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Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Septins are a conserved group of GTP-binding proteins found in all eukaryotes and are the fourth-most abundant cytoskeletal proteins. Septins of some pathogenic fungi are involved in morphological changes related to infection. Our previous studies have identified four core septins ( StSep1 - 4 ) in Setosphaeria turcica , the causal agent of northern corn leaf blight, while only StSep4 is significantly upregulated during the invasive process. We therefore used forchlorfenuron (FCF), the specific inhibitor of septin, and Δ StSep4 knockout mutants to further clarify the role of septins in S. turcica pathogenicity. FCF treatment caused a dose-dependent reduction in S. turcica colony growth, delayed the formation of infection structures, and reduced the penetration ability. Δ StSep4 knockout mutants displayed abnormal mycelium morphology, slow mycelial growth, conidiation deficiency, delayed appressorium development, and weakened pathogenicity. StSep4 deletion also broke cell wall integrity, altered chitin distribution, decreased the melanin content, and disrupted normal nuclear localization. A transcriptomic comparison revealed that genes differentially expressed between Δ StSep4 and WT were enriched in terms of ribosomes, protein translation, membrane components, and transmembrane transport activities. Our results demonstrate that StSep4 is required for morphology and pathogenicity in S. turcica , making it a promising target for the development of novel fungicides.

BACKGROUND: Gray mold is a ubiquitous destructive plant disease found worldwide. To avoid the shortcomings of conventional spraying systems for controlling this disease, such as high selection pressure on Botrytis cinerea for resistance and fungicide waste resulting from spray drift, a precisely targeted application strategy of dipping young cucumber fruit in a mixture of fungicide and forchlorfenuron (plant growth regulator, PGR) during the bloom period to control cucumber gray mold was developed in the current study. RESULTS: Without leaving above‐limit residues in cucumber fruits, dipping in fludioxonil at 30 mg L−1 provided a greater efficacy (85.4%) against cucumber gray mold than did spraying at 100 mg L−1 (76.4%). Importantly, fludioxonil mixed with forchlorfenuron from 25 to 35 mg L−1 increased the yield of cucumbers by 26.2–36.7% compared to dipping fruit only in forchlorfenuron. The increased yield may be a benefit of controlling gray mold. CONCLUSION: Dipping fruit in fungicides and PGRs seems to be a potential precisely targeted application strategy to not only control cucumber gray mold effectively but also, through the action of PGRs, to increase the cucumber yield. This novel application method is believed to have a bright prospect in cucumber production in Chinese solar glasshouses. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry Compared to a conventional spraying program, dipping fruit was more effective against Botrytis cinerea with lower economic costs, and yielded greater cucumber production without above‐limit residues in cucumber fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantages of using smart materials as immunosorbents in the analysis of complex matrices by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) have been highlighted in this study. A novel analytical method has been proposed for the sensitive, selective, and fast determination of residues of the plant growth regulator forchlorfenuron in fruit juices. Three different monoclonal antibodies (s3#22, p2#21, and p6#41) were employed for the production of immunosorbents, based on Sepharose gel beads, which were characterized in terms of loading capacity, solvent resistance, and repeatability for its use in solid-phase extraction (SPE). Immunosorbents that were prepared with antibody p6#44 provided the best performance, with a loading capacity of 0.97 μg, a 10% (v/v) 2-propanol tolerance, and a reusability of at least eight uses. The SPE procedure involved the use of a column with 0.15 g Sepharose beads, containing 0.5 mg antibody, which was loaded to 20 mL of the sample, washed with 2 mL of water plus 2 mL of 10% (v/v) 2-propanol, and eluted with 2 mL of 2-propanol. The cleaned extract was directly analyzed by IMS, giving a limit of detection of 2 μg L−1 with a relative standard deviation of 7.6%. Trueness was assessed by the analysis of blank grape and kiwifruit juice samples spiked with forchlorfenuron concentrations from 10 to 400 μg L−1, with recoveries from 80 to 115%. The analytical performance of the proposed immunosorbent was compared with conventional extraction and cleanup methods, such as QuEChERS and C18-based SPE, giving the cleanest extracts for accurate determinations of forchlorfenuron by IMS.ᅟ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the growth and development pattern of ‘Guichang’ kiwi fruit and its suitable harvest period, the growth parameters (longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, lateral diameter, single fruit volume and single fruit weight) and development parameters (firmness, dry matter, soluble solid, soluble total sugar, titratable acid, chlorophyll, soluble protein, total phenol and total flavonoids ) of ‘Guichang’ kiwi fruit from 9 - 128 d after the flower-fading, as well as the changes of fruit quality ( dry matter, soluble solid, soluble total sugar, titratable acid, chlorophyll, soluble protein, total phenol and total flavonoids ) and storage performance (firmness, soften rate, weight loss, decay rate ) during postharvest storage were surveyed by the treatment of non dipped and 10 mg/L forchlorfenuron dipped fruit. The results indicated that the fruit growth (longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, lateral diameter, single fruit volume and single fruit weight) of ‘Guichang’ kiwifruit could be divided into three periods. Firstly, the faster increasing period that it was from 9 - 23 d after the flower-fading, and the duration period was 14 d. Secondly, the slow increasing period that it was from 23 - 100 d after the flower-fading, and the duration period was 77 d. Thirdly, the mild increasing period that it was from 100 - 128 d after the flower-fading, and the duration period was 28 d. During the growth period, the fruit firmness of ‘Guichang’ kiwi fruit increased at first and then slowly decreased, the content of dry matter and titratable acid of ‘Guichang’ kiwi fruit increased fast at first and then slowly increased, the content of soluble solid, soluble total sugar, chlorophyll and soluble protein of ‘Guichang’ kiwi fruit faster increased gradually, and the content of total phenol and total flavonoids of ‘Guichang’ kiwi fruit showed a fluctuating increase. The dipped fruit by 10 mg/L forchlorfenuron could effectively increase the growth rate and growth amount of ‘Guichang’ kiwifruit, and reduce the firmness of ‘Guichang’ kiwi fruit during the growth period. Moreover, 10 mg/L forchlorfenuron could increase the contents of dry matter and soluble protein of ‘Guichang’ kiwi fruit in the growth and storage period, and reduce the content of titratable acid, total phenols and flavonoids of ‘Guichang’ kiwi fruit, also increase the contents of soluble solids, soluble total sugar and chlorophyll of ‘Guichang’ kiwi fruit from 58 - 128 d after the flower-fading and storage period. However, 10 mg/L forchlorfenuron could accelerate the occurrence of the sugar peak and titratable acid loss, and reduce storage the performance. In addition, the fruit softening, firmness reducing, quality and nutrient substance loss of ‘Guichang’ kiwifruit could be accelerated at the early harvest, late harvest or dipped fruit of 10 mg/L forchlorfenuron, and significantly (P < 0.01) increased the fruit decay rate of ‘Guichang’ kiwifruit. The suitable harvest period for ‘Guichang’ kiwifruit was from 125 - 132 d after the flower-fading, when the dry matter and soluble solids content of ‘Guichang’ kiwifruit were 16.5 - 17.5% and 6.5 - 7.5%, respectively. Collectively, the results from this study provide a scientific basis for the high-quality cultivation, determination of the suitable harvest period of ‘Guichang’ kiwifruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the toxic effects of forchlorfenuron in SD rats, rats were given forchlorfenuron daily at the dose of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg for 4 weeks by oral administration. The general state and death of rats were observed daily, and the body mass and food intake were recorded weekly. Rats were sacrificed on either the 1st or 15th day after drug withdrawal. Serum biochemical indexes and coagulation parameters were measured. The major organ indexes were determined and histopathology was detected. The results showed that:there was no significant effect of forchlorfenuron on body mass on food intake, on blood routine and on parameters of blood coagulation of rats for four-week oral administration. On 1st day after drug withdrawal, compared with solvent control group, the urea nitrogen and creatinine of the male rats in the forchlorfenuron 300 mg/kg and above group were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the blood glucose levels in the 600 mg/kg dose group were also increased (P < 0.05). The urea nitrogen, creatinine, and blood glucose of male rats in the 600 mg/kg treatment group were respectively 1.9, 1.6 and 1.3 times higher than those in the control group. The kidney coefficients of female and male rats in 300 mg/kg and above treatment group were significantly increased (P < 0.05), in which the kidney coefficients of the female and male rats in the 300 mg/kg treatment group were 1.2 and 1.1 times higher than those in the control group respectively, the kidney coefficients of the female and male rats in the 600 mg/kg treatment group were 1.4 and 1.1 times higher than those in the control group respectively. The liver coefficient of the female rats in the 300 and 600 mg/kg treatment group were significantly increased (P < 0.01), which were 1.3 and 1.9 times higher than those in the control group respectively.The pathological histologic changes of the kidney were shown in the pathological section. The main manifestations were mild renal tubular atrophy, obvious leucotype, transparent tube type, interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration, and renal tubular expansion. On the 15th day, the symptoms of toxicity were recovered. SD rats were administered with forchlorfenuron for 4 weeks, it shows that there was significant renal toxicity at a dose of 600 mg/kg and a mild renal toxicity at a dose of 300 mg/kg, and the main toxic target organ may be the kidney. No obvious toxic reaction dose of forchlorfenuron was 150 mg/kg dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The conclusions of EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, Spain, and co‐rapporteur Member State, Greece, for the pesticide active substance forchlorfenuron are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of forchlorfenuron as a plant growth regulator on kiwifruit and grapes. The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concern is identified.

Objective: To develop a protocol for breaking of seed dormancy and increasing the seed germination rate of Bunium persicum. Methods: The seeds were treated with 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μmol/L of benzyl aminopurine, gibberellic acid (GA3), thidiazuron (TDZ) and forchlorfenuron. Then, seeds were transferred to two different temperature conditions including room temperature (25 °C) and chilling temperature (2-5 °C). Results: The treatment of moist seeds with chilling temperature (2-5 °C) broke seed dormancy and showed maximum germination, which was 54.7% after 60 d treatment. Also, the treatment of dry seeds with chilling temperature broke seed dormancy with 9.3% germination rate after 120 d. Treatment of seeds with different level of plant growth regulators showed that under moist-room condition, there was evidence of higher and lower seed germination rate: GA3 (100 μmol/L) with 46.7% and TDZ (50 μmol/L) with 6.67% respectively. In addition, the results showed that under moist-chilling condition, TDZ (6.3 μmol/L) with 53.3% seed germination rate had higher influence on breaking seed dormancy. Treatment of seeds with combination of TDZ and GA3 under moist-chilling condition revealed higher rate of breaking of seed dormancy when 6.3 μmol/L TDZ was combined with 100 μmol/L GA3, showing 93.7% germination rate. Conclusions: The effect of plant growth regulators coupled with chilling temperature on breaking of seed dormancy could provide a large number of seedlings while the long juvenile time which is the next restricting factor of plantation still remained. Thus, the subsequent growth of seedlings to provide a large number of corms is necessary for successful plantation.

Chemicals or agents that can induce plant male sterility are considered chemical hybridizing agents (CHAs) and are quite useful for plant hybrid breeding. Tribenuron-methyl (TBM) can effectively induce male sterility in rapeseed plants. However, applications of TBM in rapeseed breeding practices have not been reported. Here, treatment with the CHA referred to as CHA-TBM, which contained 0.1–0.9 mg/L TBM, induced male sterility in all 22 tested rapeseed inbred lines. However, the highest induced male sterile rates in the tested rapeseed lines were only approximately 54–57% together with poisoned rates of approximately 36–39%, which were resulted from two treatments of CHA-TBM containing 0.5 mg/L TBM at an interval of 9 days beginning at the floral bud stage (FBS) of 2.0–3.5 mm. Such male sterile rates and poisoned rates caused by CHA-TBM indicated that TBM is not an ideal CHA for rapeseed hybrid breeding. The results of many screening experiments showed that forchlorfenuron can alleviate the toxic effects of TBM on rapeseed plants. Two treatments with the CHA referred to as CHA-TBMFCF, which contained 0.6 mg/L TBM and 2.1 mg/L forchlorfenuron, at an interval of 9 days beginning at the FBS of 2.0–3.5 mm induced male sterility in approximately 96–98% of plants of all the 22 tested rapeseed inbred lines and poisoned only approximately 2–4% of the tested plants. The CHA-TBMFCF treatment did not affect pistil fertility of the rapeseed plants, and had no carry-over influence on stamen fertility of the rapeseed hybrids produced with this CHA. Some rapeseed hybrids were successfully produced using CHA-TBM-FCF (e.g., Qinrong 1, Qinrong 2, Qinyou 19, Qinyou 33, Qinzayou 4 and Qinzayou 5). The hybridity values of the F1 seeds of the rapeseed hybrids produced using CHA-TBM-FCF were determined to be approximately 93–98% with the simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker techniques. Together, the results indicate that CHA-TBM-FCF containing TBM and forchlorfenuron at suitable concentrations is an ideal CHA for rapeseed hybrid breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Southern Agriculture is the property of Journal of Southern Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, we have successfully synthesized a forchlorfenuron (CPPU)-imprinted polymer in dimethyl sulfoxide by molecular imprinting technique. In the molecular imprinting, β-cyclodextrin was used as the monomer with 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) as the cross-linking agent that formed a complex with forchlorfenuron by inclusion interactions. The adsorption equilibrium was attained in approximately 30 min and the maximum binding capacity was 26.79 mg/g, which indicated that the adsorption kinetics was relatively fast. The results of adsorption and selectivity experiments have shown that the imprinted polymer was able to bind forchlorfenuron specifically and reversibly. The specific recognition of the imprinted polymer for forchlorfenuron resulted from the cooperative effects of inclusion interaction and hydrophobic interaction. This imprinted polymer was also used to accurately determine forchlorfenuron residue in real fruit samples. In the standard spiked strawberry sample, the adsorption recoveries for forchlorfenuron were as high as 90.3, 84.5, and 90.8%, respectively. The binding specificity of the imprinted polymer for forchlorfenuron resulted from the imprinting effect. Therefore, as a reusable material possessing high affinity and selectivity, the imprinted polymer is promising in application to detect pesticide residues in fruit samples. In addition, because β-cyclodextrin is water soluble and can include neutral compounds, this molecularly imprinted polymer can be used to recognize pesticides in aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conclusions of EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, Spain, and co‐rapporteur Member State, Greece, for the pesticide active substance forchlorfenuron are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of forchlorfenuron as a plant growth regulator on kiwifruit and grapes. The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concern is identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the feasibility of using hyperspectral imaging technology to discriminate kiwifruits treated with forchlorfenuron at different concentrations, 'Hayward' kiwifruits were treated with forchlorfenuron solutions at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, and 12.5 mg/L at 15 days after petal fall. Hyperspectral images of 400 samples, including 100 untreated kiwifruits and 60 treated kiwifruits at each forchlorfenuron concentration, were acquired. Mask was done for each image and mean spectrum was calculated for analysis. The original spectra were preprocessed by standard normal variate and all samples were divided into calibration set and prediction set based on Duplex algorithm according to the ratio of 2:1. The calibration set included 67 untreated kiwifruits and 200 treated kiwifruits, including 40 kiwifruits at each forchlorfenuron concentration. Other 133 kiwifruits were used as the prediction set. Twenty-nine characteristic wavelengths were selected from the full spectra from 928.19 to 1,658.19 nm using successive projection algorithm (SPA). Four discrimination models, i.e., partial least squares discriminant analysis, support vector machine, extreme learning machine, and random forests were established with the full spectra and the selected characteristic wavelengths as inputs, respectively. The results showed that the best model, with 97.7 % accuracy rate, for 'Hayward' kiwifruits treated with forchlorfenuron was SVM established using selected characteristic wavelengths by SPA. This study indicates that hyperspectral imaging technology can be used to nondestructively and accurately discriminate forchlorfenuron-treated kiwifruits with different concentrations from untreated ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forchlorfenuron is a low-toxic phenylurea plant growth regulator. Excessive intake of forchlorfenuron can lead to metabolic disorders of the matrix and be harmful to human health. The chemiluminescence intensity of the KIO 4 -K 2 CO 3 -Mn 2+ reaction decreased in the presence of forchlorfenuron. Based on this result, a rapid and sensitive chemiluminescence method was established to determine forchlorfenuron by combining it with a batch injection static device. The injection speed, injection volume and reagent concentration of the forchlorfenuron-KIO 4 -K 2 CO 3 -Mn 2+ chemiluminescence reaction were optimized. Under these optimized conditions, the linear range of the method was 1.0-200.0 μg/L, and the limit of detection was 0.29 μg/L (S/N = 3). The chemiluminescence method for the determination of forchlorfenuron could be completed in 10 s. The method was applied to detect the residual forchlorfenuron in dried fruit samples, and the results are consistent with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. This method has the advantages of high sensitivity, rapid response, less reagent consumption, and convenient operation. It will provide a new perspective for chemiluminescence for the rapid and sensitive determination of forchlorfenuron in various complex samples., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

A videira 'Itália' (Vitis vinifera L.) é a cultivar de uva fina para mesa mais consumida no Brasil. A qualidade dos cachos é uma característica fundamental, sendo o tamanho das bagas o componente mais valorizado pelos consumidores. Uma das alternativas para incrementar a qualidade das bagas é o uso de biorreguladores. Avaliaram-se, em três ciclos de produção, os efeitos de doses de ácido giberélico (AG3) isolado e associado com forchlorfenuron (CPPU), na qualidade dos cachos de uva Itália produzida em Porto Feliz-SP. A aplicação dos biorreguladores foi realizada aos 25 dias após o florescimento, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial 4X4 (zero, 10; 20 e 30 mg L-1 AG3 X zero, 5; 10 e 15 mg L-1 CPPU), com oito repetições para o primeiro ciclo, e fatorial 3X3 (zero, 20 e 30 mg L-1 AG3 X zero, 10 e 20 mg L-1 CPPU) com dez repetições para o segundo e terceiro ciclos. A mistura de 20 mg L-1 de AG3 com 10 mg L-1 de CPPU promoveu o incremento do comprimento e do diâmetro das bagas sem prejuízo da massa dos cachos, melhorando sua qualidade, em Porto Feliz-SP. O uso de CPPU isoladamente acarretou em redução do teor de sólidos solúveis das bagas.

O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de doses crescentes do forchlorfenuron associado ou não ao ácido giberélico sobre componentes físico-químicos da uva 'Centennial Seedless' para consumo in natura. Os tratamentos testados foram ácido giberélico (AG3) (0 e 5mg L-1) associado ao forchlorfenuron (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10mg L-1). As variáveis analisadas foram a massa, o comprimento e a largura dos cachos, das bagas e dos engaços, o teor de sólidos solúveis, o pH, a acidez titulável e a relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável (SS/AT). O experimento foi conduzido em vinhedo localizado no município de São Miguel Arcanjo, no sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo, sendo os reguladores vegetais aplicados aos 15 dias após o pleno florescimento, mediante pulverização direcionada ao cacho. A interação entre a dose estimada de 5mg L-1 de forchlorfenuron associada ao AG3 proporcionou os maiores ganhos na massa e na largura das bagas, e as doses estimadas de 4 e 6,5mg L-1 de forchlorfenuron, associadas ao AG3, proporcionaram os menores teores de sólidos solúveis e a relação SS/AT, respectivamente. O tratamento com o uso de AG3 resultou em ganhos no diâmetro dos pedicelos e na massa dos cachos, das bagas e dos engaços, além de incrementar o comprimento e a largura das bagas.The objective of present research was to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of forchlorfenuron associated, or not, to gibberellic acid on physical and chemical components of the ´Centennial Seedless' grapes. The treatments were gibberellic acid (GA3) (0 and 5mg L-1) associated with forchlorfenuron (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10mg L-1). The variables were mass, width and length of bunches, berries and rachis, total soluble solids, pH, acidity and total ratio soluble solids/titratable acidity (SS/TA). The experiment was conducted in a vineyard located in the municipality of São Miguel Arcanjo, southwest of São Paulo State, and the regulators were applied at 15 days after full bloom by spraying the bunch. The interaction of the estimated dose of 5mg L-1 forchlorfenuron associated with GA3, provided increases on the mass and width of the berries, and the estimated doses of 4 and 6.5mg L-1 of forchlorfenuron associated with GA3, showed the lowest soluble solids and ratio SS/TA, respectively. The treatment with GA3 resulted in gains in the diameter of the pedicels, mass of bunches, berries and rachis, and increasing the length and width of berries.

[Display omitted] • The effects of CPPU on metabolism and nutrients of kiwifruit were investigated. • 29 key metabolites were correlated with CPPU controlling kiwifruit development. • Response of kiwifruits to CPPU was dynamic, and related network was established. • The negative effects on nutrient substances became mild at harvest. • CPPU promoted kiwifruit development with more sucrose and fewer organic acids. Forchlorfenuron (CPPU) is a plant growth regulator widely applied on kiwifruit to improve yield, however, there are rarely reports on its effects on the nutrients of kiwifruits. Based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS, the effects of CPPU on metabolism profile and nutrient substances of two kiwifruit varieties during development were investigated by non-targeted metabolomics. A total of 115 metabolites were identified, and 29 differential metabolites were confirmed and quantified using certified reference standards. Metabolic profile indicated that CPPU promoted kiwifruit development during the main expansion stages at the molecular level, and the effects varied slightly for different varieties. In the early and middle stages of kiwifruit development, the anthocyanin, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis were down-regulated in both varieties, and flavanols biosynthesis was down-regulated only in Hayward variety. Arginine biosynthesis was down-regulated at all stages till the harvest. Although the synthesis of these nutrient substances in kiwifruits was mostly down-regulated by CPPU, the negative effects became mild at harvest time, and positively, the significant increase of sucrose and decrease of organic acids at harvest time could help to improve the taste of kiwifruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forchlorfenuron (CPPU) is widely used as a growth regulator in kiwifruit production to improve fruit yield. However, little is known about the dissipation profile of CPPU and the effect of pre-harvest CPPU treatment on fruit aroma formation during storage. Here, high (0.02 g L−1) and low (0.005 g L−1) dosages of CPPU were applied to 'Biyu' kiwifruit at twenty days after anthesis (DAA). The results revealed that 4-OH-CPPU was the main metabolite from CPPU and the 75 d after treatment is a key period for the conversion of CPPU into 4-OH-CPPU. Pre-harvest CPPU treatment reduced fruit hardness, respiratory rate, fatty acids, fatty-acid derived volatiles (FA-VOCs) and activities of ROS scavenging enzymes such as SOD, POD and CAT, but evidently increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), total soluble solids (TSS), some sugars and amino acids during storage, especially in fruit under high-dosage CPPU treatment. Therefore, we concluded that pre-harvest CPPU treatment might inhibit fatty acid biosynthesis, reduce membrane integrity and further decrease fruit storage ability and aroma quality, and therefore pre-harvest application of high-dose CPPU on kiwifruit is not recommended. These results would help to clarify the action mechanism of preharvest CPPU treatment on aroma formation and provide reference for the rational application of CPPU on kiwifruit. • CPPU was mainly transformed into 4-CPPU-OH within 75 days after application. • Preharvest CPPU treatment increased sugars but decreased fruit storage ability. • Preharvest CPPU treatment decreased FA-VOCs but increased terpenoids. • Lower fatty acid level in CPPU treated kiwifruits resulted in lower levels of FA-VOCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New deep eutectic solvent-imprinted hydrophilic resin (DES-MIHR) was prepared. • A new pipette tip solid phase extraction by DES-MIHR adsorbent was developed. • New detection method for swelling agent in fruits and vegetables was developed. • Hydrogen bond, π-π interactions, spatial configuration affinities vital for detection. • Recoveries from various fruits and vegetables were 81.1–102.9 % (RSD ≤ 7.1 %). The overuse of swelling agents in fruits and vegetables has rapidly increased, resulting in food safety problems. Hence, a new method for the selective extraction and detection of thidiazuron (TDZ) and forchlorfenuron (KT30) was developed using deep eutectic solvent-molecularly imprinted hydrophilic resin (DES-MIHR) as a pipette tip solid-phase extraction (PT−SPE) adsorbent with excellent molecular recognition in aqueous matrixes. DES-MIHR interacted with TDZ and KT30 via π–π interactions and hydrogen bonding. The miniaturized PT−SPE can be performed with just 5.0 mg adsorbent, 0.3 mL water, and 0.2 mL eluent, thus having the advantage of the low consumption of adsorbent and organic reagents. The performance of the DES-MIHR−PT−SPE−high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was demonstrated with the recoveries from various fruits and vegetables being 81.1–102.9 % (RSD ≤ 7.1 %). Thereby indicating the general applicability of the developed method for the accurate determination of trace swelling agents in fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forchlorfenuron is a cytokinin-like plant growth regulator, which on application to oriental melon fruit often produces a bitter taste due to the accumulation of cucurbitacin. In the present study, the relationship between forchlorfenuron treatment and bitterness in oriental melon fruit was revealed by human sensory analysis coupled with highly sensitive quantitative analyses. Nine cucurbitacins as the major bitter compounds were identified in the oriental melon, with their concentration ranging from 0.001 to 32.263 mg/kg. And these cucurbitacins mainly accumulated in the peel and pedicle pulp of oriental melon fruits at maturation. Application of forchlorfenuron increased the concentration of cucurbitacin B and decreased arvenin I in total cucurbitacins for the oriental melons. Calculation of the impact of the bitter taste of these compounds based on a dose/activity relationship indicated that cucurbitacin B and arvenin I were the key contributor to the bitter taste in oriental melon fruit after high-dose forchlorfenuron application. These results are helpful in understanding the source of bitterness of oriental melon and provide a practical guide on the rational use of forchlorfenuron.

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β-Cyclodextrin and its derivatives can selectively bind to various organic molecules in its cavity and provide good applications in sample preparation. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is a sensitive technique and has received increasing attention in the last decade. Herein, 3,5-dimethyl phenyl carbamoylated β-cyclodextrin bonded silica gel was used as a ssorbent in solid-phase extraction to selectively enrich forchlorfenuron and thidiazuron followed by determination with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. It showed excellent selectivity for forchlorfenuron and thidiazuron and the adsorption capacities were 40.0 and 30.0 μg/g, respectively. A rapid and sensitive method based on the modified β-cyclodextrin solid-phase extraction coupled with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy was developed. The linear ranges were 30.0-300.0 μg/L for forchlorfenuron and thidiazuron at 1005 and 640 cm−1, respectively. Both of the limits of detection were 15.0 μg/L, which were significantly lower than the maximum permitted by the National Standard. The recoveries of forchlorfenuron and thidiazuron were 78.9-87.9% for the spiked grape, kiwi, cucumber and tomato, with relative standard deviations of 8.1-13.2%. The results show that this method is sensitive, selective, and relatively time saving, and has great potential in the analysis of trace amounts of plant growth regulators in fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes concentrações do ácido giberélico (AG3), do thidiazuron (TDZ) e do forchlorfenuron (CPPU) no aumento do tamanho dos cachos e das bagas e no teor de sólidos solúveis totais de uva sem semente, cv. BRS Clara. As plantas foram conduzidas no sistema de latada, sobre o porta-enxerto IAC 572, no espaçamento 2,5 x 2,0m e com irrigação por microaspersão. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Estação Experimental de Viticultura Tropical, da Embrapa Uva e Vinho, em Jales-SP. Os reguladores de crescimento foram aplicados via pulverização localizada no cacho, utilizando-se de concentrações de 0 a 4mg.L-1 de CPPU; 0 a 10mg.L-1 de TDZ, e de 0 a 90mg.L-1 de AG3, isolados ou em conjunto. De modo geral, a aplicação dos reguladores de crescimento promove a melhoria da qualidade dos cachos da cv. BRS Clara; o uso do TDZ e do CPPU em conjunto com o AG3 produz um efeito sinérgico, proporcionando melhor resposta do que o uso isolado do AG3; os tratamentos com 60mg.L-1 de AG3; 20mg.L-1 de AG3 + 4mg.L-1 de CPPU, e 10mg.L-1 de AG3 + 5mg.L-1 de TDZ proporcionam os melhores resultados para o aumento do diâmetro das bagas; a aplicação de AG3 antes da floração da cv. BRS Clara provoca abortamento excessivo, reduzindo a qualidade comercial dos cachos; a utilização de concentrações elevadas dos reguladores reduz o teor de sólidos solúveis totais.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of gibberellic acid (AG3), thidiazuron (TDZ) and forchlorfenuron (CPPU) on the size of bunches and berries and on the total soluble solids content, when applied in different concentrations on the seedless grapes, cv. BRS Clara. The grapevines were grafted on the rootstock IAC 572, trained in the pergola system and, spaced 2.5 x 2.0m and irrigated by micro sprinklers. The experiments were carried out at the Embrapa Grape and Wine Experimental Station for Tropical Viticulture in Jales, SP. The bunches were directly sprayed with the plant growth regulators, either individually or combined, in concentrations from 0 to 4mg.L-1 of CPPU; 0 to 10mg.L-1of TDZ and 0 to 90mg.L-1 of AG3. Generally, the application of growth regulators improved the quality of the bunches of the cv. BRS Clara; the use of TDZ and CPPU, combined with AG3, produce a synergistic effect, causing a better response than the isolated use of AG3; the treatments with 60mg.L-1 of AG3, 20mg.L-1 of AG3 + 4mg.L-1 of CPPU and 10mg.L-1 of AG3 + 5mg.L-1 of TDZ provide the best results for increase in the berries diameter; the application of AG3 before flowering cause excessive abortion which reduced the commercial value of the bunches. High concentrations of plant growth regulators decrease the content of total soluble solids.

As cultivares de uvas apirênicas (Vitis vinifera L.), via de regra, possuem bagas de tamanhos reduzidos, necessitando de ajustes no manejo para a melhoria da qualidade dos cachos, sendo a aplicação de reguladores de crescimento um dos tratamentos mais eficazes. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar os efeitos do forchlorfenuron (CPPU: 0 e 10 mgL-1) combinado ao ácido giberélico (GA3: 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mgL-1) durante o primeiro ciclo de produção das cultivares Centennial Seedless, Flame Seedless e Thompson Seedless. As características avaliadas foram o comprimento, diâmetro e peso de bagas. Para a 'Centennial Seedless', maiores comprimentos, diâmetro e peso de bagas foram obtidos com 100 mgL-1 de GA3; e a concentração de 100 mgL-1 de GA3 adicionada a 10 mgL-1 de CPPU foi a mais responsiva para a 'Flame Seedless' e 'Thompson Seedless', observando-se atrasos na maturação, em termos de sólidos solúveis totais, para todas as cultivares.The Seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), have always decrease in berry size, requiring managements to increase cluster quality. The spray with growth regulators is one of most effective the treatment to enlarge berry size. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of Forchlorfenuron (CPPU: 0 e 10mgL-1) associated with Giberelic acid (GA3: 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mgL-1) during the first cycle of production of the cultivars Centennial Seedless, Flame Seedless and Thompson Seedless. The appraised characteristics were length, diameter and weight of berries. For Centennial Seedless, larger lengths, diameter and weight of berries were obtained with 100 mL-1 of GA3; and the concentration of 100 mL-1 of GA3 added to 10 mL-1 of CPPU was the most responsive for Flame and Thompson Seedless, being observed delays in maturation, in terms of total soluble solids, for all cultivars.

Na região do submédio do São Francisco, a uva-'Itália' destaca-se com 63,2% da área total plantada. Atualmente, é a principal variedade para exportação. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das doses do CPPU (forchlorfenuron) e GA3, no aumento do tamanho da baga, que foram aplicadas por meio de pulverização dirigida sobre os cachos durante a fase de pegamento dos frutos, quando as bagas haviam atingido, aproximadamente, 8 mm de diâmetro. Este experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Cooperyama, no município de Juazeiro-BA. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e três repetições, avaliando-se 15 cachos por tratamento com as seguintes doses: 1- Testemunha absoluta; 2- GA3 20 mg/l;3- GA3 20 mg/l+ CPPU 3 mg/l; 4- GA3 20 mg/l + CPPU 5 mg/l; 5- GA3 20 mg/l + CPPU 10 mg/l; 6- CPPU 3 mg/l; 7- CPPU 5 mg/l; 8- CPPU 10 mg/l.O melhor resultado obtido no crescimento da baga deu-se com a aplicação do CPPU 10 mg/l. Este tratamento diferiu significativamente da testemunha e da aplicação convencional com GA3 20 mg/l, aumentando 8% e 4,6% o comprimento da baga, 13,6% e 7,3% sua largura, e o peso de baga em 32% e 16,3%, respectivamente. Nos tratamentos com CPPU aplicado isoladamente e/ou associado com GA3, a colheita foi retardada em oito dias. Não se verificou diferença significativa para os teores de sólidos solúveis; no entanto, foi constatado que a acidez titulável obteve valores mais elevados na testemunha e no tratamento com GA3, aplicando 20 mg/l. Com relação ao peso do engaço, não foi verificada diferença estatística entre os tratamentos.

The influence of N -(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)- N ′-phenylurea (CPPU) on ‘Hayward’ kiwifruits was evaluated in the field under different pollination conditions: (a) natural pollination, (b) assist pollination and (c) absence of pollinators. Residue dynamics of CPPU on kiwifruit revealed that half life values in all treatments did not exceed 6 days, although in absence of pollinators the dissipation rate was reduced. At harvest, CPPU treatment increased the weight and the size only of pollinated fruits compared to untreated pollinated ones. Absence of pollinators resulted to more soften fruits with lower seed number and Ca 2+ content, while CPPU application resulted additionally to misshapen fruits. No differences were detected on fruit total soluble solids, titrable acidity and ascorbic acid. In contrast, phenolics were higher on kiwifruits grown in absence of pollinators irrespective of CPPU treatment and antioxidant capacity was significantly lower only on untreated with CPPU fruits under assist pollination. These results suggest that (i) under good pollination conditions, CPPU indeed contributes to superior product quality of kiwifruits, and (ii) a strong influence of seed number on Ca 2+ accumulation and phenolic content probably exists as indicated in the case of fruits grown under limited pollination conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity and mechanism of Limnoperna fortunei to reduce the concentration of forchlorfenuron [or 1-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-3-phenylurea (CPPU)] in water has been studied under laboratory conditions. Firstly, the evasive response of mussels to CPPU (10, 20, 40 and 60 mg L) was evaluated, and a toxicity test was carried out at these concentrations. Secondly, the effect of two different sizes of mussels on CPPU concentrations was investigated in a 24-day experiment. Thirdly, the role of intact mussels and valvae only were respectively evaluated in another 24-day experiment. The CPPU concentration decreased by about 40 % in the presence of large mussels and about 20 % in the presence of valvae only. Finally, nucleic acid extracts from the gut and biofilm microbial communities of L. fortunei were analyzed, and the number of copies of the bacterial genes amoA, nirK and nirS were determined. Based on these results, we propose possible mechanisms for CPPU degradation involving bacteria-associated nitrification and denitrification reactions. In summary, we found that the CPPU half-life depended on the presence of mussels, their size and their associated microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An enzymatic procedure based on a catalase biosensor for the detection of forchlorfenuron (CPPU) has been reported in this work. Catalase was immobilized on boron nitride (BN) sheets dispersed in chitosan by adsorption. The immobilized catalase exhibited direct electron transfer character and excellent electrocatalytic activity towards H 2 O 2 reduction. After introducing CPPU into the H 2 O 2 containing phosphate buffer solution, the catalase-catalyzed H 2 O 2 reduction current decreased. By measuring the current decrease, CPPU can be determined in the range of 0.5–10.0 µM with the detection limit of 0.07 μM. The non-competitive inhibition behavior of CPPU towards catalase was verified by the Lineweaver–Burk plots. Long stability character has been ascribed to this biosensor. Possible use of this biosensor in flow systems is illustrated. The proposed biosensor has been successfully applied to CPPU determination in fruits samples with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]