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The Ascomycotina Diplodia seriata is one of the causal agent of grapevine trunk diseases. Here, we present an improved genome sequence of D. seriata isolate F98.1, isolated in 1998 at Perpignan (France) from the trunk of a diseased grapevine. D. seriata is one of the most common Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with grapevine trunk diseases. This species is also frequently isolated from woody tissues of trees such as Acer sp., Prunus sp. or Quercus sp.. Sequencing was performed using Illumina HiSeq 2500 at a coverage of 270 X. Assembly with SOAPdenovo 1.05 led to 512 contigs and 112 scaffolds (37.27 Mb, GC%: 56.8). This high quality genome (Scaffold N50, 2.9 Mb; Min scaffold length, 1.007 bp; gaps, 250 kb) has 13 scaffolds with a size higher than 1 Mb (90% of total sequence), likely corresponding to chromosomes. Using GLEAN, 8.087 CDS were identified, 93 % being supported by RNAseq (mycelium on PDB or MM for 4 days). Recently, the genome sequence of D. seriata isolate DS831 from an infected grapevine (USA, 2011) was released. The genome size of DS831 (37.13 Mb) is almost similar to F98.1. However, its assembly is 5 times more fragmented (1391 contigs, 695 scaffolds) and it carries 9398 CDS. Bidirectional best blast hit (BDBH) analysis revealed that 82% of F98.1 and DS831 CDS are similar, 1507 genes are specific to F98.1 strain, and 2763 are specific to DS831 strain. Using Blast, we showed that 2686 (97.2%) of DS831 apparently specific genes were present in F98.1 genome sequence, and reversely 1440 (95.6%) of F98.1 apparently specific genes are present in DS831 genome sequence. Therefore, the difference in CDS numbers between DS831 and F98.1 is likely a consequence of using different annotation software (Glean vs Augustus). Fusion of two annotation leads to a total of 10,500 genes. The genomes of the two species Diplodia sapinea and Diplodia scrobiculata closely related to D. seriata have been sequenced. These two genome have a size of, respectively, 36,97 and 35,85 Mb, and 13020 and 13624 genes respectively. These differences could reflect recent massive gene losses in D. seriata.

International audience; The contributions to this work by Matthias Adams (FH Birkenfeld), Sabine Schwarz (Technical University Berlin), Petra Stark (IBWF) and Anja Schüffler (IBWF) are gratefully acknowledged. Furthermore we would like to thank the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (Institut Georges Chappaz de la vigne et du vin en Champagne) and the COST European cooperation in science and technology (FA1303) for their financial support.

National audience; Les laves torrentielles et les crues torrentielles à charriage sont des événements exceptionnels qui peuvent mobiliser, en quelques dizaines de minutes, de grandes quantités de sédiments (de 10^3 à 10^5 m^3 dans les environnements alpins). Elles sont ainsi capables de modifier le relief en gérant des exhaussements ou des affouillements pouvant atteindre plusieurs mètres. Ces épisodes de transport solide intense se produisent suite à de fortes précipitations ou à la fonte des neiges. Ils se déclenchent dans certains bassins de tête du réseau hydrographique présentant des prédispositions morphométriques (forte pente du chenal, fort dénivelé spécifique du bassin) et sédimentaires (disponibilité sédimentaire) (thèse de M. Bertrand, 2014). La complexité de ces écoulements de forte pente, encore mal appréhendée, rend les lois de transport solide actuelles difficilement applicables. Pour améliorer la modélisation des mécanismes de transfert sédimentaire dans les bassins amont, une meilleure compréhension des processus d’érosion et de transport est encore nécessaire. Pour y parvenir, une des manières de procéder est d’observer des crues torrentielles (lave/charriage) sur le terrain. A ces fins, l’Irstea de Grenoble effectue le suivi de deux torrents actifs des Alpes Françaises : le Réal (06) et le Manival (38). Des bilans sédimentaires ont ainsi permis de montrer que la majorité des sédiments mobilisés lors des crues torrentielles provient, non pas de la zone de production mais du déstockage d’anciens dépôts situés dans le chenal d’écoulement (thèse de J. Theule, 2012). La présente étude vise à caractériser la re-mobilisation des sédiments disponibles dans le chenal lors des crues torrentielles. Il s’agit pour cela de quantifier, pour une série de crues: le débit, le volume mobilisé, les « respirations » morphologiques occasionnés, les distances de transport effectuées par les cailloux et les blocs rocheux et les contraintes qui leurs ont été appliquées. Dans ce but, des données de monitoring ont été collectées, et un suivi post-événements couplant photogrammétrie et traçage RFID a été mis en place. Depuis fin 2010, les sites du Réal et du Manival sont équipés de stations de mesure (Navratil et al. 2011, 2013) qui enregistrent les précipitations, la hauteur d’écoulement et les vibrations du sol. Elles collectent également des images lors des événements de pluie. Les mesures de vibrations servent à détecter les crues et à estimer la vitesse de propagation des fronts de laves. Combinées à la mesure de hauteur, elles permettent de déduire le débit et le volume mobilisé par les laves. En 2014, les signaux des stations ont été interfacés sur un site internet pour suivre à distance en temps réel l’occurrence des événements. Cela permet de se rendre plus facilement sur le terrain après chaque crue. Le suivi de profils topographiques transversaux permet d’évaluer la dynamique longitudinale de stockage-déstockage des sédiments dans le chenal (Theule et al. 2012). Les changements morphologiques survenus sur certains tronçons sont également mesurés grâce à l’implémentation d’une nouvelle technique de reconstitution 3D à partir de photographies (photogrammétrie SfM), plus pratique et moins coûteuse que l’utilisation d’un laser-scan. Enfin, certains cailloux et blocs rocheux préalablement peints et équipés de marqueurs RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) sont pistés. Cela permet de mesurer les distances qu’ils ont parcourues et d’estimer les contraintes d’arrachement maximales qu’ils ont subi. Ces mesures ont permis de mettre en place une base de données quantitative caractérisant la dynamique sédimentaire sur deux bassins différents sujets à la fois aux laves torrentielles et au charriage extrême. Ainsi, 19 laves ont été enregistrées entre 2011 et 2014 sur le torrent du Réal. Leur volume varie de quelque centaines de mètre cube à près de 20 000 mètre cube et les distances de transport peuvent atteindre plusieurs kilomètres lors d’un seul événement. Des crues torrentielles à charriage générant plusieurs mètres de dépôt ou d’érosion ont également été mesurées sur le Manival. Des images montrent que lors de ces crues, la formation d’un dépôt peut être précédée d’une phase d’érosion. Dans cette situation, une étude diachronique de la topographie peut être insuffisante et le traçage RFID peut s’avérer pertinent puisqu’il permet de savoir si le caillou est toujours en place sous le dépôt. Finalement, ces données pourront servir de bases au développement de modèles conceptuels et statistiques.

International audience

The SedAlp project contributes to an integrated management of sediment transport in Alpine basins. It is directed to an effective reduction of sediment-related risk while promoting the enhancement of riverine ecosystems and reducing the impacts of hydropower plants (balancing the implementation of EU Directives and national law e.g. RES, WFD, NGP etc.). SedAlp includes pilot actions in various representative Alpine river basins of five countries and contributes in particular to monitor sediment and wood transfer in a large set of Alpine catchments. A major goal of the project was to understand spatial and temporal variability of processes and to provide planning, warning and predictive tools but also sediment and wood management recommendations for protecting people. Furthermore the project includes strategy policy development and implementation actions for the improvement of sediment continuity in Alpine river basins. SedAlp regards the geological and climatic variability across the Alps that generate complex patterns of sediment transfer, whereas management conflicts are similar. To reach the ambitious goals of the project, it is essential to understand the key processes of sediment and wood transport. Workpackage 5 with the title "sediment transport monitoring" was focused to enhance the knowledge about these transport processes by conducting the first standardized transnational monitoring of sediment and wood transport in Alpine basins. WP5 concentrated on monitoring and assessing fluxes of sediment and wood at the local scale. Measured fluxes are strongly depending on the supply from the catchment and on the connectivity to source areas, analysed in WP4. The output of WP5 feeds WP6 which studied the interferences between structures and sediment/wood fluxes and forms the basis for WP7 which linked the catchment with channel processes. Finally, the results of WP5 contribute to policy recommendations in WP8. Within WP5, monitoring activities on 28 different pilot sites in Austria, Germany, France, Italy and Slovenia have been conducted between 2012 and 2015. The monitored transport processes covered woody debris, debris flow, bedload and suspended load. The different pilot sites showed a great diversity in catchment size, channel slope and hydraulic parameters and covered the whole bandwidth from small, high alpine catchments (e.g. Strimm: 5 km² catchment size, 2427 m elevation a.s.l) to large catchments in the alpine valleys (e.g. Drau/Dellach: 2131 km² catchment size, 600 m elevation a.s.l). With the results of the monitoring activities, a database using different parameters regarding the transport process has been established and reflects the big diversity of the different pilot sites. The coordinated sediment transport monitoring outlined the links between the various processes responsible for sediment delivery at catchment scale and stresses out the need for a closer integration between the monitoring of various sediment transport processes in Alpine headwaters. Due to the wide range of different measurement methods used within the project, one focus of this work package was to standardize the measurement procedures and harmonize data analysis. This led to the 1st milestone "Protocol on standardized data collection methods in sediment transport monitoring for transboundary exchange". These protocols were intended to describe the used monitoring techniques and data processing methods for debris flows, wood transport and bedload transport. Furthermore, the protocols work also as guidelines to assist in choosing the appropriate monitoring method for supporting prospective monitoring efforts. 4 An important aspect of the project was to understand spatial and temporal variability of the monitored processes. The observed appearance of clockwise and counter clockwise hysteresis effects between sediment and discharge, showed the significant role of the location of the active sediment source in the temporal variability of sediment transport. Analysis of the spatial distribution showed an evolvement of the bedload transport width with increasing discharge which provides vital information for an improved planning of river related measures. To determine these process related variability, the use of appropriate monitoring methods as well as their right application is of great importance. Indirect monitoring methods (e.g. geophone devices) pointed out their potential in the automatic and continuous detection of these transport processes. The presented data reflect a high spatial and temporal variability in the occurrence of bedload, suspended load debris flow and wood transport and reveal significant consequences for the practical usage of monitoring methods, data and application. Many river engineering tasks require detailed information about the extent of sediment transport and wood mobility, which are provided by sediment and wood transport relations and equations. The 3rd milestone "First set of practically applicable bedload/wood transport relations and models" gives an overview about the most common transport relations and formulas. Furthermore it presents the difficulties and challenges in the application of these relations and shows the last developments in improving transport equations. The comparison between measured and calculated specific bedload transport rates showed substantial differences in the derived results. For the practical use of these relations it is strongly recommended to select, calibrate and validate the sediment and wood transport equations using monitored field data. The evaluation of river restoration projects showed the need of an improved process understanding between sediment transport an engineering measures. The functionality and sustainability of river restoration measures are, beside the hydrologic and hydraulic conditions, mainly depending on the superior sediment regime and thus the sediment input into the reach. By increase or decrease of the mean sediment input, the hydraulic and thus morphological conditions of the reach need to rearrange to the given input by e.g. lateral and vertical adjustments of the river bed or by changing the river type.

International audience; Cultivar/rootstock Vineyard age and location Sample group Control plants Diseased plants Asymptomatic wood Asymptomatic wood Brown striped wood Chardonnay/41B 27 years-Avize (Epernay)-France ACC ADC BDC Gewurztraminer/ 16-49C 24 years-Rouffach (Colmar)-France ACG ADG BDG Mourvèdre/3309 15 years-Rodilhan (Nîmes)-France ACM ADM BDM Sample group Analysis Proteomic analysis Gene expression analysis Phenolic compounds Chardonnay ADC no important changes observed

International audience; The National Grapevine Trunk Disease Survey was conducted in France from 2003 to 2008 to monitor grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs), eutypa dieback and esca/black dead arm (BDA). Data collected from seven regions, 329 vineyards and 12 cultivars were analysed. There were great variations amongst regions in the incidence of GTDs. For esca/BDA, two groups were distinguished: vineyards in Jura and Charentes had greater incidence (93-95%) than those of Bordeaux, Alsace and Bourgogne (54-82%). Incidence increased in Charentes over the 6-year survey, with the highest values being recorded during the last 2 years. For eutypa dieback, all vineyards of Charentes were affected, with 17 to 25% of vines expressing symptoms; for the other regions, 52 to 80% of vineyards were affected, with incidences below 3%. Cultivars Savagnin and Trousseau in Jura were especially affected by esca/BDA. Instead, Ugni Blanc in Charentes was most affected by eutypa dieback. One cultivar could be significantly more affected in one region than in another. The global health status of the vineyards was also investigated. (i) For four regions, 82% (Jura) to 87% (Alsace) of the grapevines were healthy, but this percentage decreased steadily (67%) in Charentes. (ii) Plants infected by GTDs were 32 and 18% in Jura and Charentes respectively, and only 2.9% in the Bourgogne region. (iii) The unproductive plants, i. e. dead, missing, replanted or restored, represented a significant part of the losses (6.6% in Charentes to 9.9% in Jura). The extension of GTDs is discussed with regard to the abiotic and biotic factors that may favour the diseases.

International audience; Each day, accidents involving hazardous materials are managed by Emergency Services. In order to bring the best adapted operational answer, it is necessary to determine with accuracy the concentrations of the gas to which people will be exposed. The expert in charge of modeling is facing a major difficulty: few (or no) information. Therefore, for a given situation, the generation of different effect distances is possible. A sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to determine the most influential parameters on the estimation of safety distances. The goal is to identify the parameters for which it is necessary to pay a very detailed attention. The first step of the study was to define the system to be analyzed. The second step consisted in working out a complete model of evaluation of safety distances in emergency situation. This was done by combining an existing dispersion model (SLAB) with a specifically developed application for the calculation of input parameters. The input data are operational data which can be collected from the accident site and the output data are safety distances. The third step consisted in selecting two test cases representative of an accident situation involving hazardous chemicals (leak on a wagon of ammonia and a wagon of propane). After that, it was characterizing the range of possible values of the whole input parameters. A fourth step consisted in applying two methods of sensitivity analysis: a screening method (MORRIS's method) and a local sensitivity analysis. Finally, the application of these methods, on the same case study, made it possible to highlight the points of convergence of the methods and their advantages. Finally, the parameters for which it is useless / useful to initiate considerable efforts to recover a reliable value were highlighted.

PURPOSE: To assess, in one single procedure, a complete study of the female pelvis, including the Douglas pouch. METHODS: Colpocystodefecography (CCD) combines vaginal opacification, voiding cystography, and defecography. Three hundred examinations are reviewed. RESULTS: Thanks to the simultaneous visualization of the pelvic structures, CCD proved to be more useful than clinical evaluation to diagnose prolapses and particularly Douglas pouch hernias (enteroceles), the clinical diagnosis of which was missed in 93 of 111 cases. Moreover, in addition to morphologic and functional information, CCD brings about a new insight in the study of pelvic organs reciprocal influences, should they be positive (supporting function) or negative (external compression). Finally, significative pelvic surgery and particularly hysterectomy enhances greatly the risk of enteroceles. CONCLUSION: CCD is helpful in the preoperative staging, especially in the selection of the surgical procedure that will least likely predispose to possible late postoperative complications such as vaginal prolapses or enteroceles.

International audience; We report on the detection of air convection in a couple of quasi circular cavities forming the 300 years old volcanically inactive cone of Formica Leo (Piton de la Fournaise, Reunion Island) [1]. Infrared thermal images of the cone have been acquired in 2006 from a hand held camera at regular time interval during a complete diurnal cycle. During night and dawn, the data display hot rims and cold centers. Both the conductivity contrasts of the highly porous soils filling the cavities and their 30° slopes are unable to explain the systematic rim to center temperature drop. Accordingly, this signal could be attributed to an air convection dipping inside the highly porous material at the center of each cavity, then flowing upslope along the base of the soil layer, before exiting it along the rims. Anemometrical and electrical data acquired in 2007 allow for the first time the direct detection of this air flow on the field: dipping gas velocities are measured at the center of the cone and self-potentials anomalies [2] generated by the humid air flow in the porous medium are detected. To quantify this process, we present 2D/3D numerical models of air convection in a sloped volcanic soil with a surface temperature evolving between day and night and taking into account electrical phenomena created by the air flow. At this present stage, this work constitutes a first step to investigate the deep structure of the active caldera of Bory-Dolomieu. The detection of the air flow at the surface could be of paramount importance for the understanding of volcanic hazards of the Reunion volcano. [1] Antoine et. al, submitted to G-Cubed [2] Darnet, PhD, Université Louis Pasteur (2003)

International audience; We report on the detection of convective air flow in the soil of a terrestrial volcano. Similar processes may operate on Mars as suggested by observations (THEMIS) at Cerberus fractures, motivating the search for subsurface heat source on Mars.

no abstract delivered from author

La greffe demeure une technique essentielle pour la production de plants fruitiers. Cependant les phénomènes d'incompatibilité de greffe limitent fortement l'utilisation de porte-greffes d'espèces différentes de la variété greffée. La typologie de ces incompatibilités de greffes chez les arbres fruitiers est d'abord brièvement présentée ainsi que quelques hypothèses sur leur origine physiologique. Nous présentons ensuite les résultats d'une étude histologique cinétique de la formation de l'union porte-greffe/greffon chez le poirier et l'abricotier, dont l'objectif est de préciser dans quels tissus et à quel stade apparaissent les premières manifestations de l'incompatibilité. Cette étude a permis d'une part, de préciser les étapes successives qui président à l'établissement de la jonction vasculaire et d'autre part, de caractériser les symptômes précoces d'incompatibilité à l'interface porte-greffe/greffon, Les greffes incompatibles sont caractérisées par un retard de la jonction cambiale et par un fonctionnement déficient du néocambium formé à l'interface. Ces résultats montrent que la néoformation du cambium de jonction, deux à trois semaines après greffage, et son fonctionnement ultérieur jouent un rôle essentiel dans la genèse des symptômes d'incompatibilité de greffe localisée.

International audience

We present a model for the calculation of the hole concentration in boron-doped diamond. It is based on details of the structure of the valence band and on a careful energy balance around the valence band edge. The effect of a variable hole effective mass is first examined. It is found that both the hole concentration and its activation energy increase with increasing hole effective mass. The calculations are then compared to some available experimental data. Good agreement between experiment and calculation is reached. It is concluded that the model rightly describes the thermal generation of the holes from the acceptor levels to the valence band. The difficulty to determine the acceptor and donor concentration independently from the hole effective mass is finally discussed.

Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding is a rare complication of Crohn's disease, which represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The aim of this study was to define epidemiological characteristics and therapeutic options of hemorrhagic forms of Crohn's disease. Thirty-four cases of hemorrhagic forms of Crohn's disease were studied retrospectively. Acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage was defined as acute rectal bleeding originating in diseased bowel and requiring a transfusion of at least 2 units of red blood cells within 24 h. Upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage or anal lesions and postoperative bleeding were excluded. Mean age at time of hemorrhage was 34.2 +/- 14 yr. Mean duration of disease before the hemorrhage was 5.6 +/- 6 yr. The hemorrhage occurred during a flare up of the disease in 35% of cases. The hemorrhage revealed Crohn's disease in 23.5% of cases. The hemorrhage was more frequent in colonic disease (85%) than in isolated small bowel disease (15%) (p