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The article studies the participation of immigrants from Poland in the events on the Black Sea border of the Russian Empire in the 30s - 60s of the XIX century. In addition to serving in land units, the Poles were also involved in warships, took part in the protection and defense of the borders of the empire. They were subject to the same rights and obligations as other subjects of the Russian state. For their blameless service, the Poles received awards, could earn a vacation, and were punished for misconduct. They took part in various military and political events related to the consolidation of Russian influence on new frontiers, which was reflected in the documents stored in the Russian State Archives of the Navy.A part of Polish society did not accept the loss of its statehood, and therefore there were supporters of the continuation of the armed struggle against the empire among them. In search of allies, they went to the Caucasus to support the highlanders in their confrontation with Russia. This forced the local authorities to be wary of people of Polish origin, fearing their desertion and various hostile actions. The Black Sea Fleet was no exception, the sailors of which were trying to propagate the revolutionary emissaries. But judging by the surviving data, such agitation did not receive a massive response, and the Polish sailors remained loyal to the military oath.

This study aims to provide new insights into Europe’s largest known Bronze Age earthworks using open-access and freely distributed medium resolution satellite images. The most extensive Bronze Age fortifications in Europe, namely, the Corneşti-Iarcuri and Sântana – Cetatea Veche sites, were investigated through the Sentinel 2 and the newly launched Landsat 9 optical sensors. Image processing techniques were applied to both datasets, including vegetation indices, orthogonal spectral transformations, and pan-sharpening techniques. The final results revealed several known and unknown archaeological proxies by enhancing a number of linear and curved crop marks in the vicinity of the archaeological sites. Indeed, while previously implemented geophysical results confirmed some of these archaeological proxies, new findings (crop marks) were also revealed, representing archaeological structures that were unknown until now. The study's overall findings indicate that medium resolution satellite images can be used in appropriate areas with archaeological interest as a first step toward better understanding the broader context of an area. The findings addressed in this study have a direct impact on the non-invasive aspect of archaeology, as the methodology employed in this paper may be applied to various types of sites in southwestern Romania and beyond and might serve as a solid starting point for any archaeological project. Finally, this is the first elaboration of Landsat 9 intended for archaeological research and our study proves that its utility for archaeological and heritage purposes.

The Veronese fortified site, a UNESCO heritage site, has in recent years been the subject of important digital documentation, unique in the Verona area. The research was an opportunity to verify a process whose technological developments in the field of heritage documentation have offered significant opportunities for the survey of architecture both in the metric data acquisition phase and in representation and dissemination. The study is part of the research project "Verona Fortificata", born in 2015 thanks to the collaboration between the Universities of Florence and Pavia and the Municipality of Verona. The aim is to focus on what has been obtained from a sort of "resulting product" of the classical survey and the consequent possibility of its use to provide preliminary but essential data for the Municipality's assessment of the actual Buffer Zone of the UNESCO site, of the visual impact of both the monument and the extraneous elements that are nevertheless part of the context.

The purpose of this paper was to highlight aspects related to the influence of the natural environment, in the Lower Sector of the Danube, to the distribution of fortresses and fortified settlements. Although the human settlements in this sector have been the subject of numerous studies, we noted the absence of a unified presentation of the fortresses and fortified settlements on the Ostrov-Tulcea sector of the Danube. For this purpose, the citadels and fortified settlements, known and registered in the National Archaeological Register, in the Ostrov-Tulcea sector were targeted. All this information has been georeferenced and integrated into the free GIS application Quantum GIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Storia dell'Urbanistica is the property of Associazione Storia della Citta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ars Adriatica is the property of Sveuciliste u Zadru (University of Zadar) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przestrzeń Urbanistyka Architektura is the property of Cracow University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kyivan Rus was a powerful state in Europe. Since then, numerous architectural monuments have been preserved in Ukraine. However, the majority of buildings underwent multiple reconstructions during the Middle Ages. Therefore, the Kytaiv complex holds exceptional significance for Kyiv. After the invasion of 1240, it has remained largely intact until the present day, with only a few exceptions. Archaeological excavations of the settlement were conducted within a relatively small area. The purpose of the article is to explore the potential for transforming the Kytaiv complex into a museum site. It is situated 12 km south of Starokyivska Hora on the right high bank of the Dnieper River, near the confluence of a small stream. In close proximity, a burial mound was discovered to the south of the settlement, along with an open settlement. Within the settlement's territory, in addition to the Old Russian, ceramics were discovered from the Trypillia, Scythian, dating back to the 14-16 centuries. The territory of the site is divided by beams, ravines, artificial ramparts, and ditches, forming five fortified platforms. These platforms can be grouped into three sections; two advanced fortifications and the area of the citadel itself. The shaft was constructed using cages filled with soil. The path to the top of the citadel went along the eastern and western sections of the settlement. In the southern corner of the citadel, there was a raised platform believed to be the location of the tallest tower of the citadel, the donjon. The flat top of the citadel served as the foundation for a spacious residential building of the terem type. In the northwestern part of the citadel there was a small gate leading to the nearby stream. The gate was also constructed in the form of a traditional gate. To the south, the settlement is surrounded by two ramparts and ditches, which are deepenings of natural gullies. It remains unclear how the passages through the ramparts were designed. Further excavations are needed to determine when they were constructed. It is possible that the flat top of the citadel also had additional fortifications along its edges. Within the territory of the settlement, there is an entrance to one of the horizons of the Kytaiv caves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concern for the army was a constant of the Romanian intellectual elites, who often sounded the alarm about the dire state of the army, but, in the end, it was the economic situation that determined the real force of the military. Under these circumstances, the fulfilling of Romania's national ideal was possible only with the help of her alliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Saudi Arabia, although it is a sunny country, has a very high rate of vitamin D deficiency, especially among females more than males. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with hypovitaminosis D among these women in order to develop effective strategies for the prevention and management of this serious health issue. Methods An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 384 Saudi females in Jeddah. Participants completed an online questionnaire over six weeks, covering demographics, vitamin D knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions of supplementation and fortified foods. The questionnaire was translated into Arabic version and then underwent a validation process using a back-translation method. Results The study showed that Saudi females in Jeddah had satisfactory knowledge about vitamin D, as indicated by a significantly high knowledge score. This knowledge was greater in middle-aged women (p-value 0.0369) and people with a middle income (p-value 0.0137), and it was fully independent of education level. In addition, individuals showed positive perceptions regarding vitamin D supplements and fortified foods. However, there were negative attitudes toward sun exposure, vitamin D food consumption, and getting vitamin D levels evaluated. Conclusion Our study found that Saudi females in Jeddah had satisfactory vitamin D knowledge, especially middle-aged women. However, there were negative attitudes toward sun exposure, vitamin D food consumption, and getting vitamin D levels evaluated. To address these concerns, healthcare professionals can play a crucial role by educating patients on the importance of vitamin D testing, dispelling myths about sun exposure, and emphasizing the benefits of vitamin D-rich diets., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC) issued approval SP21J/134/03. After reviewing your submited research proposal/protocol and related documents, the Institutional Review Board (IRB) has approved the submission. The approval includes the following related documents: Research Proposal, Informed Consent Form, and Data Collection/Questionnaire. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Hafeez et al.)

This paper presents a historical and archaeological overview of the castles and other fortifications built and occupied by the Order of the Hospital of St John in the Kingdom of Jerusalem between 1136, when the order acquired the castle of Bayt Jibrīn, and the final Mamluk siege of Acre in 1291, during which it defended a section of the city walls. Topics discussed include the order’s contribution to the defence of towns and cities in which they were not the sole or even the major property owner, as well as their own construction and possession of a range of other fortifications from major castles to lesser structures, including towers and maisons fortes. In each case, equal attention is paid to the buildings themselves and to the administrative system of bailiffs and castellans through which they were managed and operated. As the military situation became ever more precarious during the 13th century, the order also took over and briefly held three major castles, whose owners were unable to defend them: Ascalon between 1241 and 1247, Mount Tabor between 1255 and 1263, and Arsūf between 1261 and 1265.

As was frequently the case in other parts of Greece, agrarian landscapes were the result and, to some extent, a reflection of the political structures in existence at the time. In the case of Epeiros, this also appears to have been the case. In this chapter we shall analyse the main characteristics of the agrarian landscape that made up the different territories of Epeiros and we shall highlight the key transformative role played by the monarchic system of the time, in the first instance in Molossia, which is where the Aeacid monarchy originated, and subsequently after the end of the fourth century BC, with the establishment of the Epeirote state throughout Epeiros as a whole. In this respect, the agrarian landscape throughout this territory could be considered to be a realm that was shaped by the power of the monarchy.

Digital recording of historic buildings and sites in mountainous areas could be challenging. The paper considers and discusses the case of historical defensive structures in the Italian Alps, designed and built to be not accessible. Drone images and photogrammetric techniques for 3D modeling play a fundamental role in the digital documentation of fortified constructions with non-contact techniques. This manuscript describes the use of drones for reconstructing the external surfaces of some fortified structures using traditional photogrammetric/SfM solutions and novel methods based on NeRFs. The case of direct orientation based on PPK and traditional GCPs placed on the ground is also discussed, considering the difficulties in placing and measuring control points in such environments.

The article presents the results of research aimed at collecting and systematizing information about the settlements of the Volga Bulgaria period (10th - early 13th centuries). For the first time in Russia, field studies of 88 medieval settlements of different size were carried out using UAVs and GNSS equipment. The collected information was compiled into a geoinformation database with 36 qualitative and quantitative parameters for 95 objects (medieval settlements). Based on the obtained data, for the first time for the study area, "Country of Cities" web resource was created, which allows access to analytical and generalizing information about each studied fortified settlement of the Volga Bulgaria period. The combination of the descriptive component and the cartographic module makes it possible to assess not only the regularities of the hillfort's placement in the studied territory, but also to study individual archaeological objects in detail by interactive textured three-dimensional models. The analysis made it possible to specify the location and boundaries of the fortified settlements, to assess the current state and the risks of destruction under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Conservar Património is the property of Associacao Profissional de Conservadores-Restauradores de Portugal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ukrainian Historical Journal / Ukraïnsʹkij Ìstoričnij Žurnal is the property of Institute of History of Ukraine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the policy of the Russian Empire in the North Caucasus in the second half of the 18th century. The struggle for a safe and secure southern frontier forced Petersburg to pay close attention to attracting local people to its side. However, it was not easy to work out an optimal course on cooperation with the North Caucasian societies. Socio-economic, political and cultural characteristics of their lives often contradicted the foundations of the empire. This led to clashes and armed confrontation. But the Russian administration did everything to stop this conflict and settle disputes by peaceful methods. Having no means of the influence local seniors, Russian authorities wanted just formal loyalty. When it produced no effect the imperial administration increased its military and political presence in the foothills. Besides the Cossack villages transferred to new borders, which had to strengthen garrisons. Having repulsed foreign policy rivals attacks, Russia succeeded in gaining authority with the Northern Caucasus inhabitants, having provided the pro-Russian choice of local societies.

The article presents the results of the first studies of the defensive line of the hillfort located on the cape of the right bank of the river Don near the village 1st Storozhevoe in the Voronezh region. On a plot of 124 sq. m, a rampart, a moat and the adjacent territory were researched. Ceramic fragments were discovered that remained from an unfortified settlement of the Bronze Age. In the embankment of the rampart, four Sarmatian burials of the 1st - 2nd centuries AD were discovered. The fortifications themselves, according to the characteristic ceramic materialls of the beginning of the Scythian era, are dated to the second half of the 6th - beginning of the 5th centuries BC. At an early stage, they apparently consisted of a ground structure that had a defensive and residential purpose. At some distance from the building, there was also an outer wall. These structures are traced along three parallel grooves deepened into the clay. After the fire destroyed the structure, a rampart and a moat were erected in the settlement. In its present state, the embankment of the rampart has a width of about 6 m at the base, and a height above the mainland - more than 0.7 m. It consists mainly of dark gray loam, including lumps of red clay and burnt soil. The moat, now almost completely flooded by ground, is 1.5-1.9 m wide and up to 0.8 m deep.

Resumen Las recientes celebraciones del año 2020 para conmemorar el segundo centenario del proceso de independencia de Chile, nos invitan a estudiar lo sucedido en 1970 cuando, con motivo del sesquicentenario de la emancipación del antiguo territorio de la América española, tuvo lugar un importante debate en torno a la reconstrucción del fuerte de Niebla (Valdivia) tras el terremoto de 1960. Siendo patente el interés histórico de las antiguas fortificaciones españolas en la provincia de Valdivia, se ponía ahora el foco en el análisis de los métodos y criterios empleados para su con­servación. Se encargó para ello un estudio al asesor de gobierno Roberto Montandon (1909-2003), obteniéndose un interesante programa de restauración. Tras analizar las intervenciones efectua­das en las fortificaciones entre 1945 y 1983 se pueden identificar tres períodos de obras donde los criterios adoptados parecen inmutables en el tiempo y la metodología utilizada pone de manifiesto tanto lo avanzado de la posición de Montandon como la acción efectiva para la conservación del patrimonio nacional por el Estado chileno. Abstract The recent celebrations of the year 2020 to commemorate the second centenary of the indepen­dence process of Chile, invite us to study what happened in 1970 when, on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the emancipation of the former territory of Spanish America, an important de­bate took place around to the reconstruction of the Niebla fort (Valdivia) after the 1960 earthquake. The historical interest of the old Spanish fortifications in the province of Valdivia being clear, the focus was now on the analysis of the methods and criteria used for their conservation. For this, a study was commissioned to the government advisor Roberto Montandon (1909-2003), obtaining an interesting restoration program. After analyzing the interventions carried out in the fortifications between 1945 and 1983, three periods of works can be identified where the criteria adopted seem immutable in time and the methodology used reveals both the advanced position of Montandon and the effective action for conservation of the national patrimony by the Chilean State.

Scholars have long debated the nature of the Roman frontier. From linear defense systems designed to hold back barbarian tides to arteries of communication and exchange, rivers have been at the forefront of this discussion. This paper focuses on the Lower Danube frontier and argues that Rome's most enduring enemy in the Balkans was not a barbarian tribe, but the river itself. The Danube frequently froze in wintertime facilitating the passage of massive raiding parties. Indeed, the most devastating attacks recorded by ancient observers took place during the dead of winter, when the ice on the Danube was hard enough to allow the crossing of large number of horsemen. These attacks set in motion events and long-term processes that forever changed the cultural fabric of the region. Unable to contain the threat, early Roman emperors led campaigns north of the Danube and ultimately conquered Dacia, which allowed them to control both sides of the river. In Late Antiquity, Constantine and Justinian dramatically altered the cultural landscape with their massive programs of fortification designed to finally secure the Balkan provinces. Centuries after the fall of Rome, Byzantine emperors still relied on a combination of brute force, consolidation and diplomacy in order to prevent winter attacks. In the end, all attempts at devising a permanent solution failed and the frozen Danube remained a barbarian ally slowly eroding the empire's control in the Balkans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ḥorvat Tefen is located on a prominent hilltop in the Western Galilee, overlooking 'Akko-Ptolemais and its vicinity. The remains of several rectangular towers, curtain walls, a single gate, and reservoirs are well discernible and suggest it was a military post. This article describes the results of the first excavation undertaken at the site, conducted in 2019 on behalf of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The excavations in four of the towers uncovered accumulations above floors as well as the foundations of the walls. The finds indicate this was a short-lived military site that was apparently founded by Alexander Jannaeus in the last years of his reign and abandoned shortly thereafter. The finds are unique in their well-defined chronological range and shed important light on the material culture of the early 1st century B.C.E. Galilee-the heyday of the Hasmonean territorial expansion. Two appendices present the coins and the amphorae finds, both crucial for dating the foundation of the fortress and identifying it as a Hasmonean initiative. In this context, the location of Ḥorvat Tefen suggests it was built to defend a sensitive part of the northwestern border of the Hasmonean state facing 'Akko-Ptolemais. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The works carried out by the 4th Engineering Company during the siege of the Pleven fortress were described by Lieutenant Grigore Crăiniceanu in a letter addressed to his professor, Henri-Alexis Brialmont, with the aim of informing him about the contribution of the Romanian military engineers to the blockade of Pleven in early September 1877. Brialmont was preparing the work "La fortification du champ de bataille", which was found to be based only on Russian sources, which omitted the quantity and quality of these works on Grivitsa 1 and 2 redoubts, although even Grand Duke Nicholas himself had praised them. The translation of the letter into Romanian was published in the "România liberă" newspaper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The settlements of the Iron Age in the territory of the Volga Region have always been particularly interesting in terms of historical science. This is justified not only by the uniqueness of this territory, but also by the formation of a substantial collection of archaeological materials. A significant number of archaeological sites of the early Iron Age have been discovered and investigated over more than half a century of archaeological research and scientific studies in the territory of the Mari Volga region. This paper introduces the main types of settlements widely spread across the territory of the Mari Volga region during the Early Iron Age. The authors discuss the causes for such innovations as the appearance of settlements in the territory of the Mari Volga region. They provide characteristics of the settlement fortifications of the Mari Volga region population of the early Iron Age. The paper addresses the issues of space organization of both fortified and unfortified settlements of the Mari Volga Region in the early Iron Age. The authors suggest that the causes for the appearance of fortified settlements are associated with both internal and external factors. This in turn influenced the construction innovations of the settlements belonging to the population of the Mari Volga region.

The nature of rammed earth fortifications and the environmental conditions where they are located determine the pathologies that these structures suffer in the presence of humidity sources and strong winds. The objective of this project is to revise the main mechanisms of deterioration of rammed earth fortifications and evaluate the use of remote detection as a tool to register environmental threats that affect their preservation. The selected images and satellite results offer information about precipitation, ground humidity, temperature, wind intensity and direction and the presence of particles in the wind. The use of statistical analysis methodologies for large volumes of satellite images makes it possible to acquire daily, monthly and yearly maximums, averages and minimums of these variables. The application of satellite resources GPM, SMAP, MODIS, Merra-2 and the statistical analysis of large volumes of images for preventive conservation in Andalusia has become useful to monitor the main threats that affect rammed earth fortifications on a global level: humidity, wind and temperature.

الملخص: يتناول هذا البحث النزاع بين الحيثيين وقبائل الكشكير، وكانت قبائل الكشكير تسكن المناطق الشمالية والشمالية الشرقية إلى الشمال من العاصمة الحيثية خاتوشا وحتى سلاسل جبال البحر الأسود. هذا وقد سببت قبائل الكشكير العديد من الاضطرابات للملوك الحيثيين وذلك بداية من عصر الدولة الحيثية القديمة وحتى نهاية الدولة الحيثية الحديثة. وقد اتخذ الملوك الحيثيون التدابير اللازمة لحماية العاصمة الحيثية خاتوشا أما بتحصين الأجزاء الشمالية منها أو بحملات ضد قبائل الكشكير. وقد وصلت قبائل الكشكير فى الكثير من الأحيان إلى العاصمة خاتوشا مما اضطر معه الملوك الحيثيون لنقل العاصمة الحيثية لموقع مؤقت بعيد عن هجمات قبائل الكشير. هذا وقد جرد العديد من الملوك الحيثيين عددا من الحملات لمحاربة قبائل الكشكير ومنهم الملك توتخاليا الثانى وابنه الملك شوبلليوما وكان أكثر هذه الحملات فى عهد الملك مورشيلى الثانى وكذلك الملك خاتوشيلى الثالث. ولا تشير مصادر الدولة الحيثية القديمة إلى وجود أى نزاع بين الحيثيين وقبائل الكشكير ولكن نعتمد على بعض المصادر المتأخرة التى تنتمى إلى عصر الدولة الحيثية الحديثة فى معرفة تأثير قبائل الكشكير فى تلك الفترة ومن هذه المصادر نعرف أن الملك خانتيلى الأول قد قام بتحصين الأجزاء الشمالية للعاصمة خاتوشا ربما بسبب هجمات قبائل الكشكير. Abstract: This paper investigates the interrelationship between the Hittites and the Kaškäer tribes. The Kaškäer tribes were controlled the north and north- easte regions from the Hittites Capital Hattuša to the so-called Black See mountains. Along the Hittites history, the Kaškäer tribes caused a lot of troubles to the Hittites kings from the Old Hittites Kingdom till the end of the New Hittites Kingdom. Additionally, the Hittites kings took the necessary measures to protect their capital Hattuša, either by building fortifications at the northern parts of the capital or by sending military campaigns against the Kaškäer tribes. Moreover, the Hittites kings were forced occasionally to move their capital to a temporary location because of the Kaškäer attacks

Copyright of Archeologické Rozhledy is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Large public inner-city events require a significant amount of temporary security infrastructures and altered mobility designs to safely facilitate the movement of the public throughout already highly mobile spaces. Recent security risks from vehicle attacks have resulted in increased security in order to mitigate potential threats. Issues arise as increased security infrastructures interrupt and redirect pedestrian mobility, reconfiguring traditionally 'safe' pedestrian and leisure spaces into 'unsafe' spaces under the pre-emptive atmosphere of unknown threats. This paper explores how im/mobilities arise through increased security during fireworks events in Brisbane, Australia. Using ethnographic observation and visual documentation of crowd movements, we critically examine the temporal alterations to wayfinding and mobility infrastructures. Although increased security serves to foster a safe and secure environment, we suggest that the altered mobilities and heightened visibility of security risks impacting on the overall festive atmosphere of the events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a short overview of the underwater research in Bulgaria with special emphasis on investigations carried out in the Nesebar aquatory. The research has started in the late 1950s. A special attention is paid to the first Bulgarian diver-archaeologist – L. Ognenova. The underwater investigations in Nesebar proved particularly instructive for both – the long-term transformation of the settlement from late prehistory to modern days and the coastal preservation. They were also an invaluable contribution to the listing of Nesebar in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage since 6.12.1983.

The presence of the Visigoths on the Iberian Peninsula went through certain crucial junctures in which the Tarraconensis province was the site of the manoeuvres of a people seeking a place to settle within the Roman Empire. In 418, they reached a pact (foederatio) which ushered in the period of the Kingdom of Toulouse, located in Aquitaine. Increasing pressure from the Franks led to the Battle of Vouillé in 507, which forced the Visigoths to retreat towards the Tarraconensis. Barcinona became the royal headquarters in the first half of the 6th century during the Ostrogoth protectorate, with Kings Gesalec, Amalaric and Theudis. We shall present a summary of the impact that the arrival of the Visigoths had on cities like Tarracona, Barchinona and Egara, along with the transformation of the habitat, walled villages and military fortifications, and the gradual abandonment of the Roman villas in light of recent historical-archaeological research.

Le royaume du Danxomè, créé aux XVIème siècle au sud du Bénin a connu une grande notoriété du fait du succès lié à ses conquêtes expansionnistes mais aussi à sa capacité de résistance face aux menaces extérieurs. Un succès qui reste tributaire d’une armée performante et d’une infrastructure et d’un arsenal de défense efficace. Un arsenal qui se décline sous forme de dispositifs de protection des combattants (Ahouando), des tranchées pour la sécurisation de la ville-capitale (Agbodo) et des forteresses pour protéger la cour royale des invasions (Ahohodo). Plus d’un siècle après la dissolution du royaume, l’auscultation de ces différentes infrastructures montre qu’en dépit des efforts fournis à travers l’inscription d’une partie des constructions au patrimoine mondiale de l’humanité, une grande partie de ce leg est en phase critique de dégradation ou est totalement abandonnée. Dès lors, des pistes de solution ont été empruntées pour assurer une durabilité de ce legs, témoin d’un passé glorieux. Les mesures nécessaires ont donc été envisagées sur les plans institutionnel et technique pour une capitalisation des acquis de cette ingénierie de la guerre.

The situation during the years 1941-1946 was particularly complex, a period in which the Romanian Army participated in military operations, both in the Eastern campaign against the Russian Army and in the Western campaign against the German Army, which was allied to us for a time. For the leadership and coordination of military actions, the existing Romanian commands, or those established according to current needs, cooperated closely with both the German and as well as the Russian ones from the moment we turned our weapons against the Germans. During both campaigns, the structures within the Romanian commands were some newly established and others organized and reorganized according to the needs required by the current situation. Among these structures, there are those of military engineering, who led and coordinated all specific activities. In this study I aimed to identify the organization and role of military engineering structures, within the Romanian commands, in leading and coordinating engineering actions during 1941-1946, in order to make later, in another study, a comparative analysis with the military engineering structures of the Romanian Army existing at this date.

The Austrian land cadastre (Josephin record) drawn up in the years 1785-1788 in Galicia, i.e. in the territories of the First Polish Partition, is an important material for economic research (especially regarding agriculture and tax matters) in these areas. An in-depth analysis of these materials reveals that they are of some importance for reconstructing the military significance of cities and towns. This applies to two periods of time: 1. Times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (late 16th-early 18th century) 2. Austrian rule (late 18th century) For the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Josephine record contains scarce, but in individual cases valuable information about the city’s fortifications. The most valuable are the data on small defensive sites, which until now remain almost unknown. For Austrian times, information about military garrisons, especially in small towns, is of value, omitted in the collective summaries from the times. As a source of a tax nature, the Josephine record is only complementary to other sources concerning military history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of TECHNE. Seria Nowa is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tyragetia is the property of National Museum of History of Moldova and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On the territory of Mehedinți county are attested a series of fortifications dating from the 19th century. Known as ramparts, they appear marked on Habsburg maps, on the shooting plans of the Romanian army and are sometimes visible on satellite images. From a toponymic point of view, we are talking about a category of toponyms with military origins. This study is dedicated to the ramparts from Șimian, which are also visible on satellite images, but also to the objectives from Ostrovul Mare, Cireșu, Salcia, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Veronese fortified site, a UNESCO heritage site, has in recent years been the subject of important digital documentation, unique in the Verona area. The research was an opportunity to verify a process whose technological developments in the field of heritage documentation have offered significant opportunities for the survey of architecture both in the metric data acquisition phase and in representation and dissemination. The study is part of the research project "Verona Fortificata", born in 2015 thanks to the collaboration between the Universities of Florence and Pavia and the Municipality of Verona. The aim is to focus on what has been obtained from a sort of "resulting product" of the classical survey and the consequent possibility of its use to provide preliminary but essential data for the Municipality's assessment of the actual Buffer Zone of the UNESCO site, of the visual impact of both the monument and the extraneous elements that are nevertheless part of the context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueologia is the property of Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)