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51. Inhumation and cremation in medieval Mongolia: analysis and analogy

Author

Eric Crubézy, François-Xavier Ricaut, Hélène Martin, Erdenebaatar, S., Hélène Coqueugniot, Bruno Maureille, Giscard, P. H., Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie (LA), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Genghis Khan period, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, cremation, burial, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, Mongolia, Egyin Gol, funeral practices
Abstract

International audience; The authors study burials of the medieval period in westernMongolia shortly before the emergenceof Genghis Khan. They find that both inhumation and cremation are practised, with a varietyof accompanying rituals. Systematic micro-analysis of bone fragments on the one hand, and theaccounts of early travellers on the other, allow these researchers to propose detailed explanationsof mortuary practice in thirteenth century Altai that will be highly suggestive to prehistoriansworking elsewhere.

Published
2006

52. Molecular genetic analysis of 400-year-old human remains found in two Yakut burial sites

Author

Sergei Kolodesnikov, Eric Crubézy, Christine Keyser-Tracqui, François-Xavier Ricaut, Bertrand Ludes, Anatoly N. Alekseev, Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie (LA), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Médecine Légale - IML (Paris, France)

Subjects
Mitochondrial DNA, Lineage (genetic), Burial, Population, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, Biology, DNA, Mitochondrial, Haplogroup, 03 medical and health sciences, Ethnicity, Mitochondrial haplotypes, Humans, education, Phylogeny, 030304 developmental biology, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, 030305 genetics & heredity, Biological Evolution, Hypervariable region, Molecular analysis, Siberia, Haplotypes, Evolutionary biology, History, 16th Century, Tandem Repeat Sequences, Anthropology, Microsatellite, Anatomy
Abstract

International audience; The excavation of five frozen graves at the Sytygane Syhe and Istekh-Myrane burial sites (dated at 400 years old) in central Yakutia revealed five human skeletons belonging to the Yakut population. To investigate the origin and evolution of the Yakut population as well as the kinship system between individuals buried in these two sites, DNA was extracted from bone samples and analyzed by autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) and by sequencing hypervariable region I (HV1) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region. The results showed a diversity of sepulchral organizations linked probably to the social or genetic background of the subjects. Comparison of STR profiles, mitochondrial haplotypes, and haplogroups with data from Eurasian populations indicated affinities with Asian populations and suggested a relative specificity and continuity of part of the Yakut mitochondrial gene pool during the last five centuries. Moreover, our results did not support a Central Asian (with the exception of maternal lineage of West Eurasian origin) or Siberian origin of the maternal lineages of these ancient Yakut subjects, implying an ethnogenesis of the Yakut population probably more complex than previously proposed.

Published
2005
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53. Ancient DNA analysis of human neolithic remains found in northeastern

Author

François-Xavier Ricaut, Fedoseeva, A., Christine Keyser-Tracqui, Eric Crubézy, Bertrand Ludes, Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie (LA), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Published
2005

54. Genetic analysis of a Scytho-Siberian skeleton and its implications for ancient Central Asian migrations

Author

François-Xavier Ricaut, Christine Keyser-Tracqui, Bertrand Ludes, Jean Bourgeois, Eric Crubézy, Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie (LA), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

Subjects
Genetic Markers, Mitochondrial DNA, Asia, Population, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, DNA, Mitochondrial, Genetic analysis, Haplogroup, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Genetics, Humans, 030216 legal & forensic medicine, education, Phylogeny, Skeleton, Genetics (clinical), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Demography, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Fossils, Haplotype, Paleontology, Emigration and Immigration, Archaeology, humanities, Hypervariable region, Siberia, Genetics, Population, Ancient DNA, Geography, Haplotypes, Tandem Repeat Sequences, Evolutionary biology, Forensic Anthropology, Microsatellite, Databases, Nucleic Acid, geographic locations
Abstract

International audience; The excavation of a frozen grave on the Kizil site (dated to be 2500 years old) in the Altai Republic (Central Asia) revealed a skeleton belonging to the Scytho-Siberian population. DNA was extracted from a bone sample and analyzed by autosomal STRs (short tandem repeats) and by sequencing the hypervariable region I (HV1) of the mitochondrial DNA. The resulting STR profile, mitochondrial haplotype, and haplogroup were compared with data from modern Eurasian and northern native American populations and were found only in European populations historically influenced by ancient nomadic tribes of Central Asia.

Published
2004

55. Genetic analysos and ethnic affinities from two Scytho-Siberian skeleton

Author

Christine Keyser-Tracqui, François-Xavier Ricaut, Cammaert, L., Eric Crubézy, Bertrand Ludes, Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie (LA), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Published
2004

56. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of ancient Yakut skeletons

Author

François-Xavier Ricaut, Eric Crubézy, Prisca Blandin, Bertrand Ludes, Christine Keyser-Tracqui, Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie (LA), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Genetics, Asian origin, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Mitochondrial DNA, 030305 genetics & heredity, Population, Haplotype, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, General Medicine, Biology, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Hypervariable region, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ancient DNA, chemistry, education, DNA, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

The excavation of 10 frozen graves in central Yakutia (dated to be 300–600 years old) revealed 11 human bodies belonging to the ancient Yakut population. To investigate the origin and evolution of the Yakut population, DNA was extracted from these skeletons and analysed by sequencing of the hypervariable region 1 (HV1) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Comparison of haplotypes obtained with those of 8774 Eurasian individuals suggested a relative continuity of the ancient mitochondrial Yakut lineages during the three last centuries, as well as their putative central Asian origin.

Published
2004

57. Genetic analysis of a Scytho-Siberian skeleton and tis implications for ancient Central Asian migrations

Author

François-Xavier Ricaut, Christine Keyser-Tracqui, Bourgeois, J., Eric Crubézy, Bertrand Ludes, Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie (LA), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Published
2004

58. Testing for kavain in human hair using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Author

Pascal Kintz, A. Tracqui, François-Xavier Ricaut, Vincent Cirimele, Bertrand Ludes, Marion Villain, Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Médecine Légale [Strasbourg], Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie (LA), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Detection limit, Residue (complex analysis), Chromatography, Gas Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Clinical Biochemistry, Reproducibility of Results, Cell Biology, General Medicine, Biochemistry, Sensitivity and Specificity, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Analytical Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Pyrones, [SDV.TOX]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology, Calibration, Humans, Sample preparation, Methanol, Gas chromatography, Kavain, Quantitative analysis (chemistry), Hair
Abstract

International audience; A sensitive, specific and reproducible method for the quantitative determination of kavain in human hair has been developed. The sample preparation involved a decontamination step of the hair with methylene chloride. The hair sample (about 50 mg) was incubated in 1 ml of methanol for 1 h, in an ultrasonic bath, in presence of 20 ng of methaqualone-d7 used as internal standard. The methanolic solution was evaporated to dryness, and the residue reconstituted by adding 30 microl of methanol. A 2 microl aliquot of the extract was injected onto the column (Optima5-MS capillary column, 5% phenyl-95% methylsiloxane, 30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 mm film thickness) of a Hewlett-Packard (Palo Alto, CA) gas chromatograph (5890). Kavain was detected by its parent ion at m/z 230 and daughter ions at m/z 111 and 202 through a Finnigan TSQ 700 MS/MS system. The assay was capable of detecting 30 pg/mg of kavain (limit of detection (LOD)). Linearity was observed for kavain concentrations ranging from 100 to 2000 pg/mg with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. Intra-day precision at 400 pg/mg was 13.7%. The analysis of a segment of hair, obtained from an occasional consumer, revealed the presence of kavain at the concentration of 418 pg/mg. A higher concentration (1708 pg/mg) was detected in the corresponding pubic hair.

Published
2003

59. Strong selection during the last millennium for African ancestry in the admixed population of Madagascar

Author

Denis Pierron, Margit Heiske, Harilanto Razafindrazaka, Veronica Pereda-loth, Jazmin Sanchez, Omar Alva, Amal Arachiche, Anne Boland, Robert Olaso, Jean-Francois Deleuze, Francois-Xavier Ricaut, Jean-Aimé Rakotoarisoa, Chantal Radimilahy, Mark Stoneking, and Thierry Letellier

Subjects
Science
Abstract

The population of Madagascar arose from admixture of Austronesian and Bantu genetic backgrounds. Analyzing local ancestry in genomes of 700 Malagasy, Pierron et al. identify signals of recent positive selection for African ancestry in a region on chromosome 1 with implications for physiology and disease risk.

Published
2018
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60. Genetic analysis of human remains found in two eighteenth century Yakut graves at At-Dabaan.

Author

François-Xavier Ricaut, Sergei Kolodesnikov, Christine Keyser-Tracqui, Anatoly Nikoyevich Alekseev, Eric Crubézy, and Bertrand Ludes

Subjects
DNA, GENETICS, MITOCHONDRIAL DNA, YAKUT (Turkic people)
Abstract

We extracted DNA from three skeletons belonging to the Yakut population, which were excavated from the At-Dabaan site (dating back 300 years) in the Sakha Republic (Russia). Ancient DNA was analyzed by autosomal STRs (short tandem repeats) and by the sequencing of the hypervariable region 1 (HV1) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region. The results showed that these three skeletons were not close relatives but probably linked to the same clan structure. Comparison of their haplotypes with the haplotypes of 8,774 Eurasian individuals suggested a relative specificity and continuity of part of the Yakut mitochondrial gene pool during the last 3 centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004

61. A genomic history of Aboriginal Australia

Author

Sankar Subramanian, David M. Lambert, Pascale Gerbault, Joe Dortch, Stephan Peischl, Marta Mirazón Lahr, Sturla Ellingvåg, Nicolas Brucato, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Gudjugudju Fourmile, François-Xavier Ricaut, William Pomat, Simon Rasmussen, Mark Stoneking, Tim H. Heupink, Mait Metspalu, Michael C. Westaway, J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar, Shengyu Ni, Aubrey Lynch, Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith, Fernando Racimo, Joanne L. Wright, Anders Albrechtsen, Farhang Aghakhanian, Andrea Manica, Warren Clark, Ivan P. Levkivskyi, Yali Xue, Thomas Wales, Rasmus Nielsen, Andrea Bamberg Migliano, Alexander J. Mentzer, Craig Muller, Laurent Excoffier, Anders Bergström, Irina Pugach, Thomas Mailund, Søren Brunak, Jacob E. Crawford, Richard Durbin, Paula F. Campos, Anders Eriksson, Claire Bowern, George Koki, Enrico Macholdt, Manjinder S. Sandhu, Ashot Margaryan, Les Murgha, Betty Logan, Vitor C. Sousa, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen, Maude E. Phipps, Jade Yu Cheng, Isabel Alves, Stephan Schiffels, Eske Willerslev, Colleen Ma Run Wall, Robert Foley, Georgios Athanasiadis, Chris Tyler-Smith, Stephen Oppenheimer, Oscar Lao, Mark G. Thomas, Ida Moltke, Darren Injie, Jeffrey D. Wall, Mikkel H. Schierup, Chiara Barbieri, Doc Reynolds, Peter McAllister, Peter Siba, Martin Sikora, Matthew Leavesley, Isabelle Dupanloup, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée [Aix-Marseille Université] (INMED - INSERM U901), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Forensic Molecular Biology, ErasmusMC, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement (IRCAN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Evolutionary Genetics, Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith University [Brisbane], Section of Biostatistics [Copenhagen], Department of Public Health [Copenhagen], Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Berne, Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Human Evolution, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], Human Genetics, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Allan Wilson Center for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, University of Auckland [Auckland], Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Tartu, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Papua New Guinea of Medical Research, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Yale University [New Haven], Bioinformatics Research Center (BiRC), Dept Integrat Biol, Strangeways Research Laboratory, MRC, Zoological Institute - Conservation Biology, University of Bern, Section for GeoGenetics, Globe Institute, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), University of Auckland [Auckland]-Massey University-University of Canterbury [Christchurch]-University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research (PNG-IMR), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), University of Oxford, Eriksson, Anders [0000-0003-3436-3726], Durbin, Richard [0000-0002-9130-1006], Manica, Andrea [0000-0003-1895-450X], Foley, Robert [0000-0003-0479-3039], Mirazon Lahr, Marta [0000-0001-5752-5770], Sandhu, Manjinder [0000-0002-2725-142X], Willerslev, Eske [0000-0002-7081-6748], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Gene Flow, 0301 basic medicine, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Neanderthal, Population genetics, Human Migration, Population Dynamics, Population, Population structure, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, Datasets as Topic, Tasmania, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, biology.animal, Humans, education, Denisovan, History, Ancient, Phylogeny, Language, New Guinea, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, biology, Genome, Human, Human migration, business.industry, Racial Groups, Australia, New guinea, Genomics, biology.organism_classification, Data processing, Genetics, Population, 030104 developmental biology, Geography, Anthropology, Africa, Ethnology, Biological dispersal, Desert Climate, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

The population history of Aboriginal Australians remains largely uncharacterised, not least because of a lack of extensive genomic data. We generated high-coverage genomes for 83 geographically diverse Aboriginal Australians (all speakers of Pama-Nyungan languages) and 25 Papuans from the New Guinea Highlands. We find that Papuan and Aboriginal Australian ancestors diversified from each other 25-40 thousand years ago (kya), suggesting early population structure in the ancient continent of Sahul (Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania). However, all contemporary Aboriginal Australians studied descend from a single founding population that differentiated around 10-32 kya. We infer a population expansion in northeast Australia during the Holocene (past c.10 kya) associated with limited gene flow from this region to the rest of Australia. This is broadly consistent with the spread of the Pama-Nyungan languages and cultural changes taking place across the continent in the mid-Holocene. We estimate that Aboriginal Australians and Papuans diverged from Eurasians 60-100 kya, following a single out of Africa dispersal and subsequent admixture with different archaic populations. Finally, we report evidence of selection in Aboriginal Australians potentially associated with living in the desert.

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62. French allele frequencies and haplotypes of nine Y-specific STRs

Author

Bertrand Ludes, François-Xavier Ricaut, Christine Keyser-Tracqui, Prisca Blandin, Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie (LA), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Médecine Légale - IML (Paris, France)

Subjects
Genetics, Chromosomes, Human, Y, Buccal swab, Haplotype, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, Population genetics, Biology, DNA extraction, DNA Fingerprinting, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Genetics, Population, Gene Frequency, Haplotypes, Tandem Repeat Sequences, Humans, Multiplex, France, Primer (molecular biology), Allele, Allele frequency, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Blood samples or buccal swabs were collected from 100 Caucasian males living in Strasbourg, after obtaining their informed consent. After DNA extraction using the Cleanmix kit (Talent), all males were analyzed at nine STR loci. The six Y-STR loci DYS19, DYS389-II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS393 and, DYS385 were coamplified in a multiplex reaction using the Y-Plex6™ kit according to the manufacturers' recommendations (ReliaGene Technologies Inc.). The three others (DYS389-I, DYS392, and YCAII) were amplified by singleplex PCR. Primer sequences were those described by de Knijff et al. (1), except for the loci DYS389-I which was amplified using the primer sequence described by Schultes et al. (2). Amplification products were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis on an ABI Prism 3100 Genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Fragment sizes were determined automatically using the GeneMapper software and typed by comparison with an allelic ladder (provided in the kit or obtained by the mixture of previously sequenced samples for the most common alleles). The allele nomenclature was the one recommended by the International Society of Forensic Genetics (3). Data have been contributed to the YHRD and can be searched at www.ystr.org/europe.

63. Inhumation and cremation in medieval Mongolia: analysis and analogy

Author

P.H. Giscard, S. Erdenebaatar, Eric Crubézy, Bruno Maureille, H. Coqueugnot, François-Xavier Ricaut, Hélène Martin, Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Fonctions et dysfonctions épithéliales - UFC (EA 4267) (FDE), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institut d'Histoire de l'Académie des Sciences de Mongolie, Département d'Archéologie, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie (LA), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Archeology, History, Mortuary Practice, General Arts and Humanities, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, Analogy, Middle Ages, Ancient history, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

The authors study burials of the medieval period in western Mongolia shortly before emergence of Genghis Khan. They find that both inhumation and cremation are practised, with a variety of accompanying rituals. Systematic micro-analysis of bone fragments on the one hand, and the accounts of early travellers on the other, allow these researchers to propose detailed explanations of mortuary practice in thirteenth century Altai that will be highly suggestive to prehistorians working elsewhere.

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64. Positive selection in the genomes of two Papua New Guinean populations at distinct altitude levels

Author

Mathilde André, Nicolas Brucato, Georgi Hudjasov, Vasili Pankratov, Danat Yermakovich, Rita Kreevan, Jason Kariwiga, John Muke, Anne Boland, Jean-François Deleuze, Vincent Meyer, Nicholas Evans, Murray P. Cox, Matthew Leavesley, Michael Dannemann, Tõnis Org, Mait Metspalu, Mayukh Mondal, and François-Xavier Ricaut

Abstract

Highlanders and lowlanders of Papua New Guinea (PNG) have faced distinct environmental conditions. These environmental differences lead to specific stress on PNG highlanders and lowlanders, such as hypoxia and environment-specific pathogen exposure, respectively. We hypothesise that these constraints induced specific selective pressures that shaped the genomes of both populations. In this study, we explored signatures of selection in newly sequenced whole genomes of 54 PNG highlanders and 74 PNG lowlanders. Based on multiple methods to detect selection, we investigated the 21 and 23 genomic top candidate regions for positive selection in PNG highlanders and PNG lowlanders, respectively. To identify the most likely candidate SNP driving selection in each of these regions, we computationally reconstructed allele frequency trajectories of variants in each of these regions and chose the SNP with the highest likelihood of being under selection with CLUES. We show that regions with signatures of positive selection in PNG highlanders genomes encompass genes associated with the hypoxia-inducible factors pathway, brain development, blood composition, and immunity, while selected genomic regions in PNG lowlanders contain genes related to immunity and blood composition. We found that several candidate driver SNPs are associated with haematological phenotypes in the UK biobank. Moreover, using phenotypes measured from the sequenced Papuans, we found that two candidate SNPs are significantly associated with altered heart rates in PNG highlanders and lowlanders. Furthermore, we found that 16 of the 44 selection candidate regions harboured archaic introgression. In four of these regions, the selection signal might be driven by the introgressed archaic haplotypes, suggesting a significant role of archaic admixture in local adaptation in PNG populations.

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65. Molecular identification of bacteria by total sequence screening: determining the cause of death in ancient human subjects.

Author

Catherine Thèves, Alice Senescau, Stefano Vanin, Christine Keyser, François Xavier Ricaut, Anatoly N Alekseev, Henri Dabernat, Bertrand Ludes, Richard Fabre, and Eric Crubézy

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Research of ancient pathogens in ancient human skeletons has been mainly carried out on the basis of one essential historical or archaeological observation, permitting specific pathogens to be targeted. Detection of ancient human pathogens without such evidence is more difficult, since the quantity and quality of ancient DNA, as well as the environmental bacteria potentially present in the sample, limit the analyses possible. Using human lung tissue and/or teeth samples from burials in eastern Siberia, dating from the end of 17(th) to the 19(th) century, we propose a methodology that includes the: 1) amplification of all 16S rDNA gene sequences present in each sample; 2) identification of all bacterial DNA sequences with a degree of identity ≥ 95%, according to quality criteria; 3) identification and confirmation of bacterial pathogens by the amplification of the rpoB gene; and 4) establishment of authenticity criteria for ancient DNA. This study demonstrates that from teeth samples originating from ancient human subjects, we can realise: 1) the correct identification of bacterial molecular sequence signatures by quality criteria; 2) the separation of environmental and pathogenic bacterial 16S rDNA sequences; 3) the distribution of bacterial species for each subject and for each burial; and 4) the characterisation of bacteria specific to the permafrost. Moreover, we identified three pathogens in different teeth samples by 16S rDNA sequence amplification: Bordetella sp., Streptococcus pneumoniae and Shigella dysenteriae. We tested for the presence of these pathogens by amplifying the rpoB gene. For the first time, we confirmed sequences from Bordetella pertussis in the lungs of an ancient male Siberian subject, whose grave dated from the end of the 17(th) century to the early 18(th) century.

Published
2011
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