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Clinical examination of a four-and-a-half-month old foal revealed evidence of progressive heart failure associated with an atrial septal defect and atrial fibrillation. Atrial septal defects are rarely reported in foals and the foal's growth, development and demeanour were normal until a sudden onset of lethargic behaviour. The value of B-mode echocardiography in identifying the congenital lesion is indicated.

The properties of a steady-state, dc discharge multidipole ion source have been investigated. The plasma density in the source depends on the magnet geometries, the discharge voltage, and the bias voltage on the first extraction grid. Different schemes to reduce the loss of ions to the chamber wall are described. Hydrogen ion species in the extracted beam are studied by a mass analyzer.

SynopsisDNA was extracted from the brains of patients with Alzheimer-type dementia, schizophrenia, Huntington's chorea and from patients without neurological disease, and examined for the presence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and human cytomegalovirus sequences. By selecting cloned virus DNA fragments which do not hybridize to normal human DNA we were able to achieve a detection level assessed on reconstruction experiments of 1 virus genome per 50 cells. Screening at such sensitivity did not detect virus sequences in the higher CNS, except in cases of encephalitis or immunosuppression. We conclude that, at this level of sensitivity, these viruses cannot be regarded as normal residents of the higher CNS, and at the time of death they do not appear to be associated with these neuropsychiatric conditions.

Twenty commercially available oxygen meters using improved epeated calibration by the vanadium equilibration method showed the slope of the curve to be constant and identical for all meters. One vanadium equilibration per month was sufficient to correct for drift of the intercept. Ten meters (at one site) were used continuously for 18 months without failure. Two oxygen meters are now in routine use in EBR-II primary sodium. The observed stability and life of the present meters are considered adequate for effective use in LMFBR sodium systems. 13 references. (auth)

The structural gene (TMP1) for yeast thymidylate synthetase (thymidylate synthase; EC 2.1.1.45) was isolated from a chimeric plasmid bank by genetic complementation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Retransformation of the dTMP auxotroph GY712 and a temperature-sensitive mutant (cdc21) with purified plasmid (pTL1) yielded Tmp+ transformants at high frequency. In addition, the plasmid was tested for the ability to complement a bacterial thyA mutant that lacks functional thymidylate synthetase. Although it was not possible to select Thy+ transformants directly, it was found that all pTL1 transformants were phenotypically Thy+ after several generations of growth in nonselective conditions. Thus, yeast thymidylate synthetase is biologically active in Escherichia coli. Thymidylate synthetase was assayed in yeast cell lysates by high-pressure liquid chromatography to monitor the conversion of [6-3H]dUMP to [6-3H]dTMP. In protein extracts from the thymidylate auxotroph (tmp1-6) enzymatic conversion of dUMP to dTMP was barely detectable. Lysates of pTL1 transformants of this strain, however, had thymidylate synthetase activity that was comparable to that of the wild-type strain.

Since the introduction of the first Australian roll-on/roll-off (RO/RO) vessel into service in 1959, there has been a continuing trend toward the adoption of this type of vessel. Such a trend has no doubt been stimulated by the dramatic increases in the cost of constructing and operating ships in a climate of continuing inflation. A brief history of numerous RO/RO ships is given, and various design features described, since in many cases they formed the background to the development of vessels only now entering service. Various design features of the RO/RO vessel are discussed with particular reference to the four gas turbine electric powered vessels in service and under construction for Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand (USSCo). Details are also given, where applicable, of the two gas turbine powered steel carriers built for and by Broken Hill Proprietary Company Ltd. (BHP Co). An RO/RO bulk carrier which recently entered service is described, and, as an illustration of the continuing development in the field of RO/RO ships, several new projects are described in some detail.

The Vinland Map, published with considerable publicity as ‘the most exciting cartographic discovery of the century’ by Yale University Press in 1965, has now, on the evidence of spectographic analysis by Walter McCrone Associates of Chicago, been virtually proved to be a modern forgery. The details, which have appeared widely in the press and were the subject of a meeting at the Royal Geographical Society on 4 February 1974, need not concern us here. The interest in Professor Taylor's paper written in 1963 well before the map's publication, is that working from measurements on a facsimile reproduction and with her own unrivalled knowledge of early cartography she was able to establish, at any rate to her own satisfaction, that the Old Map, as she calls it throughout, was a fake. She was the first scholar to cast serious doubt on the map's authenticity, and needless to say her views were hotly contested.

Viruses have individual and characteristic isoelectric points and for poliovirus there was good evidence for a correlation between one of these and sensitivity to chlorine. However, in the presence of chlorine dioxide, bromine chloride and iodine the behaviour of poliovirus and f2 coliphage was similar and not apparently influenced by the isoelectric point.

A sensitive hybridisation screening technique (spot hybridisation) was used to search post-mortem brain DNA extracts for herpes simplex I virus sequences in non-neurological controls, Alzheimer's disease cases and Herpes simplex virus infected mice. A reconstruction experiment showed that 0.1 herpes genome equivalents per cell could be detected in 100 micrograms tissue extracts. Although herpes sequences were readily detected in infected mice, none of the human brains examined could be shown to contain such sequences.

A male child, maintained in a controlled environment, was monitored each month for bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi recovered from the mouth, nasal passages, feces, and nine body surface sites. Three natural microbial categories became apparent. Incident microorganisms were recovered from within the isolator but did not establish permanent residence. Of the 53 incident types isolated, 20 were filamentous fungi and 4 were yeasts. Some genera, such as Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Neisseria, and Rothia, which were commonly found in the reference group, did not become permanent inhabitants. Transient microorganisms were repeatedly recovered but could not be demonstrated within the isolated environment at the end of the study. The loss of only a few of the 19 transient species could be associated with antimicrobial therapy. Permanent microorganisms consisted of Pencillium citrinum and 17 bacterial types, of which alpha-hemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus edpidermidis subgroups II and V, Micrococcus groups 1 and 2, Clostridium bifermentans, and Propionibacterium acnes were recovered throughout the entire 9 years of the study. The number of CFUs recovered from each sample type was generally not unlike that from the reference group of healthy male adults. Also, the number of different aerobic species recovered from the feces was within the normal range of that of the reference group. In contrast, the number of different species recovered from all other samples was less than that commonly found in the reference group.

The composition and melting points of the bromine adducts of pyridinium bromide have been determined. Differential scanning calorimetry has been found to be particularly well suited to this type of phase study because it uses small, enclosed samples and responds rapidly to small heat changes. The adducts are described in terms of stoichiometric mixtures of pyridinium bromide and pyridinium tribromide, or in terms of a general formula PyHBr(Br2)n where n equals 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, 1, 3, 6, 18. When pyridinium bromide is allowed to pick up bromine isothermally in an apparatus for thermogravimetric analysis it does so in a stepwise manner with a plateau for each of the above adducts plus one with n equal to 3/2. This provides valuable confirmation of the compositions of adducts deduced from conventional phase diagrams.

The complete nucleotide sequence of a 1.8-kilobase DNA fragment containing the cell cycle-regulated thymidylate synthase gene (TMP 1) of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented. This analysis has revealed a 912-base pair open reading frame which encodes a 304-amino acid residue protein with a calculated Mr of 35,007. The tmp1-6 and cdc21-1 mutant alleles of this gene also have been sequenced, and both show single base pair changes which would result in different amino acid substitutions. The amino acid sequence of the yeast thymidylate synthase gene derived from the DNA sequence shows considerable homology when compared with the human, mouse, Herpesvirus saimiri, Leishmania major, Leishmania tropica, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus casei, bacteriophage T4, and Bacillus subtilis phage phi 3T enzymes. Northern blot hybridization reveals that the TMP 1 mRNA is a 1.15-kilobase polyadenylated transcript. A set of consensus yeast mRNA splice sequences appears within the open reading frame of TMP 1, but S1 nuclease protection experiments reveal that splicing of the mRNA does not occur. Disruption of the gene by the introduction of a large insertion did not produce any defect besides the expected dependence on dTMP for growth. Specifically, the viability of the mutants in the presence of dTMP indicates that the protein does not play a significant structural role in a complex of replication enzymes.

Detailed mapping of Eocene to early Oligocene basalts on the Monaro has enabled the production of topographic maps of the pre‐basaltic topography in the region. Comparison of the sub‐basaltic and present topography shows there has only been minimal change in topography and drainage patterns during the Cainozoic. This indicates that in the Monaro, either no significant uplift has occurred during the majority of the Cainozoic, or that the streams do not respond rapidly to external changes of base level.

Mineralized veins at Major's Creek consist of preponderant quartz and carbonate gangue with gold, Au-Ag tellurides and base metal sulphides within silicified and sericitized dykes or granodiorite of the Braidwood Granite. Fluid inclusion studies indicate deposition throughout the range 350–80°C by low salinity fluids. Significant Au-Ag telluride mineralization took place at a temperature of about 155°C. Mineral deposition was due to the separation of a liquid CO2 phase from an originally CO2-rich aqueous fluid. Observed argillic alteration is a consequence of acid leaching above the boiling zone. Mineralization is epithermal in character and probably formed during the existence of a hydrothermal convective system. A relationship with similar epithermal gold deposits in the adjacent Eden-Yalwal Rift zone is inferred.

Cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) were examined for the presence of a cytopathogenic component by an in vitro assay. No abnormal proteins were detected in CSF which produced cytopathic effects. The cytopathic effect was associated with high-molecular-weight material which was resistant to enzyme treatment. The effect persisted after extensive ultraviolet irradiation. The presence of the cytopathic effect was associated with increased CSF enolase levels.

Intracerebral infection of mice with HSV-1 was found to produce a 2-3-fold increase in dopamine and serotonin metabolism in cortex, striatum, diencephalon and brain stem. Neurochemical markers of GABA and acetylcholine neurones, and neurotransmitter receptor binding sites were unchanged. The immunohistochemical distribution of virus antigen revealed high levels of immunoreactivity in s. nigra, ventral tegmental area, locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe nucleus, whilst other areas of brain stem were clear of virus antigen. The changes in monoamine metabolism observed in experimental HSV encephalitis may be related to the concentration of virus in monoamine neurones.

The biosynthesis of thymidylate in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be inhibited by antifolate drugs. We have found that antifolate treatment enhances the formation of leucine prototrophs in a haploid strain of yeast carrying, on the same chromosome, two different mutant leu2 alleles separated by Escherichia coli plasmid sequences. That this effect is a consequence of thymine nucleotide depletion was verified by the finding that provision of exogenous thymidylate eliminates the increased production of Leu+ colonies. DNA hybridization analysis revealed that recombination, including reciprocal exchange, gene conversion and unequal sister-chromatid crossing over, between the duplicated genes gave rise to the induced Leu+ segregants. Although gene conversion unaccompanied by crossing over was responsible for the major fraction of leucine prototrophs, events involving reciprocal exchange exhibited the largest increase in frequency. These data show that recombination is induced between directly repeated DNA sequences under conditions of thymine nucleotide depletion. In addition, the results of this and previous studies are consistent with the possibility that inhibition of thymidylate biosynthesis in yeast may create a metabolic condition that provokes all forms of mitotic recombination.

Protein synthesis, antigen synthesis, and cell membrane permeability were analyzed after inoculating human diploid fibroblasts with control or cytotoxic CSF, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1), poliovirus 3, or Clostridium difficile toxin. Whereas protein synthesis and membrane permeability were affected by the viruses, and virus antigens detectable by pooled human serum were synthesized, the bacterial toxin and cytotoxic CSF did not induce any new proteins or antigens, although the cytotoxic CSF reduced cellular protein synthesis levels and caused an increase in the permeability of the cell membranes. The effect of the cytotoxic CSF in cell culture resembles that of a toxin rather than a replicating virus.

1. Journal de bord de Juan de la Cosa, second de Christophe Colomb. Presenté et commenté par Ignacio Olagué. Paris, 1957, 870 frs.2. The Journal of Christopher Columbus. Translated by Cecil Jane, revised and annotated by L. A. Vigneras with an appendix by R. A. Skelton. Anthony Blond and The Orion Press, London, 1960, 45s.Writing an Introduction to the Four Voyages of Columbus over thirty years ago, the late Cecil Jane remarked: ‘It might with justice be added that no event of such moment can ever occur again, unless, perhaps the tracts of space be bridged and communication established between the Earth and her sister planets.’ The fact that we are on the very eve of placing a man in the Moon should enable us to appreciate more justly the various ways in which, during the late fifteenth century, different people reacted to the daring proposal of Columbus to sail west to Asia.

The tensile strength of decamethylene dismethylazodicarboxylate vulcanizates of GR-S, 50°C. polybutadiene, 5°C. polybutadiene, and natural rubber has been determined as a function of temperature and/or the degree of crosslinking. A theory of tensile strength of amorphous polymers which adequately describes the effect of the degree of crosslinking on strength is proposed. The theoretical expression for the strength of amorphous materials is then modified to include the effect of crystallization. The complete expression for the tensile strength of crystallizable elastomers, which includes amorphous elastomers as a special case, is: where ω0 = 1 − (1 + δ2λ3)−1/2, fc = volume fraction crystallinity, M = primary molecular weight, Mc = molecular weight per crosslink in the uncrystallized polymer, λ = extension ratio at break, and δ, K = parameters. The theory is shown to be good for GR-S and semiquantitatively correct for a crystallizable polymer, 5°C. polybutadiene.

The late Mr Thomas Burke was well known for his popular writings on London life, and the phrases employed by literary reviewers of his earlier works are precisely applicable to his English Townsman: ‘it swarms with rare and amusing pictures,’ ‘it is a mine of out-of-the-way facts.’ A man of strong prejudices, Mr Burke was accustomed to see what he expected to see, factory workers, for example, to this day commencing toil at 6 a.m. while their employers ‘roll-up in their cars at about eleven.’ Nevertheless he is concerned to emphasize the wholly laudable thesis that it is just as ‘natural’ for men to live in towns as in villages. Yet his supporting arguments are not always very happy, as when he cites the Victorian sociologist, Henry Mayhew, who had worked out (and mapped) the geographical incidence of crime. It seems that while total criminality did not vary, the townsman was addicted merely to burglary, larceny, forgery, pocket-picking and shop-lifting, while the countryman specialized in crimes ‘of the kind named unmentionable’ (which incidentally included illegitimacy). And after all, says Mr Burke ‘burglary and thieving are fairly wholesome and quite natural activities.’ Many of our towns, so he thought, were at least as old as our villages, for ‘when [man] rose from savagery it was instinctive in him to gather with his fellows for mutual protection, for the exchange of knowledge and for the sharing of experience’. Such an opinion may pass muster in a book which, in point of fact, makes very entertaining light reading. But unfortunately it is the kind of opinion that is very widespread, and in particular our Planners, like Mr Burke, have never read their Gordon Childe. Build some houses, add a so-called ‘trading-estate’ (actually a congeries of small factories), ‘decant’ the ‘over-spill’ of some growing city into the houses and ‘steer’ some industrialists (or bribe them) into the factories : there is your recipe for a New Town. The habit of studying present-day cities in their functional aspects, and of examining the relationship between function and geographical situation has not yet spread from the geographers to the borough engineers, borough surveyors and county architects who form the corps d’élite of physical Planners; still less of course do these experts probe with the archaeologist and the historian into the problem of the roots and origins of urban life. In the United States there is evidence of a wider vision, and if the young men and women reading philosophy, history and economics at Oxford together with their contemporaries reading mathematics and physics at Cambridge were even to flit through just the Syllabus and Maps of the Chicago course in Anthropology described by the Editor in the September number of ANTIQUITY, our future governing classes might be in a better position to resolve the antithesis between Plato and Karl Marx.

The term ‘dead reckoning’, so the Admiralty Navigation Manual (1938) says, is a corruption of the old ‘ded-uced reckoning’ or ‘position by account’, and is used to cover all positions that are obtained from ‘the course the ship steers and her speed through the water, and from no other factors.’ (The last italics are ours.) Had Master William Borough, Chief Pilot of the Muscovy Company, and presently to be appointed to Queen Elizabeth's Navy Board, come across this definition, he would have picked a two-fold quarrel with their present Lordships at Whitehall. For his use and explanation of the term is the earliest of which we have knowledge, although it does not appear even then to have been new.

In a previous article in this Journal mention was made of an unexamined manuscript by Hariot belonging to the Petworth Collection entitled The Doctrine of Nauticall Triangles Compendious, which promised to be of interest to navigators. When Lord Leconfield, the owner of the Collection, heard of this he very kindly himself brought this manuscript to the British Museum for study there, and meanwhile Dr. Shirley of the United States, who is at work on other aspects of Hariot's life, sent over from America a transcript from a microfilm copy which was in his possession. The contents of the manuscript more than fulfilled expectation, for it appeared that the main theme was the computation of meridional parts for drawing a Mercator chart and, as Mr. Sadler, the Superintendent of H.M. Nautical Almanac Office, shows in the second part of this paper, Hariot was remarkably in advance of his time in his mathematical treatment of this problem, which continued to be a favourite one for discussion until the discovery of the calculus. As is well known, the first table of meridional parts to be published was that compiled (by simple addition of secants) by Edward Wright (1558–1615) of Caius College, Cambridge, a mathematician who had been nautical adviser to the Earl of Cumberland, and on occasion to the Lord High Admiral himself.

The temperature dependence of the resistance of iron has been measured in the range 1 to 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Single-crystal iron specimens 100 to 300 \ensuremath{\mu} in diameter with residual resistance ratios up to 2100 were used in the experiments. The dominant temperature dependence in this range is linear with average coefficients of 8.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ and $2.14\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{A}$ cm/\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in the flux-closed and -saturated states, respectively. These coefficients are an order of magnitude larger than those observed by previous experimenters. Careful control of the magnetic state of the crystal seems to remove most of the ${T}^{2}$ dependence in this temperature range. The results are discussed in terms of the general electron-magnon scattering theories developed by Turov. Deviations from Ohm's law and large negative magnetoresistance effects are observed, and these are taken into account in making the measurements. Preliminary measurements have also been made in the range 77 to 294\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and results are in general agreement with previous measurements by White and Woods.

Language holds many pitfalls for the unwary. A housewife picks up her iron, and so does the golfer: a butcher uses the steel and so does the soldier: a government nationalizes iron and steel. No wonder the foreigner makes ludicrous mistakes. And we in our turn, coming across an Italian book entitled Il Compasso da Navigare might be pardoned for supposing its subject-matter to be the navigating compass. This is not so. It is a learned and comprehensive treatise under the title belonging to the oldest surviving Sailing Directions for the Mediterranean Sea, and as the author, Bacchisio R. Motzo, clearly proves, such Directions were called a Compasso, and by a natural transference the same name was given to the sailing chart which was drawn to accompany the Directions. What we call a mariner's compass, or simply a compass, the Italians term Compasso-bussola or more usually just bussola. When English sailors began to use written Directions or ‘Pilots’ they called them Rutters (from the French Routier), while an alternative Italian name for a Compasso was Portolano, which also meant the accompanying chart.

The poverty of authentic and strictly contemporary material relative to the inception and conduct of Drake's voyage of I577-80 is notorious, and Stow's statement (made in 1592) that on his return "books, pictures & ballads were published in his praise" is not only unconfirmed, but directly contradicted by the words of the rhyming publicist Henry Roberts. Roberts (following his custom) penned a Ballad in Farewell when Drake went to sea in 1585, and referring to the circumnavigation says: "I did expect some Ovid's pen to paint his worthy praise, But none hath writ. . ." and his heart failed him when he thought to attempt the task himself. Thus every scrap of relevant material that can be garnered is of interest and value to the student, a fact that must be the justification of the present article, dealing as it does, without any attempt at completeness, with two fragmentary documents. The first of these can be connected with Drake only by inference, albeit a strong one. It is part of an English manuscript Navigating Manual, of a type common enough during the sixteenth century in Spain and Portugal, but found only in borrowed form in England. This example has been compiled and translated from Spanish and Portuguese sources. In addition to the stereotyped rules for position finding, it includes a number of rutters or sailing directions for particular routes, including the English Channel approaches, the Muscovy and Guinea voyages, the voyage to Brazil (two sets) and that for

(1928). Pactolus: River of gold. Scottish Geographical Magazine: Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 129-144.

(1935). Perfidious Albion: Climate and character in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Scottish Geographical Magazine: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 1-6.

Four steps to Longitude! If we chose, we might interpret the phrase by a sequence of four names: Ptolemy, Charles II, Tobias Mayer and Nevil Maskelyne—the last in 1763. But in fact the steps represent the four marine timepieces made by John Harrison—familiarly known as H1, H2, H3 and H4 of which the last proved its efficacy in 1762. The longitude was found, and by a ‘machine’, just two centuries ago. Now the bi-centenary is being celebrated by a very elegant and informative exhibition at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich. No navigator should miss it. Even if he thinks scorn of ‘ancient history’ he owes the inventor of the first English chronometer a tribute of respect.

CAPTAIN JAMES COOK is deservedly esteemed as a great seaman, and he must be acclaimed also in the more particular role of a great navigator. For although he made no specific contribution to the art of navigation as such, he advanced it by sheer force of character. It was, indeed, a task for the mathematicians and astronomers, not for the sailors, to lay down new principles and new observations or calculations by which a ship's position could be found and her course directed when at sea. And it was for the mathematical and optical instrument-makers to design and perfect the instruments by which such observations could be made. But, in the last resort, everything depended upon the ships' captains, the masters and the pilots. They alone could decide whether some novel principle should be mastered, some new instrument actually used. ‘We have piped unto you and ye have not danced’ is a cry which echoes through the ages. For the sailor was not alone in turning a deaf ear to the advice of public men, scientists and his own professional instructors. He was hostile to change, he preferred some old rule of thumb. And this is to be expected from all such men as learn the actual practice of their trade or craft by working beside an experienced master who in turn is passing on the traditions of an earlier generation.

In his detailed and valuable account of the history of the Log (this Journal, 9, 70) Commander Waters is surely at fault as regards the part he ascribes to the Gresham Professor, Gunter. This eminent mathematician delighted in designing instruments with engraved scales, and at first issued the customary Description and Use in Latin, a sufficient indication that he wrote only for fellow scholars. Importuned probably by the instrument-makers, he later published English versions of the tracts (in 1623), and among the numerous ‘uses’ included a couple of chapters on those for navigational purposes.

There are still people who believe that only during the last four-hundred years have we known that the Earth is a globe. They were taught this at school when they were told the story of Christopher Columbus. Columbus, it was said, went to King John of Portugal with the proposal to reach the fabulously rich Cathay, situated in the Far East, by sailing across the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The king consulted a committee of mathematicians who rejected the idea with scorn. The Earth was round and flat like a trencher, they said, and not a globe as Columbus maintained. And some teachers added that not until the circumnavigation of Magellan's ship, Victoria, was there any proof of the shape of the Earth.