targeted to more than one location can interact with disparate proteins that might affect their function and targeting properties. The aim of this work was to study the LYT1 interaction map using coimmunoprecipitation assays with transgenic parasites expressing LYT1 products fused to GFP. We detected several proteins of sizes from 8 to 150 kDa that bind to LYT1 with different binding strengths. By MS-MS analysis, we identified proteins involved in parasite infectivity (trans-sialidase), development (kDSPs and histones H2A and H2B), and motility and protein traffic (dynein andα- andβ-tubulin), as well as protein-protein interactions (TPR-protein and kDSPs) and several hypothetical proteins. Our approach led us to identify the LYT1 interaction profile, thereby providing insights into the molecular mechanisms that contribute to parasite stage development and pathogenesis ofT. cruziinfection.

Background The lack of pharmacological adherence and consecutive therapeutic failure is a prevalent and relevant problem in clinical practice, especially in the treatment of chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the context of chronic diseases, World Health Organization considers lack of adherence like a public health priority because represents negative consequences like: therapy failures, higher rates of hospitalization and increased costs of health care. Objectives The aim of this observational study was determine adherence to treatment in patients with RA, their demographic characteristics and clinical variables. Methods An observational, descriptive cross sectional study conducted in a non-probability sample of convenience in patients with RA who consult to rheumatology institution specialized in RA patients. Descriptive epidemiology was applied for continuous variables, measures of central tendency and dispersion for categorical and qualitative variables (averages/percentages); we used Pearson9s chi-squared test (χ 2 ) and T student test to evaluate bivariate correlation. Results 356 patients were included, 186 (52%) received DMARDs therapy and 170 (48%) biological therapy. 309 (86%) were female and 47 (43%) were male meanDAS28 was 2.5 ± 1 HAQ was 0.87 ± 1.3. The most frequent comorbidity was osteoporosis 145 (40%) and hypertension 135 (37%). 103 (28%) participants suspended the medication when they felt polimedicated. In the group using DMARDs 71 (38%) suspended the medication due to an adverse event and in the biological therapy group 55 (32%). 71 (38%) patients in the group with DMARDs referred administrative difficulties while in the group with biological therapy 56 (32%) referred the same issue. When we explored the adherence, regarding age the group where we found fewer adherence in the group between 40 and 60 years this correlation was not statistically significative. When patients suspended the medication when they felt medicated with many drugs mean DAS28–2.6 higher than who did not suspend medication mean DAS28–2.4. When the medication due to an adverse event was suspended mean DAS28–2.57 higher than those who did not suspend the medication (DAS28–2.46) and was statistically significative. Conclusions This study shows that most of patients (two thirds) are adherent to conventional or biological treatment; however a important number remains non-adherent with a higher DAS28 score with clinical and economical implications. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Background Periodontal disease (PD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are two common chronic inflammatory diseases globally destructive. Recently, there has been increasing evidence that periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis share many biological and pathological features like the significant increase in acute phase reactants. It is important to demonstrate that periodontal inflammation can affect clinical index and variability of the patients with RA. Objectives To evaluate the association between clinical indices of PD and markers of activity in Colombian RA patients and individuals with first-degree relatives of patients with RA. Methods The rheumatologic condition and periodontal status of 73 individuals with rheumatoid early arthritis and 164 individuals first degree relative with RA patient were evaluated. Porphyromona gingivalis (Pg), IgG1, and IgG2 to Pg were determined. The C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, rheumatoid factor-RF, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, RA 33 antibodies and scales of RA activity were measured. The rheumatologic Scores and periodontal condition were evaluated by two experienced and calibrated periodontists and rheumatologist. The chi-square test was used to evaluate association between periodontal variables and RA activity indices. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad El Bosque and the Hospital Militar Central, Bogota, Colombia. Results RA group showed 67.1% of periodontitis, of which 43.8% were classified as moderate and 15.1% as severe, positive RF in 49 patients (67.2%) and ACPAs (52%), RA patients had association between dental Plaque >30% with activity clinical index DAS28ESR (p=0.05), SDAI (p=0.008), Bleeding of probing with DAS28ESR (p=0.05), ESR (p=0.03) and CRP (p=0.03) and association between clinical attachment level with ACPAs (p=0.05), Furthermore first-degree relatives of patients with RA showed periodontal disease in a 70.1% classified as moderate 43.9% and 12.8% as severe, positive RF 18 (18%), and ACPAs (7.1%), was finding association between gingival index with activity clinical index DAS28ESR (p=0.05), CRP (p=0.03), ESR (p=0.005) and RAPID3 (p=0.05), association periodontal pocket deep with HAQ-DI score (p=0.05) and bleeding of probing with SDAI (p=0.05). Conclusions RA and PD share pathophysiological mechanisms that explain how greater commitment periodontal dental plaque index and periodontal pocket deep are directly related to indices of clinical activity of the joint disease. This would explain the persistence of elevated acute phase reactants with minimal or absent joint clinical manifestations. References Bello-Gualtero JM, et al. Periodontal Disease in Individuals With a Genetic Risk of Developing Arthritis or With Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study.J Periodontol. 2015;26:1–18 Disclosure of Interest None declared

Background In the last years it has seen a marked improvement in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by using conventional DMARDs and more recently with the introduction of biologics; biological therapy is useful to prevent clinical and radiological progression in patients with RA but is associated with high costs and has impacted budget in Colombian health system. Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess drug usage of conventional treatment and biologic agents in terms of reduction of the Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) and comparative medication expenses associated in patients with moderate-severe RA during a 24 month period. Methods We conducted a real-world, retrospective, cross-sectional study, based on information from a specialized in RA center in Colombia where there is a model with therapeutic goals like T2T and a multidisciplinary approach. Subjects with moderate-severe disease activity received conventional treatment or biologic therapy, and were followed-up and treated according to DAS28; therapy had to be adjusted with DAS28 >3.2 unless the patient9s conditions did not allow it. Descriptive epidemiology was done and the overall drug costs were assessed and compared between the two types of therapies. Results 526 patients using conventional treatment were included, mean age 63.5 ± 11.8, 424 (80%) female and 102 (20%) male. These patients had a DAS28 on average 4.5 ± 1 at beginning and after 24 months 410 patients (78%) got remission/low disease activity status with a mean DAS28 2.57 ± 1. On the other hand, 303 patients using biologics were included, mean age 58.5 ± 9.4, 251 (82%) female and 52 (18%) male; after 24 months of observation 154 patients (50%) obtained remission/low disease activity status with a mean DAS28 of 2.6 ± 1. Cost of conventional DMARD treatment for RA in Colombia was about 850 US dollars/patient/year because mostly of patients have more than one DMARD; use of biologics cost $7,725 US dollars/year/patient, ranging between the cheapest biological and the most expensive ($4,878 and $12,774 US dollars/year respectively); that means conventional treatment is nine times cheaper in comparison with costs of biological therapy and possibly more effective. Conclusions This study showed that it is possible to decrease disease activity and obtain a significant cost-reduction in treatment of RA by using conventional DMARDs in a model with therapeutic goals like T2T and optimizing a multidisciplinary approach; the use of biologic therapies in the treatment of RA continues being evaluated but is associated with high costs; we show real-world data on drug utilization in patients with moderate-severe RA in a low income developing country. These observations could be used by decision makers in order to consider health decisions; nonetheless, further research based on cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-comparison is needed to verify these results. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Background Biological therapy is useful to prevent clinical and radiological progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but is associated with high costs and has impacted budget in Colombian health system. Consequently, it is important to develop strategies to achieve positive outcomes in RA patients and at the same time to obtain cost-savings for health system. Objectives We describe effectiveness of conventional DMARD therapy in RA patients with moderate-severe disease activity, usefulness of Treat to Target (T2T) strategy with a multidisciplinary care team (MCT) model and subsequently cost-savings obtained. Methods We conducted a real-world, retrospective, cross-sectional study. We included patients who had moderate-severe disease activity; these patients were potential candidates for biologic therapy because were using conventional treatment; they were followed-up and treated according to T2T and MCT model. Clinical follow-up was designed by the authors according to DAS28 as follows: every 3–5 weeks (DAS28 >5.1), every 7–9 weeks (DAS28 ≥3.1 and ≤5.1), and every 11–13 weeks (DAS28 3.2 unless patient9s conditions don9t permit it. The aim of the study was to evaluate patients who were in moderate-severe disease activity and reached low disease activity or remission impacting on health costs. Descriptive epidemiology was done, the medians were analyzed using t-Student by performing a normality test for DAS28 distribution; the disease activity was analyzed using Pearson9s statistics. Results 526 patients were included, mean age 63.5±11.8, 424 (80%) female and 102 (20%) male. These patients had a DAS28 on average 4.5±1 at beginning and after 24 months 410 patients (78%) got remission/low disease activity status with a mean DAS28 2.57±1. The costs of biological therapy in Colombia finishing 2015 on average were $7,725 US dollars/year/patient, and taking into account that 410 patients in moderate-severe disease activity who were candidates to biologic treatment and reached at least low disease activity, the amount in costs-savings projected for health system by preventing early use of biologics was approximately $3,167,551million dollars/year, ranging between the cheapest biological and the most expensive ($4,878 and $12,774 US dollars/year respectively). Conclusions This study showed that it is possible to decrease disease activity and obtain a significant cost-reduction in treatment of RA by using conventional DMARDs in a model with therapeutic goals like T2T and optimizing a multidisciplinary approach. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Background Biological therapy is useful to prevent clinical and radiological progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) when there is a failure with conventional DMARD therapy. Treat to Target (T2T) strategy becomes from the need to develop therapeutic targets and tools to achieve defined outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). On the other hand a multidisciplinary care team (MCT) model was generated in order to improve outcomes. Objectives The aim of this study was to describe global change in Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) using T2T strategy for a 24-month period in patients with biological DMARD therapy in a large cohort of patients from a Colombian specialized in RA center with a MCT model. Methods A descriptive retrospective study was performed. Records of patients using biologics from specialized in RA center were reviewed; those patients were followed-up under T2T standards. Clinical follow-up was according to DAS28: every 3–5 weeks (DAS28 >5.1), every 7–9 weeks (DAS28 ≥3.1 and ≤5.1), and every 11–13 weeks (DAS28 3.2 unless patient9s conditions don9t permit it. A MCT model means that a patient should be seen by other specialties such as physiatrist, physical and occupational therapy, nutritionist and psychologist at least 3 times a year. We divided patients in three groups: low disease activity (LDA), moderate disease activity (MDA) and severe disease activity (SDA) patients and the aim of the study was to look at what percentage of patients who were in moderate or severe disease activity reached a low disease activity or remission (REM). Descriptive epidemiology was done, percentages and averages were calculated; the median of each variable was analyzed using t-Student assuming normality for DAS28 distribution and the level activity disease was analyzed using Pearson9s statistics. Results 370 patients were included in this study, 310 (83%) women and 60 (17%) men. Average age was 59 ± 9 years. The biological therapy was distributed: Infliximab 57 (15%), Abatacept 53 (14%), Adalimumab 53 (14%), Etanercept 52 (14%), Rituximab 46 (12%), Tocilizumab 46 (12%), Certolizumab 41 (11%), Golimumab 19 (5%). At 24 months was observed an increase in percentage of patients (up to 71%) in REM/LDA and a decrease in percentage of patients in MDA/SDA disease activity statistically significant. At beginning mean DAS28 was 4.3 ± 1.23 and after 24 months of follow-up mean DAS28 was 3.02 ± 0.72; the median was analyzed using t-Student assuming normality for DAS28 distribution; it showed improvement (p Conclusions There was a global improvement of DAS28 in a cohort of RA patients receiving biological therapy followed and treated under recommendations of T2T strategy and MCT model; this revision shows the importance of T2T follow-up and treatment for this disease. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Background Clinical response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using biologics is well-known. However, there is no direct comparison between biologics in cohorts of patients with long-standing RA in real-life settings, which could have implications in treatment decisions and health economics. Objectives The aim of this study was to describe a direct comparison in effectiveness between three different biological agents in their mechanism of action and its application in patients with long-standing RA in a cohort of real-life. Methods A descriptive retrospective study was performed. Were included 242 patients with at least 12 visits to rheumatologist in last 24 months. Clinical follow-up was according to DAS28: every 3–5 weeks (DAS28 >5.1), every 7–9 weeks (DAS28 ≥3.1 and ≤5.1), and every 11–13 weeks (DAS28 3.2 unless patient9s conditions don9t permit it. We divided patients in two groups: remission-low disease activity (Rem/LDA) patients and moderate-severe disease activity (MDA/SDA) patients and the aim of the study was to analyze of patients who were in MDA/SDA disease activity how many reached a Rem/LDA status. Patients with diagnosis of RA and using Abatacept, Adalimumab and Rituximab were involved. Descriptive epidemiology was done, percentages and averages were calculated; the median of each variable was analyzed using t-Student assuming normality for DAS28 distribution and the level activity disease was analyzed using Pearson9s statistics. Results 242 patients were included, 201 (83%) women and 41 (17%) men. Mean age was 58±10 years; patients with RA and using Abatacept, Adalimumab and Rituximab were involved and treatments were distributed as follows: Abatacept 72 (30%), Adalimumab 96 (40%) and Rituximab 74 (30%); At 24 months was observed an increase in percentage of patients in Rem/LDA and a decrease in percentage of patients in MDA/SDA disease activity statistically significant. For Abatacept at beginning the mean DAS28–3.8 and 24 months later DAS28–2.7; for Adalimumab at beginning the mean DAS28–3.2 and 24 months later DAS28–2.6; for Rituximab at beginning the mean DAS28–3.7 and 24 months later DAS28–2.5; although the HAQ reduction had clinical relevance there was no statistically significance. Between these biologics were not differences statistically significant in effectiveness. A very important issue was that at the end of the follow-up there was no patients in severe disease activity. Conclusions Study shows no significant differences in effectiveness between three different biological agents in their mechanism of action and its application analyzed, but there was a clear improvement in all patients with respect to basal disease activity, which proves effectiveness of implementation of a T2T strategy in patients with long-standing RA independent of biological. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Background There is a lack of expertise in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis in primary level of Colombian medical centers, leading to misdiagnosis; many times osteoarthritis (OA) and another rheumatic diseases are misdiagnosed as RA which derives in wrong treatment for patients with clinical and health economics implications. Objectives The aim of this study was to describe demographic and clinical characteristics of a cohort of patients with misdiagnosis of RA in a specialized center in Colombia. Methods A descriptive, cross sectional study. Were included patients who were referred from primary care centers to a RA specialized center in a 48 month period with presumptive diagnosis of this disease. Each patient was evaluated to confirm or rule-out diagnosis of RA as follows: a rheumatologist fulfilled a complete medical record including all previous data; it was assessed rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated antibodies, and other laboratories depending on each case. Also were made x-rays of hands and feet, and in some cases of persistent doubt about the diagnosis was requested comparative MRI of hands or/and feet. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for the demographic and clinical characteristics of the cohort of patients in which the diagnosis of RA was ruled-out. Results In 5176 patients was found a wrong diagnosis of RA. Of these misdiagnosed patients, 4.385 (85%) were women, and 791 (15%) men, with an average age of 59 ± 13 years old. Between differential diagnosis which were found in this cohort of misdiagnosed patients: osteoarthritis in 2930 patients (56.6%), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in 369 patients (7.1%), Sjogren syndrome in 237 patients (4.6%), spondyloarthropathies in 135 patients (2.6%), gout in 95 patients (1.8%), and in 28.3% of cases other diagnoses including all kinds of soft tissue rheumatism. Conclusions Almost half patients with presumptive RA diagnosis in primary care centers in Colombia are misdiagnosed. The most important cofounding diagnosis was osteoarthritis and many patients were receiving DMARDs for treatment. For this reason there is an urgent need of education strategies for primary care physicians and the implementation of centers of excellence in RA, in order to conduct a proper diagnose and avoid clinical and health economics consequences of misdiagnosis. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Background The rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as known, causes inability in various performance areas mostly in the musculoskeletal, but few is known about psychological, sleep and sexual problems. Objectives The aim of this study is to describe the socio-demographic profile of patients with RA in specialized RA clinic in Colombia, where we identified disorders in areas besides the physical or musculoskletal, like psychological, sexual and sleep. Methods A descriptive study was performed in a specialized clinic dedicated to care patients with RA. 1298 RA patients were included in the study, which were seen by the area of psychology; information was collected through semi-structured interviews and non-probability sampling, also using classificatory criteria of pathologies described in CIE 10 diagnostic manual, applying descriptive epidemiology for continuous variables, measure of central tendency and dispersion for qualitative and categorical variables through percentages and averages. Results Total sample of patients was 1298, 1048 (80%) were women and 250 (19%) were men. Patients had a DAS28 2.6 in average ± 1.1; mean age was 55.1 ± 8.8 years; 58% of patients were medium socio-economical level and the 34% were low socio-economical level; 59% were married, 18% were divorced, 14% is single and 6% were widowed. Related with the occupation, 25% were retired because age and 10% had handicap retirement pay; 24% were dedicated to housekeeping and 35% were working. Related to education 6% were illiterate, 44% had elementary school, 33% high school, 8% had a technical degree and only 7% had college level. According to CIE-10 739 patients (57%) had psychological disorders, 279 patients (21%) had sexual and 373 (28%) had sleep disorders. Conclusions According to these findings there is a high prevalence of patients with low-medium socio-economical levels in RA which shows a possible correlation of a socio-demographic unfavorable situation with presence of disease. Also there are high rates of psychological, sexual and sleep comorbidities, which implies that measures must be implemented in order to improve these areas of performance in patients with RA. Disclosure of Interest None declared

The authors would like to make the following changes. (1) In the Results Section 3.3. Vectorial Analysis of Parasites Trajectories, third paragraph, the sentence: this behavior was clearly observed when speed and rotational angle were analyzed together (Figure 7) should be replaced by the following sentence: this behavior was clearly observed in the parasite trajectories, like the one pictured in Figure 7. Figure 7 (2) The legend of Figure 7, Figure 7: Analysis of parasite trajectory. The trajectory of free-swimming epimastigotes was determined using the speed and rotational angle results form a 10-second recording. The histogram is representative of the average behavior of 20 randomly selected epimastigotes, should be replaced by Figure 7: Analysis of a single parasite trajectory. The trajectory of a typical free-swimming epimastigote was recorded for 10 seconds. (3) Figure 7 that is in the original paper should be replaced by the following figure.

[EN] Responses to increasing salinity, during seed germination and vegetative plant growth, were studied in two related species of Juncus, J. maritimus and J. acutus. In both species, germination was optimal in the absence of salt, reduced by about 50% in the presence of 200 mM NaCl, and completely inhibited by NaCl concentrations above 300 mM. Previous exposure of the seeds to salt, up to 500 mM NaCl, did not affect the germination capacity in J. acutus, and clearly enhanced it in J. maritimus. A concentration-dependent inhibition of plant growth was observed in the presence of NaCl for both species, together with the parallel accumulation of sodium ions in the leaves, as determined by cation exchange HPLC. Regarding the levels of divalent cations, in J. acutus Ca2+ and Mg2+ increased up to about two-fold in plants treated with 500 mM NaCl, as compared to control plants, whereas in J. maritimus they were three-to four-fold higher than in J. acutus in the absence of salt, and did not change significantly with increasing NaCl concentrations. These results suggest that Ca2+ and Mg2+ participate in defence mechanisms against salt stress, which would be constitutive in J. maritimus and salt-inducible in J. acutus.

Net aerial primary production, total production, aboveground biomass, turnover time, decomposition and total detritus production were estimated in a Spartina foliosa area at Bahía San Quintín, B.C. The study took place during the period March-August, 1992. The net aerial primary production values were high (4.72 g/m2/day) and turnover time short (5.4 months) compared with other coastal lagoons in the area. Two distinct periods were observed in the aboveground biomass level, one during May with the minimum value (323 g/m2) and another during June-August with high values (mean = 1,017 g/m2). The observed decomposition rate value was high (63%/159 days) compared with those reported in studies that started in winter in other areas. Total detritus production was estimated (1,050 tons/222 ha/159 days). We conclude that the S. foliosa area at Bahía San Quintín is a highly productive system with a fast recovering capacity. Further research is recommended focusing particularly on the marsh’s total organic detritus contribution to the adjacent lagoon system.

Karwinskia humboldtiana fruit (Kh) causes a neurological disorder 3-4 weeks after ingestion, characterized by flaccid, symmetrical, ascending paralysis, similar to the Guillain-Barre syndrome. In this polyneuropathy the lesion (demyelization) in peripheral nerves has been described in several animal species, both in acute and in chronic intoxication. However, no reports exist about the presence of lesions in the Central Nervous System (CNS), in chronic intoxication. We considered it important to evaluate, with histological techniques, the possible presence of lesions in the brain, by using a model of chronic intoxication that reproduces the same stages present in the human intoxication, to better understanding of this pathological process. In our present work we fed the ground Kh fruit to Wistar rats and samples of brain, cerebellum, and pons were embedded in paraffin. Sections were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin (HE) and special stains for nerve tissue. Histopathological changes were evaluated in the CNS through the different stages of the polyneuropathy and comparison to a control group. With this methodology, we found lesions in the motor pathway. This is the first report about the presence of neuronal damage caused by Kh in the Central Nervous System in chronic intoxication.

Background There are an important number of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) that are misdiagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in general practice in Colombia. They are treated as such with disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), leading to higher economic costs for health system. Objectives The aim of this study was to calculate the possible direct economic costs of the care of OA patients misdiagnosed as RA in a 48 month period in a cohort of patients derived to a specialized RA center in Colombia. Methods A descriptive cross sectional study was performed. Patients derived during a 48 month period to a RA specialized center with presumptive diagnosis of this disease and found finally diagnosed with OA were included in analysis. Each patient was evaluated to confirm or rule-out diagnosis of RA as follows: a rheumatologist fulfilled a complete medical record, including joint counts; it was assessed rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated antibodies, and other laboratories depending on each case. Also were made x-rays of hands and feet, and in some cases of persistent doubt about the diagnosis was requested comparative MRI of hands or/and feet. Then we described the direct costs of care in Colombian pesos (COP) of these false-positive RA patients assuming an average of 4 visits/year to general practitioner (8.400 COP/medical appointment), 2 visits/year for physiatrist and orthopedics (33.995 COP/ medical appointment) and 4 set/year of conventional laboratories (92.161 COP/set). Cost of medication doses were calculated for an average use of methotrexate, sulfasalazine, chloroquine and prednisolone (200.840 COP/monthly). Indirect costs were not calculated. Results We found 2930 OA patients misdiagnosed as RA in a period of 48 months. For each patient we calculated 33.600 COP/year for general practitioner visits, 135.980 COP/year for specialized medicine visits, 368.644 COP/year for laboratory sets and 2.431.248 COP/year for medications. This leads to a total cost of 2.969.472 COP/year per patient. Given a total of 2930 misdiagnosed patients cost rise to 8.700.552 million COP/year ($2,900,184 US dollars/year). Conclusions There is an important economic implication of the misdiagnosis of OA as RA, being this the most frequent mistake in the diagnosis of this disease. The implementation of educational programs for health care primary physicians and specialized RA centers where a process of screening diagnosis is made could save this amount of money for the health system in Colombia. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Background Treat to Target (T2T) strategy becomes from the need to develop therapeutic targets and tools to achieve defined outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This strategy is being used last years in Colombia. On the other hand a multidisciplinary care team (MCT) model was generated in order to improve outcomes. Objectives The aim of this study was to describe global change in Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) using T2T strategy for a 24-month period in patients with conventional DMARD therapy in a large cohort of patients from a Colombian specialized in RA center with a MCT model. Methods A descriptive retrospective study was performed. Records of patients using conventional DMARD treatment from specialized in RA center were reviewed; those patients were followed-up under T2T standards. Clinical follow-up was according to DAS28 as follows: every 3–5 weeks (DAS28 >5.1), every 7–9 weeks (DAS28 ≥3.1 and ≤5.1), and every 11–13 weeks (DAS28 3.2 unless patient9s conditions don9t permit it. A MCT model means that a patient should be seen by other specialties such as physiatrist, physical and occupational therapy, nutritionist and psychologist at least 3 times a year. We divided patients in three groups: low disease activity (LDA), moderate disease activity (MDA) and severe disease activity (SDA) patients and the aim of the study was to look at what percentage of patients who were in moderate or severe disease activity reached a low disease activity or remission (REM). Descriptive epidemiology was done, percentages and averages were calculated; the median of each variable was analyzed using t-Student assuming normality for DAS28 distribution and the level activity disease was analyzed using Pearson9s statistics. Results 767 patients were included in this study, 615 (80%) women and 152 (20%) men. Average age was 63 ± 11 years. Concerning to treatment of entire cohort, 76 (6.8%) patients were using Leflunomide alone, 47 (6%) and Metothrexate alone, 164 (21%) Leflunomide plus Metothrexate, 43 (6%), Leflunomide plus other DMARDs, 84 (11%), Metothrexate plus others DMARDs 168 (22%) and 261 (34%) “only” DMARDs without Leflunomide or Metothrexate. At 24 months was observed an increase in percentage of patients in remission/LDA (up to 85%) and a decrease in percentage of patients in MDA/SDA disease activity statistically significant. At beginning DAS28 was 4.07 ± 1.03 and after 24 months of follow-up DAS28 was 2.7 ± 0.72, showed improvement (p Conclusions There is a global improvement of DAS28 in a cohort of RA patients receiving only conventional therapy, treated and followed under T2T strategy recommendations and a MCT model. We show real-world data on conventional DMARD utilization in patients with RA in a low income developing country, these observations could be used by decision makers in order to consider health decisions. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Background RAPID-3 is a patient-driven tool to measure disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) without the need of laboratory test or the inclusion of a provider joint count and can be self reported by the patient.DAS-28 is a composite tool that needs patient, provider a laboratory information to measure disease activity Objectives To Asses the correlation of RAPID-3 and DAS-28 in a cohort of colombian patients with RA Methods 119 consecutive patients with early and established RA were evaluated at the Hospital Militar Central rheumatology service in Bogota-Colombia between August and December 2013. A complete medical history was obtained, including complete demographic information, comorbilities, concomitant medications and family history and laboratory tests. All patients completed a self reported RAPID-3 and were evaluated for a 28 swollen and painful joint count to obtain the DAS-28-ESR. Spearman correlations were computed for components of DAS28-ESR and RAPID3. Results 15,2 years). Mean scores were HAQ=0,6 (0,7), DAS28=3.8 (1.4) and RAPID3=12,3 (7.4). RAPID3 was strongly correlated with DAS28 (Spearman r:0.763, p Conclusions RAPID-3 had a good correlation with DAS-28. Furthermore it9s a self reported test and does not require an acute-phase reactant which makes it more atractive in a country with limited resources. References Anderson J, Caplan L, Yazdany J, Robbins ML, Neogi T, et al. (2012) Rheumatoid arthritis disease activity measures: American College of Rheumatology recommendations for use in clinical practice. Arthritis Care Res 64: 640–7 Pincus T, Swearingen CJ, Bergman M, Yazici Y. RAPID3 (routine assessment of patient index data 3), a rheumatoid arthritis index without formal joint counts for routine care: proposed severity categories compared to disease activity score and clinical disease activity index categories. Journal of Rheumatology. 2008;35(11):2136–2147 Disclosure of Interest : None declared DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.5733

We have studied numerically the effect of quenched site dilution on a weak first-order phase transition in three dimensions. We have simulated the site diluted three-states Potts model studying in detail the secondorder region of its phase diagram. We have found that the n exponent is compatible with the one of the three-dimensional diluted Ising model, whereas the h exponent is definitely different.

We have simulated, using parallel tempering, the three dimensional Ising spin glass model with binary couplings in a helicoidal geometry. The largest lattice (L=20) has been studied using a dedicated computer (the SUE machine). We have obtained, measuring the correlation length in the critical region, a strong evidence for a second-order finite temperature phase transition ruling out other possible scenarios like a Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition. Precise values for the $\nu$ and $\eta$ critical exponents are also presented., Comment: RevTex; 12 pages plus 5 ps figures. Final version to be published in PRB

We study two different versions of the site-diluted Ising model in three dimensions with long-range spatially correlated disorder by Monte Carlo means. We use finite-size scaling techniques to compute the critical exponents of these systems, taking into account the strong scaling-corrections. We find a $\nu$ value that is compatible with the analytical predictions., Comment: 19 pages, 1 postscript figure

Using Finite-Size Scaling techniques we obtain accurate results for critical quantities of the Ising model and the site percolation, in three dimensions. We pay special attention in parameterizing the corrections-to-scaling, what is necessary to put the systematic errors below the statistical ones., Comment: 12 pages plus 2 figures. Minor corrections added

Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia de polineuropatia periferica diabetica (PNPDM) en nuestro medio. Diseno Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal. Emplazamiento Zona basica de salud (ZBS) de Porzuna, Ciudad Real. Participantes Todos los pacientes de la ZBS diagnosticados de diabetes mellitus en cualquiera de sus modalidades clinicas e independientemente del tiempo de evolucion o edad del paciente, exceptuando los transeuntes o adscritos solo de manera temporal a alguno de los cupos. Se excluyo del estudio a los pacientes con deterioro cognitivo lo suficientemente importante a juicio del investigador como para hacer inviable la anamnesis o la exploracion necesaria. Mediciones principales Se registraron datos sobre antecedentes personales y familiares, comorbilidad, evolucion de la diabetes (antiguedad, tratamiento, complicaciones), datos clinico-exploratorios (peso, talla, presion arterial, frecuencia cardiaca) y datos de laboratorio referentes a la diabetes. Para determinar la presencia de polineuropatia diabetica (PNP-DM) se ha utilizado el Toronto Clinical Scoring System (Escala de Toronto [ET])1. Resultados Se identifico a 297 pacientes diabeticos (prevalencia del 5,51%), de los cuales 26 presentaban criterios de exclusion. El 96,7% eran diabeticos tipo 2, con una edad media de 68,6 ± 11,1 anos y 9,7 ± 6,5 anos de evolucion. El 60,5% eran mujeres. Sus caracteristicas se resumen en la tabla 1. Tabla 1 Caracteristicas generales de los pacientes diabeticos de la ZBS incluidos en el estudio Parametro n % Sexo Varones 107 39,5% Mujeres 164 60,5% Edad (media ± DE) 68,6 ± 11,10 − Tipo de DM DM tipo 1 4 1,5% DM tipo 2 262 96,7% Otros 5 1,9% Anos de evolucion (media ± DE) 9,7 ± 6,5 (1-37) Edad de inicio (media ± DE) 58,9 ± 12,3 − Comorbilidad HTA 194 71,6% Obesidad 153 57,5% Dislipemia 172 63,5% Tabaquismo 21 7,7% Patologia tiroidea 20 7,4% Cardiopatia isquemica 63 23,2% ACV 19 7,0% Arteriopatia periferica 17 6,3 Amputaciones 8 2,9% Presencia de complicaciones Retinopatia DMa 61 22,5% Nefropatia DMb 72 26,6% Neuropatia DMc 6 2,2% Tratamiento de la DM Dieta solo 46 17,0% ADO 142 52,6% ADO + insulina 48 17,8% Insulina solo 34 12,6% Peso (media ± DE) 78,2 ± 15,8 − IMC (media ± DE) 31,4 ± 5,7 − Perimetro abdominal Varones 105,1 ± 14 − Mujeres 105,0 ± 13,9 − PAS (media ± DE) 152,4 ± 18,7 − PAD (media ± DE) 79,3 ± 10,2 − Glucemia basal (media ± DE) 158,6 ± 54,4 − HbA1c (media ± DE) 7,1 ± 1,6 − Creatinina (media ± DE) 0,9 ± 0,3 − TSH (media ± DE) 2,7 ± 5,4 − Rango de puntuacion < 6 (normal) 184 67,9% 6-8 (PNP-DM leve) 51 18,8% 9-11 (PNP-DM moderada) 30 11,1% > 11 (PNP-DM grave) 6 2,2% ADO: antidiabeticos orales. a No proliferativas, 72,1%; proliferativas 26,2%. b Usando la formula de Cockroft y Gault, de las cuales son leve el 58,3%, moderada el 34,7% y grave el 1,4%. c Segun informe de la historia clinica. Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV Los valores obtenidos en la ET muestran que un 32,1% de los pacientes presentaba algun grado de PNP-DM: leve (ET = 6-8) en el 18,8%, moderada (ET = 9-11) en el 11,1% y grave (ET > 11) en el 2,2%. La puntuacion media del conjunto de diabeticos para dicha escala era de 3,9 ± 3,5. El grado de gravedad de la PNP-DM se acentua con la edad (p = 0,0003) y las puntuaciones de PNP-DM grave no aparecen antes de los 60 anos de edad; los pacientes con algun grado de polineuropatia llevan mas anos de evolucion de su diabetes (10,7) que los pacientes sin polineuropatia (9,12), aunque sin alcanzar la significacion estadistica (p = 0,07); sin embargo, si se encuentra significacion estadistica respecto a la edad de inicio clinico de la diabetes (segun fecha registrada en la historia clinica: 62,2 frente a 57,4 anos; p = 0,0028), el indice de masa corporal (IMC) (p = 0,0056), perimetro abdominal (p = 0,0008), la cifra de la velocidad de sedimentacion globular (p = 0,002) y los diagnosticos de retinopatia diabetica (p

We use a set of Schwinger-Dyson equations for the Ising Model to check several random number generators. For the model in two and three dimensions, it is shown that the equations are sensitive tests of bias originated by the random numbers. The method is almost costless in computer time when added to any simulation., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures

We study the four dimensional site-diluted Ising model using finite-size scaling techniques. We explore the whole parameter space (density-coupling) in order to determine the Universality Class of the transition line. Our data are compatible with Mean Field behavior plus logarithmic corrections.

We study the phase diagram of the site-diluted Ising model in a wide dilution range, through Monte Carlo simulations and Finite-Size Scaling techniques. Our results for the critical exponents and universal cumulants turn out to be dilution-independent, but only after a proper infinite volume extrapolation, taking into account the leading corrections-to-scaling terms., 17 pages, 5 postscript figures