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IntroductionIt remains a matter of debate whether traditional concepts regarding the nature of food affect the development and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS).To date, there are limited studies that have investigated the association between MS and dietary patterns based on the categories of food nature (hot, cold, or balanced) defined in traditional medicine.MethodThis case-control study was conducted from October 2019 to February 2020. In total, 60 patients diagnosed with MS within the preceding 6 months and referred to our neurology outpatient clinic were included in our case group. The control group included 180 patients who were referred to the same center for general or orthopedic surgery. Dietary intake was assessed in both groups through a reliable and valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Data were assessed using principal component analysis.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 44.9 ± 17.33 years. The analysis showed that four food patterns were distinguished (eigenvalue > 1), namely “additives and cold-natured foods”, “hot and balanced foods and nuts”, “dairy and legumes”, and “hot and balanced starches”. These food patterns explained 57.8% of the total variance.After adjusting all confounding factors, individuals in the highest quartile and medium quartile of “additives and cold-natured foods” had an elevated MS risk compared with the lowest quartile (OR = 7.21, 95%CI = 2.01–12.38 and OR = 3.37, 95%CI = 1.02–11.35, respectively). Furthermore, individuals in the highest quartile of the “hot and balanced foods and nuts” group were protected against MS compared with its lowest quartile (OR = 0.28, 95%CI = 0.08–0.90). Moreover, a protective effect against MS was seen in the highest quartile of the “hot and balanced starches” group relative to its lowest quartile (OR = 0.34, 95%CI = 0.12–0.98). No significant association was found between “dairy and legumes” and the risk of MS.ConclusionThis study revealed that dietary patterns based on the traditional concept of food nature might be associated with the risk of developing MS. This represents the first work in this area, so further research is recommended.

Plant-based, i.e. vegetarian (without meat and fish) or vegan (exclusively plant-based foods) diets are in trend also among children and adolescents, but data on food intake in this group are lacking. Here, we compare the consumption of food groups of vegetarian (n 145), vegan (n 110) and omnivore (n 135) children and adolescents (6–18 years) in Germany using data of the VeChi Youth Study. Each food item reported in 3 d weighed dietary records was assigned to one of eighteen food groups and individual mean intake per day (g/MJ) was calculated. Group differences were assessed using covariance analyses adjusted for age, sex and other covariates. For food groups with a high number of non-consumers, non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis tests were run. Pairwise comparison of vegetarian and vegan groups indicated significantly higher intakes of legumes, nuts, milk alternatives (all P = 0·0003) and meat alternatives (P = 0·0065) among vegan subjects. Intake of these food groups of omnivore participants was low (Q3:0·0 g/MJ for legumes, milk alternatives and meat alternatives, 0·5 g/MJ for nuts). Dairy intake of vegetarians (11·6 g/MJ) was significantly lower than of omnivore subjects (24·7 g/MJ) (P = 0·0003). Intake of fats/oils and sweet foods was lowest in vegan compared with vegetarian and omnivore participants (P< 0·05). Whole grain intake was higher in vegan participants (14·5 g/MJ) than of vegetarian (9·1 g/MJ) and omnivore (6·5 g/MJ) participants (P = 0·0003). Longitudinal studies are necessary to evaluate the long-term health consequences of vegetarian, vegan and omnivore food patterns, especially in childhood and adolescence.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:30:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-12-01 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Assessment of human nutrition is a complex process, in pregnant women identify dietary patterns through mean nutrient consumption can be an opportunity to better educate women on how to improve their overall health through better eating. This exploratory study aimed to identify a posteriori dietary patterns in a cohort of nulliparous pregnant women. The principal component analysis (PCA) technique was performed, with Varimax orthogonal rotation of data extracted from the 24-h dietary recall, applied at 20 weeks of gestation. We analysed 1.145 dietary recalls, identifying five main components that explained 81% of the dietary pattern of the sample. Dietary patterns found were: Obesogenic, represented by ultra-processed foods, processed foods, and food groups rich in carbohydrates, fats and sugars; Traditional, most influenced by natural, minimally processed foods, groups of animal proteins and beans; Intermediate was similar to the obesogenic, although there were lower loads; Vegetarian, which was the only good representation of fruits, vegetables and dairy products; and Protein, which best represented the groups of proteins (animal and vegetable). The obesogenic and intermediate patterns represented over 37% of the variation in food consumption highlighting the opportunity to improve maternal health especially for women at first mothering. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Campinas (UNICAMP) School of Medicine Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Botucatu Medical School Sao Paulo State University (Unesp) MEAC-Maternity School of the Federal University of Ceará Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Federal University of Pernambuco Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Maternity Hospital Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Jundiaí School of Medicine Division of Women and Children’s Health School of Life Course Sciences Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine Kings College London Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Botucatu Medical School Sao Paulo State University (Unesp) Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation: OPP1107597

Objective: Analyze the correlation between eating patterns and eating behavior of university students in a higher education institution. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a descriptive and analytical approach, of a quantitative nature. Data collection was carried out through an interview, using semi-structured forms (socioeconomic, demographic and food consumption data) and a structured questionnaire (Dutch questionnaire on eating behavior) by the researchers and other students of the nutrition course. Results: A statistically significant association was found between the sociodemographic variable gender (p=0.014) and the “healthy eating pattern”; between course (p=0.028) and the “diet pattern” and age (p=0.012) with the “mixed pattern”. It was also found through the interpretation of the data found and after the analysis, the prevalence of eating motivated by external factors among the variables investigated. Conclusion: It was evident that factors such as appearance, taste and social factors have a strong influence on college students in their food choices. This points to the need for students to recognize the predominance of this behavior as a regulating factor in their diet, making it necessary to practice self-observation and, from there, develop a balance between external motivation and perception of internal signs. Objetivo: Analizar la correlación entre los patrones dietéticos y la conducta alimentaria de estudiantes universitarios de una institución de educación superior. Materiales y Métodos: Se trata de un estudio transversal con enfoque descriptivo y analítico, de carácter cuantitativo. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de una entrevista, basada en formularios semiestructurados (datos socioeconómicos, demográficos y de consumo de alimentos) y un cuestionario estructurado (cuestionario holandés sobre conducta alimentaria) por parte de los investigadores y otros estudiantes del curso de nutrición. Resultados: Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la variable sociodemográfica sexo (p=0,014) y “patrones de alimentación saludable”; entre curso (p=0,028) y el “patrón de dieta” y edad (p=0,012) con el “patrón mixto”. También se verificó a través de la interpretación de los datos encontrados y después del análisis, la prevalencia de comer motivado por factores externos entre las variables investigadas. Conclusión: Se evidenció que factores como la apariencia, el gusto y los factores sociales tienen una fuerte influencia en los estudiantes universitarios en sus elecciones alimentarias. Esto apunta a la necesidad de que los estudiantes reconozcan el predominio de esta conducta como factor regulador de su alimentación, siendo necesario practicar la autoobservación y, a partir de ahí, desarrollar un equilibrio entre la motivación externa y la percepción de las señales internas. Obiettivo: Analizzare la correlazione tra i modelli dietetici e il comportamento alimentare degli studenti universitari di un istituto di istruzione superiore. Materiali e Metodi: Si è trattato di uno studio trasversale con un approccio descrittivo e analitico, di natura quantitativa. La raccolta dei dati è stata effettuata attraverso un'intervista, basata su moduli semistrutturati (dati socioeconomici, demografici e sui consumi alimentari) e un questionario strutturato (questionario olandese sul comportamento alimentare) da parte dei ricercatori e di altri studenti del corso di nutrizione. Risultati: è stata trovata un'associazione statisticamente significativa tra la variabile sociodemografica genere (p=0,014) e “modelli alimentari sani”; tra il corso (p=0,028) e il “pattern dietetico” e l'età (p=0,012) con il “pattern misto”. È stata inoltre verificata, attraverso l'interpretazione dei dati rilevati e dopo l'analisi, la prevalenza del mangiare motivato da fattori esterni tra le variabili indagate. Conclusione: era evidente che fattori come l'aspetto, il gusto e fattori sociali hanno una forte influenza sulle scelte alimentari degli studenti universitari. Ciò indica la necessità che gli studenti riconoscano la predominanza di questo comportamento come fattore regolatore nella loro dieta, rendendo necessario praticare l'osservazione di sé e, da lì, sviluppare un equilibrio tra motivazione esterna e percezione dei segni interni. Objetivo: Analisar a correlação entre os padrões alimentares e o comportamento alimentar de universitários em uma instituição de ensino superior. Materiais e Métodos: Tratou-se de um estudo transversal com abordagem descritiva e analítica, de natureza quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada por intermédio de uma entrevista, a partir de formulários semiestruturados (dados socioeconômicos, demográficos e consumo alimentar) e um questionário estruturado (questionário holandês de comportamento alimentar) pelas pesquisadoras e outras estudantes do curso de nutrição. Resultados: Foi encontrada associação estatística significativa entre a variável sociodemográfica sexo (p=0,014) e o “padrão alimentar saudável”; entre curso (p=0,028) e o “padrão dieta” e idade (p=0,012) com o “padrão misto”. Também foi constatado por meio da interpretação dos dados encontrados e após a realização das análises, a prevalência do comer motivado por fatores externos dentre as variáveis investigadas. Conclusão: Ficou evidente que fatores como aparência, sabor e fatores sociais exercem forte influência sobre os universitários em suas escolhas alimentares. O que aponta a necessidade dos estudantes reconhecerem o predomínio desse comportamento como fator regulador da sua alimentação, fazendo-se necessária a prática da auto-observação e a partir disso o desenvolvimento de um equilíbrio entre motivação externa e percepção de sinais internos. Objetivo: Analisar a correlação entre os padrões alimentares e o comportamento alimentar de universitários em uma instituição de ensino superior. Materiais e Métodos: Tratou-se de um estudo transversal com abordagem descritiva e analítica, de natureza quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada por intermédio de uma entrevista, a partir de formulários semiestruturados (dados socioeconômicos, demográficos e consumo alimentar) e um questionário estruturado (questionário holandês de comportamento alimentar) pelas pesquisadoras e outras estudantes do curso de nutrição. Resultados: Foi encontrada associação estatística significativa entre a variável sociodemográfica sexo (p=0,014) e o “padrão alimentar saudável”; entre curso (p=0,028) e o “padrão dieta” e idade (p=0,012) com o “padrão misto”. Também foi constatado por meio da interpretação dos dados encontrados e após a realização das análises, a prevalência do comer motivado por fatores externos dentre as variáveis investigadas. Conclusão: Ficou evidente que fatores como aparência, sabor e fatores sociais exercem forte influência sobre os universitários em suas escolhas alimentares. O que aponta a necessidade dos estudantes reconhecerem o predomínio desse comportamento como fator regulador da sua alimentação, fazendo-se necessária a prática da auto-observação e a partir disso o desenvolvimento de um equilíbrio entre motivação externa e percepção de sinais internos. &nbsp

The current pandemic of the novel COVID-19 lead to the nationwide lockdown for a relatively long period. The lockdown has led to changes among every individual at different level. Although children are less severely infected with mild infectious, they are still at risk. One of the major strategies for prevention of the spread of the disease was the ‘nationwide lockdown’ which was adopted by Government. One of the outcomes of the lockdown was disrupted schedules of many individuals. It also leads to irregularity and hindrance for ‘food access’ toindividuals which further affect the overall household. One such subgroup which have been affected are the children.With changes in their lifestyle and timetable there is indeed a change in their eating habits and food consumption. In-depth interviews were conducted with 9 parents in Pune and Mumbai city. They described their experiences of children ranging 2 years up to 18 years. There were five major themes which emerged from the study: effect of pandemic on daily lifestyle, dietary changes at household level, eating patterns and food practices among children and lastly activities of children. In this paper viewpoints and experiences of parents on their children’s food eating habits and practices during COVID-19 pandemic are presented.

BACKGROUND: Dietary protein has been related to muscle function in aging. Beyond total intake, parameters such as protein distribution across meals might also be important. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine prospective associations of different protein intake parameters with muscle strength and physical performance in community-dwelling older men and women. METHODS: In total, 524 men and 574 women aged 67-84 y at baseline (T1) were followed annually for 3 y (T2, T3, T4). Outcomes included handgrip strength (kPa), knee extensor strength (kg), and physical performance (Timed Up and Go, s) at T4, and their 3-y changes (T4 minus T1). Protein intake parameters were assessed using nine 24-h recalls collected over 3 y (T1, T2, T3) and included daily total intake (g/d), number of protein-providing meals and snacks, and protein distribution across meals (expressed as CV). Associations were examined by multivariable linear regression models including all protein intake parameters simultaneously. Also, the optimal protein dose (g) per meal for the maximum effect size of total daily intake was determined. RESULTS: Higher daily protein intake was associated with better knee extensor strength and physical performance at T4 in both sexes and less physical performance decline in women. Optimal protein doses per meal were 30-35 g in men and 35-50 g in women for these outcomes. In men, more uneven protein distribution was associated with better physical performance at T4 and less handgrip strength decline. In women, a higher number of protein-providing snacks was associated with better handgrip strength and knee extensor strength at T4 and less handgrip strength decline. In neither sex was number of protein-providing meals associated with outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Higher daily protein intake, up to 30-50 g protein/meal, may contribute to better knee extensor strength and physical performance in generally well-functioning older men and women. More aspects of protein intake may contribute to muscle strength and physical performance than solely the daily quantity, notably the protein dose per meal.

BACKGROUND: Dietary protein has been related to muscle function in aging. Beyond total intake, parameters such as protein distribution across meals might also be important. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine prospective associations of different protein intake parameters with muscle strength and physical performance in community-dwelling older men and women. METHODS: In total, 524 men and 574 women aged 67-84 y at baseline (T1) were followed annually for 3 y (T2, T3, T4). Outcomes included handgrip strength (kPa), knee extensor strength (kg), and physical performance (Timed Up and Go, s) at T4, and their 3-y changes (T4 minus T1). Protein intake parameters were assessed using nine 24-h recalls collected over 3 y (T1, T2, T3) and included daily total intake (g/d), number of protein-providing meals and snacks, and protein distribution across meals (expressed as CV). Associations were examined by multivariable linear regression models including all protein intake parameters simultaneously. Also, the optimal protein dose (g) per meal for the maximum effect size of total daily intake was determined. RESULTS: Higher daily protein intake was associated with better knee extensor strength and physical performance at T4 in both sexes and less physical performance decline in women. Optimal protein doses per meal were 30-35 g in men and 35-50 g in women for these outcomes. In men, more uneven protein distribution was associated with better physical performance at T4 and less handgrip strength decline. In women, a higher number of protein-providing snacks was associated with better handgrip strength and knee extensor strength at T4 and less handgrip strength decline. In neither sex was number of protein-providing meals associated with outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Higher daily protein intake, up to 30-50 g protein/meal, may contribute to better knee extensor strength and physical performance in generally well-functioning older men and women. More aspects of protein intake may contribute to muscle strength and physical performance than solely the daily quantity, notably the protein dose per meal.

Principal components analysis (PCA) is a widely used technique in nutritional epidemiology, to extract dietary patterns. To improve the interpretation of the derived patterns, it has been suggested to rotate the axes defined by PCA. This study aimed to evaluate whether rotation inuences the repeatability of these patterns. For this reason PCA was applied in nutrient data of 500 participants (37 ± 15 years, 38% male) who were voluntarily enrolled in the study and asked to complete a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), twice within 15 days. The varimax and the quartimax orthogonal rotation methods, as well as the non-orthogonal promax and the oblimin methods were applied. The degree of agreement between the similar extracted patterns by each rotation method was assessed using the Bland and Altman method and Kendall's tau-b coefficient. Good agreement was observed between the two administrations of the FFQ for the un-rotated components, while low-to-moderate agreement was observed for all rotation types (the quartimax and the oblimin method lead to more repeatable results). To conclude, when rotation is needed to improve food patterns' interpretation, the quartimax and the oblimin methods seems to produce more robust results.

This study aimed to describe the development of a Thai semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (Thai semi-FFQ) for people at risk people for metabolic syndrome. Data from the Thailand National Food Consumption Survey was used to analyze food lists and portion sizes of single food items. Data for Thai mixed dishes were lacking. Hence, data on mixed dishes were collected from five cafeterias at Siriraj Hospital in Thailand. Three samples of each food item were used to weigh the major ingredients. The nutritive values were calculated using Thai food composition software. Nutrient profiling criteria (NP) were used to classify the selected food items. Ninety-one food items of eight food groups and five serving sizes were included in the Thai semi-FFQ. The food groups were fruits (n = 18), beverages (n = 10), snacks and desserts (n = 29), a la carte (n = 7), noodles (n = 11), rice with toppings (n = 8), eggs (n = 3), and salads (n = 5). The Thai mixed dishes were classified into three groups: a la carte, noodles, and rice with toppings. All mixed dishes were scored by NP criteria, with 13% receiving a ‘grade A’ (score > 16). Thirty four percent were classified as ‘grade B’ (score 12–16), and 53% were given a ‘grade C’ (score

Objective:Various foods are associated with or protect against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was to examine the associations of foods and food patterns with the risk of T2DM in South China.Design:Case–control study.Setting:The dietary patterns were identified by a principal components factor analysis. Univariable and multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses were used to analyse the associations between food groups and dietary patterns and the risk of T2DM.Participants:A total of 384 patients with T2DM and 768 controls.Results:After adjustment for total energy intake, the standard intake of grains (228·3 ± 71·9 v. 238·8 ± 73·1 g/d, P = 0·025) and fruits (109 ± 90 v. 145 ± 108 g/d, P < 0·001) were lower in T2DM than in controls. Four dietary patterns were identified: (1) high light-coloured vegetables and low grains, (2) high fruits, (3) high red meat and low grains and (4) high dark-coloured vegetable. After adjustment for covariables, multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses showed significant dose-dependent inverse associations between total fruit intake, whole grains intake and the score of the high-fruit dietary pattern (all Pfor trend < 0·001) and the risk of T2DM. The adjusted OR (95 % CI) for T2DM comparing the extreme quartiles were 0·46 (0·29, 0·76) for total fruits, 0·48(0·31, 0·77) for whole grains and 0·42 (0·26, 0·68) for the high-fruit dietary pattern, respectively. Similar associations were observed for all subgroups of fruits (dark-colour and light-colour).Conclusion:In South China, a diet rich in fruit and whole grains is associated with lower risk of T2DM.

Individual eating habits may be influenced by genetic factors, in addition to environmental factors. Previous studies suggested that adherence to Japanese food patterns was associated with a decreased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a Japanese population to find genetic variations that affect adherence to a Japanese food pattern. We analyzed GWAS data using 14,079 participants from the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort study. We made a Japanese food score based on six food groups. Association of the imputed variants with the Japanese food score was performed by linear regression analysis with adjustments for age, sex, total energy intake, alcohol intake (g/day), and principal components 1–10 omitting variants in the major histocompatibility region. We found one SNP in the 14q11.2 locus that was significantly associated with the Japanese food score with P values

The current pandemic is part of the impact of what has been called the 'Anthropocene' or 'Capitalocene'. A holistic narrative, from the perspectives of knowledge construction and new methodologies to address the scenario and the way out of the crisis are necessary. It is with this alternative and a non-reductionist gaze that we intend to present an analysis of the current health crash and the possibilities of structural action on the determinants that have led humanity to the threshold of collapse of the most precious values of modernity.

Context Despite the importance of cultural beliefs in clinical practice, few systematic reviews have investigated how these beliefs influence food practices in pregnant women. Objective To explore the role of cultural beliefs in eating patterns and food practices among pregnant women, highlighting food recommendations, food taboos and restrictions, and their association with health. Data Sources A systematic review was conducted using the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science from May 2014 to May 2019. Data Extraction Articles were included if the studies included pregnant women, analyzed how cultural beliefs may influence eating patterns, were peer-reviewed articles with original data, published in the last 5 years, and in English or Spanish language. Quality assessment was also performed. Data Analysis A total of 544 articles were identified in the search and 24 were included in the final analysis (17 using qualitative design, 6 using quantitative design, and 1 with a mixed-design). These studies were predominantly from the African continent (n = 15). Our findings showed that culture is a key factor related to “taboos” and food restrictions, which are transmitted by the family or members of community, having a strong religious or spiritual influence. All these restrictions are related to the fear of unfavorable pregnancy outcomes such as the risk of abortion, dystocia, and congenital macrosomia, or are used to avoid child problems such as cutaneous and respiratory disorders. Conclusions Findings from this study indicate cultural beliefs are strongly associated with food patterns and eating habits in pregnant women. Administrators and health professionals should be aware of these beliefs to minimize problems in the perinatal period.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of the DASH diet in hypertensive patients in a municipality in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methodology: Prospective longitudinal study, performed with thirteen hypertensive subjects, mean age of 62.5 ± 10.5 years, recruited from the Physical Therapy Clinic of the city of Alfenas, Minas Gerais. Individual and group visits were performed. Individual evaluation occurred at time 0 (baseline), 7th day and 37th after first evaluation. Group activities were performed on the 15th and 30th days after first evaluation. Changes in nutritional status (anthropometric and body composition), dietary pattern (total DASH diet score) and BP were considered as outcomes. Results and discussion: No statistical differences were found in nutritional status, dietary pattern and BP (p> 0.05). However, it was found that subjects reduced on average 1.01 ± 2.3 kg of body weight after 37th day of intervention (p=0.07). High adherence of intervention was observed, regarding to DASH diet, in 61.5% patients (n = 6). Conclusion: Even with a short intervention time (30 days), positive results were observed regarding dietary pattern of some of DASH diet components and a tendency to reduce body weight. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la dieta DASH en pacientes hipertensos de una ciudad del sur de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Metodología: Estudio longitudinal prospective, realizado con 13 pacientes hipertensos, edad media de 62,5 ± 10,5 años, reclutados em uma Clínica de Fisioterapia de la ciudad de Alfenas, Minas Gerias. Se realizaron sesiones individuales y grupales. Las consultas individuales se realizaron em el tiempo 0 (línea de base), 7 y 37 días después de la primeira consulta. Las actividades grupales tuvieron lugar los días 15 y 30 después de la primeira consulta. Los resultados fueron: cambios en el estado nutricional (evaluación antropométrica y de composición corporal), patrón dietético (puntuación total de la dieta DASH) y PA. Resultados y discusíon: No hubo diferencias estadísticas en el estado nutricional, patrón dietético y resultados de PA (p > 0,05). Sin embargo, los pacientes perdieron un promedio de 1,01 ± 2,3 kg de peso después del día 37 de la intervención (p = 0,07). Se observo alta adherencia a la intervención, a través de la dieta DASH, en el 61,5% de los pacientes (n=6). Conclusión: Incluso con un tiempo de interveción corto (30 días) se observaron resultados positivos en cuanto al patrón dietético de algunos de los componentes de la dieta DASH y una tendencia a la reducción del peso corporal. Objetivos: Avaliar a eficácia da dieta DASH em pacientes hipertensos em um município do sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Metodologia: Estudo longitudinal prospectivo, realizado com 13 pacientes hipertensos, idade média de 62,5 ± 10,5 anos, recrutados de uma Clínica de Fisioterapia da cidade Alfenas, Minas Gerais. Foram realizados atendimentos individuais e em grupo. As consultas individuais ocorreram no tempo 0 (baseline), 7º dia e 37º após a primeira consulta. Já as atividades em grupo aconteceram no 15º e 30º dia após a primeira consulta. Os desfechos foram: mudanças no estado nutricional (avaliação antropométrica e da composição corporal), no padrão alimentar (score total da dieta DASH) e na PA. Resultados e Discussão: Não houve diferenças estatísticas nos desfechos estado nutricional, padrão alimentar e PA (p > 0,05). No entanto, os pacientes perderam em média 1,01 ± 2,3 kg de peso após o 37º dia de intervenção (p = 0,07). Observou-se alta adesão da intervenção, por meio da dieta DASH, em 61,5% pacientes (n=6). Conclusões: Mesmo com um pequeno tempo de intervenção (30 dias) foram observados resultados positivos quanto ao padrão dietético de alguns dos componentes da dieta DASH e uma tendência à redução no peso corporal.

Resumo Objetivou-se estudar a associação entre padrão alimentar, fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e o ambiente alimentar em uma população de adultos e idosos de uma cidade do Sul do Brasil. Estudo transversal com pessoas de ambos os sexos e idade entre 20 e 70 anos. Os padrões alimentares foram identificados por meio da análise de componentes principais. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para estimar as razões de prevalência brutas e ajustadas e os intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC 95%). Quatro padrões alimentares foram identificados: saudável, tradicional, carboidratos e açúcares refinados e fast food. Encontraram-se associações positivas entre: sexo feminino e maior renda com o padrão alimentar saudável; cor da pele preta ou parda e domicílios com seis ou mais moradores com padrões alimentares tradicional e carboidratos e açúcares refinados; maior escolaridade com o padrão fast food. Realizar as principais refeições em casa associou-se ao padrão tradicional, e almoço ou jantar fora do domicílio com os padrões carboidratos e açúcares refinados e fast food. Posição socioeconômica mais baixa leva ao maior consumo do padrão alimentar tradicional e/ou rico em carboidratos e açúcares, e uma posição socioeconômica mais elevada parece permitir uma escolha entre padrão saudável ou fast food. Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary patterns and demographic and socioeconomic factors and the food environment among adults and older persons in a city in the south of Brazil. We conducted a cross-sectional study with people of both sexes aged between 20 and 70 years. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Poisson regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Four dietary patterns were identified: Healthy; Traditional; Refined Carbs and Sugars; and Fast Food. Positive associations were found between being female and higher income and the Healthy dietary pattern; being black or brown and living in a household with at least six members and the Traditional and Refined Carbs and Sugars patterns; and higher education and the fast-food dietary pattern. Having main meals at home was associated with the Traditional pattern and having lunch or dinner away from home was the associated with Refined Carbs and Sugars and fast-food patterns. Lower socioeconomic status leads to higher consumption of the Traditional and/or Refined Carbs and Sugars dietary patterns, while higher socioeconomic status appears to enable individuals to choose between healthy or fast-food patterns.

Perhaps no phenomenon has so quickly and radically altered household production parameters and daily food patterns as the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We contemplate the immediate and longer-term implications of this public health crisis on the amount of food wasted by consumers. We conclude that the pandemic and its aftermath may improve household skills and management practices in a manner that reduces day-to-day household food waste. However, pandemic-driven disruptions may induce larger intermittent purges of food due to changes in work patterns and food service and food retailing availability. We recommend several steps to reduce waste as the pandemic unfolds.

Children aged 2-5 years are one of the nutrition-prone groups, during this period a decline in growth rate, decreased growth followed by decreased appetite. Based on Riskesdas (2013), there were nutritional status problems in Central Sulawesi, including the prevalence of Stunting by 40%, prevalence of underfive malnutrition by 25%, prevalence of underweight toddlers by 15% and LBW (Low birth weight) by 18%. While the prevalence for the proportion of Stunting children in Palu according to Riskesdas Central Sulawesi in 2013 was 35%, the prevalence of underweight children was 12%, and for cases of malnutrition had a prevalence of 17%. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of parental and food patterns of children aged 2-5 years in Taipa District, North Palu District. This type of research is descriptive. The sample in this study were children aged 2-5 years totaling 77 toddlers. The sampling technique in this study uses the stratified random sampling method. The results showed that parental applied by parents to children is not authoritarian, not democratic and permissive. food sources of carbohydrates that are often consumed are rice, animal protein sources are catfish, chicken eggs, vegetables that are often consumed are Moringa vegetables. There is no fruit that is often consumed by children. The conclusion of this study is the parental applied by parents to children in Taipa Village, North Palu District, the most dominant is democratic parenting, where there are 71 parents who apply this type of fostering and food that is often consumed is rice, catfish, chicken egg and moringa vegetable.

To evaluate nutritional patterns in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) compared to the control group without GERD.The data of complex examination of patients referred to perform esophageal pH-impedance recording and who gave written informed consent to participate in the study served as a source data. All the participants underwent complex examination, including clinical data (presence of heartburn and acid regurgitation), symptom evaluation (GERD-Q questionnaire), esophagogastroscopy, esophageal pH-impedance recordings and food frequency questionnaire. Diagnosis of GERD was based on GERD-Q score 8, acid exposure time 6%, number of gastroesophageal refluxes 80/day by 24-hrs esophageal pH-impedance recordings. Nutritional patterns were assessed with the use of healthy eating pyramid principles.Overall 165 patients were enrolled and the data of 150 of them (34 with confirmed GERD and 116 of the control group) were available for the final analysis. The patients of the both groups consumed lower compared to the recommended amounts of dairy and higher amounts of meat. Those with GERD consumed larger amounts of fruits (0.910.68 compared to the values of healthy eating pyramid vs 0.520.57 in the control group, p=0.001), and fats (0.690.55 vs 0.490.55, p=0.001). Compared to the controls, patients with GERD consumed lower amounts of vegetables (0.860.46 of the healthy eating pyramid vs 0.940.63 in the control group, р=0.004) and sugars confectionaries (0.380.39 vs 1.930.98, p=0.0001).Nutritional patterns of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease significantly differ compared to the control group. The obtained data may be used for diet modification in patients with arterial hypertension.Цель. Изучить паттерн (структуру) питания больных гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезнью (ГЭРБ) в сравнении с контрольной группой без ГЭРБ. Материалы и методы. Материалом исследования служили данные обследования пациентов, направленных в ФГБУН Федеральный исследовательский центр питания и биотехнологии на проведение суточной пищеводной рН-импедансометрии для исключения ГЭРБ с января по апрель 2020 г. и давших информированное согласие на участие в исследовании. Всем пациентам проведено комплексное обследование, включавшее сбор жалоб и анамнеза, оценку симптомов при помощи вопросника GERD-Q, эзофагогастроскопию, суточную пищеводную рН-импедансометрию и оценку фактического питания. Диагноз ГЭРБ устанавливали в том случае, если пациенты испытывали жалобы на изжогу и отрыжку кислым не реже одного раза в неделю, количество баллов по вопроснику GERD-Q 8, и по данным суточной пищеводной рН-импедансометрии время экспозиции кислоты 6%, а количество гастроэзофагеальных рефлюксов 80. Оценка структуры питания проводилась по частоте и количеству потребления основных групп продуктов в сравнении с принципом пирамиды здорового питания. Дополнительный анализ проведен в отношении состава подгрупп продуктов. Результаты. Включены в исследование 165 пациентов. Конечному анализу доступны данные 150 из них (34 больных ГЭРБ и 116 больных контрольной группы). При анализе структуры рациона у пациентов обеих групп выявлены недостаточное потребление молочных продуктов и избыточное потребление мяса. При сравнении групп между собой выявлено, что больные ГЭРБ потребляли больше фруктов (0,910,68 относительно величины пирамиды здорового питания в группе ГЭРБ против 0,530,57 в контрольной группе; р=0,001) и жиров (0,690,55 против 0,500,55 соответственно, р=0,001). В то же время структура рациона больных ГЭРБ характеризовалась меньшим относительным количеством овощей (0,860,46 относительно показателей пирамиды здорового питания против 0,940,63 в контрольной группе; р=0,004) и кондитерских изделий (0,380,39 против 1,930,98, р=0,0001) по сравнению с контрольной группой. Заключение. Структура рациона больных ГЭРБ существенно отличается от таковой без признаков заболевания. Полученные данные могут быть использованы для научно обоснованной модификации рационов у пациентов с ГЭРБ.

Introduction: The results of the initial survey showed that there were seven children with low food pattern and moderate physical activity was having a cognitive function and low academic achievement at school, and three children with good food pattern and moderate physical activity were having good cognitive and high academic achievement in school. This study was to determine the relations of food patterns and physical activity with academic achievement and cognitive function. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study that was conducted at Elementary School 2 Blangkeujeren, West Labuhanhaji Sub-district, South Aceh District from March 2017 to June 2017. This study used a total sampling design is 81 students. Subjects are all students in grade five (42 students) and six (39 students). Data were collected by using questionnaires include Food Frequency Questionary (FFQ), Food Recall 24 hours, Physical Activity Level (PAL). Last year's report card value and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were used to assess cognitive children. Results: The relationship between the type and the amount of macro and micronutrient intake obtained p-value

Inequalities are usually measured in context of household income to develop policies ensuring equal opportunities to public services for well being. Sustainable Development Goal 10, however, emphasizes the uniform distribution of per-capita food and nutrition intake and percentage share of expenditure on food consumption. Concerning that, evidence-based approaches should include scientifically examining the spatial aspects of food security to evaluate geographical equity (or inequity) of its various dimensions. The main objective here is to instigate spatial inequalities in food and nutrient consumption and production in Punjab. To do so, we georeferenced the traditional local and global food and nutrition surveys in a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment. Next, we disaggregated household surveys at various sub-national levels (i.e., per km2, per district, per region with rural-urban divisions). With these levels, we analyzed food data along three categories, i.e., production, consumption, and nutrition intake. We used global Moran’s index to identify geographical disparities of production-consumption gaps among regions and commodities. The results obtained reveal clustered food patterns in the north and north-eastern regions, while southern areas face high inequality of producing and consuming cereals, meat, vegetables, fruits, and milk. High spatial autocorrelation of within-districts gaps of food production and consumption observed in the province indicates that inequality is driven by location dynamics and not by population. The evidence-based method in this research will help implicate policies through prioritizing resource allocation in terms of space and equal opportunities.

The amounts of animal-sourced foods required to achieve a least-cost nutritious diet depend on the food prices prevalent in each country. Using linear programming, we determine least-cost dietary patterns in the United States and the constituent amounts of animal-sourced foods. We considered local foods and prices from 2009–2010, and the average energy and nutrient requirements of adults. Nutrient-adequate food patterns were estimated at US$1.98 per day and included animal and plant products. Limiting nutrients were α-linolenic acid, potassium, choline, and vitamins C, D, E and K. The prices of animal-based foods had to be increased by 2–11.5 times to be excluded from the modelled food pattern, with the least cost of a plant-only diet at US$3.61. Given relative food prices in the United States, we show that animal-based foods are needed to secure adequate nutrition at the lowest cost, underscoring the role of price and market mechanisms in the choice of nutrient-adequate, sustainable diets. Affordability of dietary patterns varies across countries, thereby affecting the levels of animal- and plant-based foods required to satisfy nutritional demands. Using an optimization model, Chungchunlam et al. reveal the components of the least-cost nutritious diet in the United States.

The specific metabolic contribution of consuming different energy-yielding macronutrients (namely, carbohydrates, protein and lipids) to obesity is a matter of active debate. In this Review, we summarize the current research concerning associations between the intake of different macronutrients and weight gain and adiposity. We discuss insights into possible differential mechanistic pathways where macronutrients might act on either appetite or adipogenesis to cause weight gain. We also explore the role of dietary macronutrient distribution on thermogenesis or energy expenditure for weight loss and maintenance. On the basis of the data discussed, we describe a novel way to manage excessive body weight; namely, prescribing personalized diets with different macronutrient compositions according to the individual's genotype and/or enterotype. In this context, the interplay of macronutrient consumption with obesity incidence involves mechanisms that affect appetite, thermogenesis and metabolism, and the outcomes of these mechanisms are altered by an individual's genotype and microbiota. Indeed, the interactions of the genetic make-up and/or microbiota features of a person with specific macronutrient intakes or dietary pattern consumption help to explain individualized responses to macronutrients and food patterns, which might represent key factors for comprehensive precision nutrition recommendations and personalized obesity management.

Dietary habits have been implicated in the development and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Several epidemiological studies attempted to assess the relationship between food groups and the likelihood of NAFLD, but these results were conflicting. The present meta-analysis was conducted to assess the association between food groups and the likelihood of NAFLD. Published literature was retrieved and screened from MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science. Out of 7892 retrieved articles, twenty-four observational studies (fifteen cross-sectional studies and nine case-control studies) met our eligibility criteria and were finally included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Consumption of both red meat and soft drinks contributed to a positive association with NAFLD. Inversely, nut consumption was negatively associated with NAFLD. There were no significant influences on the likelihood of NAFLD about consuming whole grains, refined grains, fish, fruits, vegetables, eggs, dairy products and legumes. This meta-analysis suggests that individuals who consumed more red meat and soft drinks may have a significantly increased likelihood of NAFLD, whereas higher nut intake may be negatively associated with NAFLD. Further prospective studies are required to assess the association between food patterns and NAFLD.

Introduction: Understanding which foods are introduced in the diet and when provides valuable information on complementary feeding. Fortified baby rice cereal is the most common first solid food given to infants, often followed by other baby cereals. The objective of this study was to examine food patterns among infants and toddlers consuming rice or non-rice baby cereals versus non-consumers. Methods: NHANES 2001–2014 data were used to assess dietary intake, nutrient adequacy, and food specific patterns of infants and toddlers. Groups were: baby cereal non-consumers (n = 3,910), non-rice baby cereal consumers (n = 711), and rice baby cereal consumers (n = 966). Those consuming both non-rice cereal and rice cereal were included in the rice cereal group (n = 9, 48, 61, and 10 for those 0–3, 4–6, 7–11, and 12–23 mos, respectively). Least-square means ± SEs were determined for nutrient intake and food group consumption by using covariate controlled regression analyses (p < 0.01). Results: Baby cereal consumer groups, compared to non-consumers, had higher intakes of carbohydrates, iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and vitamin E, with lower percentage having intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement for iron, calcium, and vitamin E. Infants 0–3 mos and 4–6 mos in both baby cereal consumption groups consumed other solid foods, including baby foods and beverages, sweetened beverages, coffee and tea, 100% juice, vegetables (excluding potatoes), fruit, sugars, milk and yogurt, and mixed dishes. The baby cereal consumers and non-consumers groups had intakes aligned with the “American diet”. Baby cereal non-consumers had a significantly higher percentage of exclusively breast fed at ages 0–3 mos and a lower percentage formula fed. Conclusion: This study provides detailed information on the introduction of baby cereals which was associated with better nutrient intakes and other complementary foods and intakes of nutrients that require special attention during early life. Further, cow’s milk products and solid foods were introduced prior to the American Academy of Pediatrics’ age recommendations.

Background and objectives Women’s food choices and preferences are important as key decision-makers in household food handling, especially the selection of local and traditional foods that can potentially affect health and disease profile. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the barriers and facilitators of choosing local and traditional foods from the perspective of women living in Iran. Methods This qualitative study was carried out using a semi-structured in-depth interview with 22 women aged 30–64 years old in Tehran (capital of Iran). The participants were recruited through purposive sampling with the maximum variation such as occupation, the district of residence, and education. Data collection and analysis were done simultaneously from the beginning of the study using the MAXQDA 10 software. Results and conclusions The four main themes explored from the participants’ statements included: “cultural contexts,” “social barriers and motivations,” “convenience, accessibility, and skills,” and “religious considerations.” The lessons derived from family, experiences, beliefs, ethnicity patterns, influences from traditional medicine, and priorities in a lifetime, family preferences, routine complications, facilities and ingredients, cookery skills, and religious rules and occasions were extracted as sub-themes including the barriers and facilitators of local and traditional foods in women. Considering the diversity of local and traditional foods in Iranian culture, encouraging the varied consumption of these foods could contribute to the sustainability of diet in communities. Therefore, emphasizing the special role of Iranian women in the household, it is necessary to educate women in order to regenerate the local and traditional food patterns in our country.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading global cause of death in Western countries, and its development is largely associated with unhealthy dietary patterns. A large body of scientific evidence has reported that nutrition might be the most preventive factor of cardiovascular disease death and could even reverse heart disease. Processes of chronic inflammation and oxidative distress share triggers that are modifiable by nutrition. This review aimed to identify potential targets (food patterns, single foods or individual nutrients) for cardiovascular disease prevention, and analyse the mechanisms implicated in their cardioprotective effects.

Background Food insecurity can contribute to health and nutrition problems. Thus, determining its associated factors seems necessary in all societies. Objective The current this study determined the food insecurity, C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and some socioeconomic factors in type 2 diabetic patients in Minoodar and Shohada comprehensive health centers of Qazvin in 2016. Methods This case-control study was performed on 200 type 2 diabetic patients with an average age of 47.1±8.2 and 200 healthy individuals with an average age of 46.3±8.6.Food security was determined using the Household Food Security Questionnaire. Data from anthropometric, was collected, Biochemical factors were assessed using a blood test and Physical activity was measured using International Physical Activity questionnaire (IPAQ). Chi-square test to determine the relationship between independent qualitative variables and independent T-test to determine the relationship between quantitative variables for the comparison of mean for two independent groups of the Man-Vinet test and Kruskal-Wallis test for meaningful differences in general characteristics. Moreover, multivariate logistic regression was used to moderate the effects of misleading variables and software N4 for data analysis. The minimum significant difference was considered to be less than 0.05. Findings The Mean±SD age of the patients and healthy subjects were 47.1±8.2 and 46.8±3.6, respectively. There was a significant correlation between food insecurity and socio-economic variables affecting type 2 diabetes. Food insecurity in the case group was significantly associated with fasting blood glucose (P=0.02) and inflammation factor (CRP) and WBC (P

To assess food patterns in patients with different types of SIBO and their impact onto the course and treatment outcomes.The data of 988 patients who signed informed consent surved as a source data. On the basis of lactulose breath test (LBT; GastroCH4eck, Bedfont, UK), the patients were selected into one of the studied groups: SIBO-H2, SIBO-CH4, SIBO-CH4-H2 and control. Twenty - four hours food recall test was used to analyze nutritional habits. In patients with SIBO-H2, standard treatment with Tilichinol 100 mg/Tilbrochinol 200 mg (Intetrix, Beaufour-Ipsen International, France) 2 caps BID for 10 days) was provided. Efficacy of treatment was assessed on the bass of the result of LBT 2 month after treatment completion. Mann-Whitney T test (Statistica 10, StatSoft, USA) was used to compare nutritional patterns in patients with or without SIBO, in different types of SIBO and in accordance to the results of treatment.Nine hundred eighty eight patients were enrolled. On the basis of hydrogene breath test they were divided into 4 main groups: SIBO of hydrogen - producing flora (SIBO-H2, n=526), methane - producing flora (SIBO-CH4, n=129), SIBO with hyperproduction of methane and hydrogene (SIBO-CH4-H2, n=225). The control group consisted of 108 patients with no no excessive gas production on LBT. In contrast to controls, nutritional patterns of patients with SIBO were characterized by low dietary fiber and amount of red meat dishes in the rations. Those with SIBO-CH4 consumed more fruits (p=0.03), vegetables (p=0.003), and fish (p=0.026), compared to those with other variants of SIBO and the control group. Nutritional patterns of SIBO-H2 group were characterized by larger amount of poultry meat consumption (p=0.026) compared to other SIBO groups and controls. In SIBO-H2 "cured" group greater amounts of buckwheat (p.Цель. Оценить особенности паттернов питания пациентов с различными вариантами синдрома избыточного бактериального роста в тонкой кишке (СИБР) и их влияние на эффективность терапии у больных СИБР водород - продуцирующей флоры (СИБР-Н2). Материалы и методы. Материалом исследования явились данные обследования пациентов, подписавших информированное согласие на участие в нем. Всем пациентам выполнен водородно - метановый дыхательный тест с лактулозой (GastroCh4eck, Bedfont, Великобритания) для диагностики избыточного бактериального роста в тонкой кишке. На основании результатов теста пациенты разделены на группы СИБР-H2, СИБР-CH4, СИБР-CH4-H2 и контрольную группу, без СИБР. Анализ данных фактического питания выполнен при помощи метода суточного воспроизведения. В группе СИБР-H2 проведена стандартная терапия препаратом, содержащим тилихинол 100 мг / тилброхинол 200 мг (Интетрикс; Beaufour Ipsen International, Франция) по 2 капсулы 2 раза в сутки в течение 10 дней. Оценка эффективности терапии проводилась через 2 мес после окончания курса лечения при помощи водородно - метанового дыхательного теста с лактулозой. Проведен анализ паттернов питания пациентов в зависимости от наличия или отсутствия СИБР, в зависимости от выявленного варианта СИБР, а также в группах с наличием и отсутствием эффекта от лечения. Результаты и обсуждение. Анализу доступны данные 988 пациентов: СИБР-Н2 (n=526); СИБР-СН4 (n=129), СИБР-СН4-Н2 (n=225), контрольная группа (без СИБР; n=108). При наличии СИБР (любой вариант) структура питания отличалась низким содержанием пищевых волокон (p=0,07) и блюд из красного мяса (p=0,01) в сравнении с контрольной группой. В группе СИБР-СН4 отмечено большее потребление фруктов (р=0,03), овощей (р=0,003), рыбной продукции (p=0,026) в сравнении с другими вариантами СИБР и контролем. Пищевые паттерны в группе СИБР-Н2 характеризовались большим потреблением мяса птицы (p=0,026) в сравнении с другими группами. Пищевые паттерны пациентов СИБР-Н2 с отсутствием эффекта от лечения характеризовались большим потреблением гречихи (р.

Typical diets include an assortment of unprocessed, processed, and ultra-processed foods, along with culinary ingredients. Linear programming (LP) can be used to generate nutritionally adequate food patterns that meet pre-defined nutrient guidelines. The present LP models were set to satisfy 22 nutrient standards, while minimizing deviation from the mean observed diet of the Seattle Obesity Study (SOS III) sample. Component foods from the Fred Hutch food frequency questionnaire comprised the market basket. LP models generated optimized 2000 kcal food patterns by selecting from all foods, unprocessed foods only, ultra-processed foods only, or some other combination. Optimized patterns created using all foods contained less fat, sugar, and salt, and more vegetables compared to the SOS III mean. Ultra-processed foods were the main sources of added sugar, saturated fat and sodium. Ultra-processed foods also contributed most vitamin E, thiamin, niacin, folate, and calcium, and were the main sources of plant protein. LP models failed to create optimal diets using unprocessed foods only and ultra-processed foods only: no mathematical solution was obtained. Relaxing the vitamin D criterion led to optimized diets based on unprocessed or ultra-processed foods only. However, food patterns created using unprocessed foods were significantly more expensive compared to those created using foods in the ultra-processed category. This work demonstrates that foods from all NOVA categories can contribute to a nutritionally adequate diet.

BACKGROUND: Standardized methods are needed to investigate intake patterns of processed meat subtypes, considering health concerns surrounding processed meat intake. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to create a standardized method of disaggregating processed meat into processed red meat and processed poultry and describe intake patterns of the US population aged ≥2 y. METHODS: Two researchers independently manually disaggregated processed meat from the Food Patterns Equivalents Database into processed red meat and processed poultry based on available information from the Foods and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies. We created an SAS program (called Processed Meat Categories) to mimic the manual coding. We used the program to describe intake patterns and trends over time of processed red meat and processed poultry using 24-h recalls from 2007–2008 through 2017–2018 NHANES data with SAS survey-weighted procedures for complex surveys. RESULTS: The SAS program had high agreement with the manual code (Pearson concordance correlation ≥0.95). Of the US population aged ≥2 y, 46.8% (95% CI: 45.3, 48.2%) reported consuming any processed meat, 42.5% (95% CI: 41.0, 43.9%) reported consuming processed red meat, and 11.3% (95% CI: 10.2, 12.4%) reported consuming processed poultry. Most [74.1 ± 0.13% (SEM)] processed meat reported was red meat compared with poultry, and 32.1 ± 0.01% of total red meat and 13.7 ± 0.01% of total poultry reported were processed. Prevalence of processed poultry intake increased from 9.5% (95% CI: 8.9, 10.1%) in 2007–2010 to 11.3% (95% CI: 10.2, 12.4%) in 2015–2018 (P

Food composition databases (FCDBs) provide the nutritional content of foods and are essential for developing nutrition guidance and effective intervention programs to improve nutrition of a population. In public and nutritional health research studies, FCDBs are used in the estimation of nutrient intake profiles at the population levels. However, such studies investigating nutrient co-occurrence and profile patterns within the African context are very rare. This study aimed to identify nutrient co-occurrence patterns within the South African FCDB (SAFCDB). A principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to 28 nutrients and 971 foods in the South African FCDB to determine compositionally similar food items. A second principal component analysis was applied to the food items for validation. Eight nutrient patterns (NPs) explaining 73.4% of the nutrient variation among foods were identified: (1) high magnesium and manganese, (2) high copper and vitamin B12, (3) high animal protein, niacin, and vitamin B6, (4) high fatty acids and vitamin E, (5) high calcium, phosphorous and sodium, (6) low moisture and high available carbohydrate, (7) high cholesterol and vitamin D, and (8) low zinc and high vitamin C. Similar food patterns (FPs) were identified from a PCA on food items, yielding subgroups such as dark-green, leafy vegetables and, orange-coloured fruit and vegetables. One food pattern was associated with high sodium levels and contained bread, processed meat and seafood, canned vegetables, and sauces. The data-driven nutrient and food patterns found in this study were consistent with and support the South African food-based dietary guidelines and the national salt regulations.

LThis work was supported by the official Spanish Institutions for funding scientific biomedical research, CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), through the Fondo de Investigacion para la Salud (FIS), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (six coordinated FIS projects leaded by JS-S and JVi, including the following projects: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728, PI13/01090, PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14/00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853, PI14/01374, PI14/00972, PI14/00728, PI14/01471, PI16/00473, PI16/00662, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00381, PI16/00366, PI16/01522, PI16/01120, PI17/00764, PI17/01183, PI17/00855, PI17/01347, PI17/00525, PI17/01827, PI17/00532, PI17/00215, PI17/01441, PI17/00508, PI17/01732, PI17/00926, PI19/00957, PI19/00386, PI19/00309, PI19/01032, PI19/00576, PI19/00017, PI19/01226, PI19/00781, PI19/01560, PI19/01332, PI20/01802, PI20/00138, PI20/01532, PI20/00456, PI20/00339, PI20/00557, PI20/00886, PI20/01158); the Especial Action Project entitled: Implementacion y evaluacion de una intervencion intensiva sobre la actividad fisica Cohorte PREDIMED-Plus grant to JS-S; the European Research Council (Advanced Research Grant 2014-2019; agreement #340918) granted to MAM-G.; the Recercaixa (number 2013ACUP00194) grant to JS-S; grants from the Consejeria de Salud de la Junta de Andalucia (PI0458/2013, PS0358/2016, PI0137/2018); the PROMETEO/2017/017 grant from the Generalitat Valenciana; the SEMERGEN grant; None of the funding sources took part in the design, collection, analysis, interpretation of the data, or writing the report, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication., Purpose We explored the cross-sectional association between the adherence to three different provegetarian (PVG) food patterns defined as general (gPVG), healthful (hPVG) and unhealthful (uPVG), and the cardiometabolic risk in adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS) of the PREDIMED-Plus randomized intervention study. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 6439 participants of the PREDIMED-Plus randomized intervention study. The gPVG food pattern was built by positively scoring plant foods (vegetables/fruits/legumes/ grains/potatoes/nuts/olive oil) and negatively scoring, animal foods (meat and meat products/animal fats/eggs/fish and seafood/dairy products). The hPVG and uPVG were generated from the gPVG by adding four new food groups (tea and coffee/ fruit juices/sugar-sweetened beverages/sweets and desserts), splitting grains and potatoes and scoring them differently. Multivariable-adjusted robust linear regression using MM-type estimator was used to assess the association between PVG food patterns and the standardized Metabolic Syndrome score (MetS z-score), a composed index that has been previously used to ascertain the cardiometabolic risk, adjusting for potential confounders. Results A higher adherence to the gPVG and hPVG was associated with lower cardiometabolic risk in multivariable models. The regression coefficients for 5th vs. 1st quintile were − 0.16 (95% CI: − 0.33 to 0.01) for gPVG (p trend: 0.015), and − 0.23 (95% CI: − 0.41 to − 0.05) for hPVG (p trend: 0.016). In contrast, a higher adherence to the uPVG was associated with higher cardiometabolic risk, 0.21 (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.38) (p trend: 0.019). Conclusion Higher adherence to gPVG and hPVG food patterns was generally associated with lower cardiovascular risk, whereas higher adherence to uPVG was associated to higher cardiovascular risk., official Spanish Institutions, CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), through the Fondo de Investigacion para la Salud (FIS), European Commission PI13/00673 PI13/00492 PI13/00272 PI13/01123 PI13/00462 PI13/00233 PI13/02184 PI13/00728 PI13/01090 PI13/01056 PI14/01722 PI14/00636 PI14/00618 PI14/00696 PI14/01206 PI14/01919 PI14/00853 PI14/01374, The European Regional Development Fund PI14/00972 PI14/00728 PI14/01471 PI16/00473 PI16/00662 PI16/01873 PI16/01094 PI16/00501 PI16/00533 PI16/00381 PI16/00366 PI16/01522 PI16/01120 PI17/00764 PI17/01183 PI17/00855 PI17/01347 PI17/00525 PI17/01827 PI17/00532 PI17/00215, European Commission PI17/01441 PI17/00508 PI17/01732 PI17/00926 PI19/00957 PI19/00386 PI19/00309 PI19/01032 PI19/00576 PI19/00017 PI19/01226 PI19/00781 PI19/01560 PI19/01332 PI20/01802 PI20/00138 PI20/01532 PI20/00456 PI20/00339 PI20/00557 PI20/00886 PI20/01158, Especial Action Project entitled: Implementacion y evaluacion de una intervencion intensiva sobre la actividad fisica Cohorte PREDIMED-Plus grant, European Research Council (ERC), European Commission 340918, La Caixa Foundation 2013ACUP00194, Junta de Andalucia PI0458/2013 PS0358/2016 PI0137/2018, Generalitat Valenciana European Commission PROMETEO/2017/017, SEMERGEN grant