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Early vigour in wheat is a trait that has received attention for its benefits reducing evaporation from the soil surface early in the season. However, with the growth enhancement common to crops grown under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (e[CO2]), there is a risk that too much early growth might deplete soil water and lead to more severe terminal drought stress in environments where production relies on stored soil water content. If this is the case, the incorporation of such a trait in wheat breeding programmes might have unintended negative consequences in the future, especially in dry years. We used selected data from cultivars with proven expression of high and low early vigour from the Australian Grains Free Air CO2 Enrichment (AGFACE) facility, and complemented this analysis with simulation results from two crop growth models which differ in the modelling of leaf area development and crop water use. Grain yield responses to e[CO2] were lower in the high early vigour group compared to the low early vigour group, and although these differences were not significant, they were corroborated by simulation model results. However, the simulated lower response with high early vigour lines was not caused by an earlier or greater depletion of soil water under e[CO2] and the mechanisms responsible appear to be related to an earlier saturation of the radiation intercepted. Whether this is the case in the field needs to be further investigated. In addition, there was some evidence that the timing of the drought stress during crop growth influenced the effect of e[CO2] regardless of the early vigour trait. There is a need for FACE investigations of the value of traits for drought adaptation to be conducted under more severe drought conditions and variable timing of drought stress, a risky but necessary endeavour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is predicted to reach 550 µmol mol−1 by 2050, increasing from the current ~410 µmol mol−1 concentration, and this will have an impact on wheat production and grain quality. Genetic differences in response to future CO2 levels, which might be exploited for higher yield and sustainable grain quality, were investigated. Twelve diverse genotypes (11 wheat lines and 1 triticale cultivar) were grown in the Australian Grains Free-Air CO2 Enrichment facility under ambient CO2 (~400 µmol mol−1) and elevated CO2 (eCO2) concentrations (550 µmol mol−1) in 2014 and 2015 to test for different responses to CO2. Genotype response to eCO2 for the parameters measured showed strong linear relationships. eCO2 increased plant height (11%), aboveground biomass (31%) and grain yield (32%) as means across all genotypes. Yield response to eCO2 was driven by increases in spike number and weight. The increase in CO2 caused a mean 10% decrease in grain nitrogen content and increased grain weight by 7%. Measures of bread dough quality decreased due to eCO2. Genotypes with large yield response did not show larger than mean reductions in grain %N. The apparent near-universal decline in grain %N under eCO2 might be compensated for by selection of genotypes that are highly responsive to increasing yields but resist dramatic declines in grain %N. Selection for responsiveness to eCO2 for yield and grain %N are likely to involve a range of co-related characteristics that balance sink and source relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) stimulates the leaf-level (intrinsic) water use efficiency (iWUE), which may mitigate the adverse effects of drought by lowering water use in plants. This study investigated the interactive effect of [CO2] and soil type on growth, yield and water use of canola (Brassica napus L.) in a dryland environment. Methods: Two canola cultivars (vigorous hybrid cv. 'Hyola 50' and non-hybrid cv. 'Thumper') were grown in large intact soil cores containing either a sandy Calcarosol or clay Vertosol under current ambient (a[CO2]) and future elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]), ∼550 μmol mol−1). Net assimilation rates (Anet), stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf area were measured throughout the growing season. Seed yield and yield components were recorded at final harvest. Water use was monitored by lysimeter balances. Results: Elevated [CO2]-stimulation of iWUE was greater than the effect on leaf area, therefore, water use was lower under e[CO2] than a[CO2], but this was further modified by soil type and cultivar. The dynamics of water use throughout the growing season were different between the studied cultivars and in line with their leaf development. The effect of e[CO2] on seed yield was dependent on cultivar; the non-hybrid cultivar benefitted more from increased [CO2]. Although textural differences between soil types influenced the water use under e[CO2], this did not affect the 'CO2 fertilisation effect' on the studied canola cultivars. Conclusion: Elevated [CO2]-induced water savings observed in the present study is a potential mechanism of ameliorating drought effects in high CO2 environment. Better understanding of genotypic variability in response to water use dynamics with traits affecting assimilate supply and use can help breeders to improve crop germplasm for future climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Legume N2 fixation is highly sensitive to drought. Elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]) decreases stomatal conductance (gs) and improves water use efficiency (WUE), which may result in soil water conservation and allow N2 fixation to continue longer under drought. Using a Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) approach, this study aimed to elucidate whether e[CO2] improves N2 fixation of Pisum sativum L. under drought.Methods: In a FACE system, plants were grown in ambient [CO2] (~400 ppm) or e[CO2] (~550 ppm) and subjected to either terminal drought or well-watered treatments. Measurements were taken of photosynthesis, soil water dynamics, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), amino acids (AA) and N2 fixation.Results: Lower gs under e[CO2] increased water use efficiency at leaf and plant level, and this translated to slower soil water depletion during drought. Elevated [CO2] increased WSC and decreased total AA concentrations in nodules, and increased nodule activity under drought. N2 fixation was stimulated (+51%) by e[CO2] in proportion to biomass changes. Under e[CO2] a greater proportion of plant total N was derived from fixed N2 and a smaller proportion from soil N uptake compared to a[CO2].Conclusion: This study suggests that e[CO2] increased WUE and this resulted in slower soil water depletion, allowing pea plants to maintain greater nodule activity under drought and resulting in appreciable increases in N2 fixation. Our results suggest that growth under e[CO2] can mitigate drought effects on N2 fixation and reduce dependency on soil N resources especially in water-limited agro-ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]) on crops often includes a decrease in their nutrient concentrations where reduced transpiration‐driven mass flow of nutrients has been suggested to play a role. We used two independent approaches, a free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment in the South Eastern wheat belt of Australia and a simulation study employing the agricultural production systems simulator (APSIM), to show that transpiration (mm) and nutrient uptake (gm−2) of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) in wheat are correlated under e[CO2], but that nutrient uptake per unit water transpired is higher under e[CO2] than under ambient [CO2] (a[CO2]). This result suggests that transpiration‐driven mass flow of nutrients contributes to decreases in nutrient concentrations under e[CO2], but cannot solely explain the overall decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]) on crops often includes a decrease in their nutrient concentrations where reduced transpiration‐driven mass flow of nutrients has been suggested to play a role. We used two independent approaches, a free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment in the South Eastern wheat belt of Australia and a simulation study employing the agricultural production systems simulator (APSIM), to show that transpiration (mm) and nutrient uptake (gm−2) of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) in wheat are correlated under e[CO2], but that nutrient uptake per unit water transpired is higher under e[CO2] than under ambient [CO2] (a[CO2]). This result suggests that transpiration‐driven mass flow of nutrients contributes to decreases in nutrient concentrations under e[CO2], but cannot solely explain the overall decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through stimulation of root growth, increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) may facilitate access of crops to sub-soil water, which could potentially prolong physiological activity in dryland environments, particularly because crops are more water use efficient under elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]). This study investigated the effect of drought in shallow soil versus sub-soil on agronomic and physiological responses of wheat to e[CO2] in a glasshouse experiment. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) was grown in split-columns with the top (0–30 cm) and bottom (31–60 cm; ‘sub-soil’) soil layer hydraulically separated by a wax-coated, root-penetrable layer under ambient [CO2] (a[CO2], ∼400 μmol mol-1) or e[CO2] (∼700 μmol mol-1) [CO2]. Drought was imposed from stem-elongation in either the top or bottom soil layer or both by withholding 33% of the irrigation, resulting in four water treatments (WW, WD, DW, DD; D = drought, W = well-watered, letters denote water treatment in top and bottom soil layer, respectively). Leaf gas exchange was measured weekly from stem-elongation until anthesis. Above-and belowground biomass, grain yield and yield components were evaluated at three developmental stages (stem-elongation, anthesis and maturity). Compared with a[CO2], net assimilation rate was higher and stomatal conductance was lower under e[CO2], resulting in greater intrinsic water use efficiency. Elevated [CO2] stimulated both above- and belowground biomass as well as grain yield, however, this stimulation was greater under well-watered (WW) than drought (DD) throughout the whole soil profile. Imposition of drought in either or both soil layers decreased aboveground biomass and grain yield under both [CO2] compared to the well-watered treatment. However, the greatest ‘CO2 fertilisation effect’ was observed when drought was imposed in the top soil layer only (DW), and this was associated with e[CO2]-stimulation of root growth especially in the well-watered bottom layer. We suggest that stimulation of belowground biomass under e[CO2] will allow better access to sub-soil water during grain filling period, when additional water is converted into additional yield with high efficiency in Mediterranean-type dryland agro-ecosystems. If sufficient water is available in the sub-soil, e[CO2] may help mitigating the effect of drying surface soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat production will be impacted by increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2 [ CO2], which is expected to rise from about 400 μmol mol−1 in 2015 to 550 μmol mol−1 by 2050. Changes to plant physiology and crop responses from elevated [ CO2] (e[ CO2]) are well documented for some environments, but field-level responses in dryland Mediterranean environments with terminal drought and heat waves are scarce. The Australian Grains Free Air CO2 Enrichment facility was established to compare wheat ( Triticum aestivum) growth and yield under ambient (~370 μmol−1 in 2007) and e[ CO2] (550 μmol−1) in semi-arid environments. Experiments were undertaken at two dryland sites (Horsham and Walpeup) across three years with two cultivars, two sowing times and two irrigation treatments. Mean yield stimulation due to e[ CO2] was 24% at Horsham and 53% at Walpeup, with some treatment responses greater than 70%, depending on environment. Under supplemental irrigation, e[ CO2] stimulated yields at Horsham by 37% compared to 13% under rainfed conditions, showing that water limited growth and yield response to e[ CO2]. Heat wave effects were ameliorated under e[ CO2] as shown by reductions of 31% and 54% in screenings and 10% and 12% larger kernels (Horsham and Walpeup). Greatest yield stimulations occurred in the e[ CO2] late sowing and heat stressed treatments, when supplied with more water. There were no clear differences in cultivar response due to e[ CO2]. Multiple regression showed that yield response to e[ CO2] depended on temperatures and water availability before and after anthesis. Thus, timing of temperature and water and the crop's ability to translocate carbohydrates to the grain postanthesis were all important in determining the e[ CO2] response. The large responses to e[ CO2] under dryland conditions have not been previously reported and underscore the need for field level research to provide mechanistic understanding for adapting crops to a changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underlying physiological mechanisms of intraspecific variation in growth response to elevated CO[sub 2] concentration [CO2] were investigated using two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars: Yitpi and H45. Leaf bladeelongation rate (LER), leaf carbon(C), nitrogen (N) in the expanding leaf blade (ELB, sink)and photosynthesis(A) and C and N status in the last fully expanded leaf blade (LFELB, source) were measured. Plants were grown at ambient [CO2] (~384 µmol mol-1) and elevated [CO2] (~550 µmol mol-1) in the Australian Grains Free Air CO2 Enrichment facility. Elevated [CO2] increased leaf area and total dry mass production, respectively, by 42 and 53% for Yitpi compared with 2 and 13% for H45. Elevated [CO2] also stimulated the LER by 36% for Yitpi compared with 5% for H45. Yitpi showed a 99% increase in A at elevated [CO2] but no A stimulation was found for H45. There was a strong correlation (r2 = 0.807) between LER of the ELB and soluble carbohydrate concentration in LFELB. In ELB, the highest spatial N concentration was observed in the cell division zone, where N concentrations were 67.3 and 60.6 mg g[sup -1] for Yitpi compared with 51.1 and 39.2 mg g[sup -1] for H45 at ambient and elevated [CO2].In contrast, C concentration in creased only in the cell division and cell expansion zone of the ELB of Yitpi. These findings suggest that C supply from the source (LFELB) is cultivar dependent and well correlated with LER, leaf area expansion and whole-plant growth response to elevated [CO2]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remotely sensed vegetation indices have been extensively used to quantify plant and soil characteristics. The objectives of this study were to: (i) compare vegetation indices developed at different scales for measuring canopy N content (g·N·m-2) and concentration (%); and (ii) evaluate the effects of soil background reflectance, cultivar, illumination and atmospheric conditions on the ability of vegetation indices to estimate canopy N content. Data were collected from two rainfed field sites cropped to wheat in Southern Italy (Foggia) and in Southeastern Australia (Horsham). From spectral readings, 25 vegetation indices were calculated. The Perpendicular Vegetation Index showed the best prediction of plant N concentration (%) (r2 = 0.81; standard error (SE) = 0.41%; p < 0.001). The Canopy Chlorophyll Content Index showed the best predictive capability for canopy N content (g·N·m-2) (r2 = 0.73; SE = 0.603; p < 0.001). Canopy N content was best related to indices developed at the canopy scale and containing a red-edge wavelength. Canopy-scale indices were related to canopy N%, but such relationships needed to be normalized with biomass. Geographical location influenced mainly simple ratio or normalized indices, while indices that contained red-edge wavelengths were more robust and able to estimate canopy parameters more accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates whether the target breeding trait of superior leaf level transpiration efficiency is still appropriate under increasing carbon dioxide levels of a future climate using a semi-arid cropping system as a model. Specifically, we investigated whether physiological traits governing leaf level transpiration efficiency, such as net assimilation rates (Anet), stomatal conductance (gs) or stomatal sensitivity were affected differently between two Triticum aestivum L. cultivars differing in transpiration efficiency (cv. Drysdale, superior; cv. Hartog, low). Plants were grown under Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment ( FACE, approximately 550 µmol mol−1 or ambient CO2 concentrations (approximately 390 µmol mol−1). Mean Anet (approximately 15% increase) and gs (approximately 25% decrease) were less affected by elevated [ CO2] than previously found in FACE-grown wheat (approximately 25% increase and approximately 32% decrease, respectively), potentially reflecting growth in a dry-land cropping system. In contrast to previous FACE studies, analyses of the Ball et al. model revealed an elevated [ CO2] effect on the slope of the linear regression by 12% indicating a decrease in stomatal sensitivity to the combination of [ CO2], photosynthesis rate and humidity. Differences between cultivars indicated greater transpiration efficiency for Drysdale with growth under elevated [ CO2] potentially increasing the response of this trait. This knowledge adds valuable information for crop germplasm improvement for future climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations [CO2] are increasing steadily. Some reports have shown that root growth in grain crops is mostly stimulated in the topsoil rather than evenly throughout the soil profile by e[CO2], which is not optimal for crops grown in semi-arid environments with strong reliance on stored water. An experiment was conducted during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons with two lentil (Lens culinaris) genotypes grown under Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) in which root growth was observed non-destructively with mini-rhizotrons approximately every 2–3 weeks. Root growth was not always statistically increased by e[CO2] and not consistently between depths and genotypes. In 2014, root growth in the top 15 cm of the soil profile (topsoil) was indeed increased by e[CO2], but increases at lower depths (30–45 cm) later in the season were greater than in the topsoil. In 2015, e[CO2] only increased root length in the topsoil for one genotype, potentially reflecting the lack of plant available soil water between 30–60 cm until recharged by irrigation during grain filling. Our limited data to compare responses to e[CO2] showed that root length increases in the topsoil were correlated with a lower yield response to e[CO2]. The increase in yield response was rather correlated with increases in root growth below 30 cm depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) stimulates the leaf-level (intrinsic) water use efficiency (iWUE), which may mitigate the adverse effects of drought by lowering water use in plants. This study investigated the interactive effect of [CO2] and soil type on growth, yield and water use of canola (Brassica napus L.) in a dryland environment. Methods: Two canola cultivars (vigorous hybrid cv. 'Hyola 50' and non-hybrid cv. 'Thumper') were grown in large intact soil cores containing either a sandy Calcarosol or clay Vertosol under current ambient (a[CO2]) and future elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]), ∼550 μmol mol−1). Net assimilation rates (Anet), stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf area were measured throughout the growing season. Seed yield and yield components were recorded at final harvest. Water use was monitored by lysimeter balances. Results: Elevated [CO2]-stimulation of iWUE was greater than the effect on leaf area, therefore, water use was lower under e[CO2] than a[CO2], but this was further modified by soil type and cultivar. The dynamics of water use throughout the growing season were different between the studied cultivars and in line with their leaf development. The effect of e[CO2] on seed yield was dependent on cultivar; the non-hybrid cultivar benefitted more from increased [CO2]. Although textural differences between soil types influenced the water use under e[CO2], this did not affect the 'CO2 fertilisation effect' on the studied canola cultivars. Conclusion: Elevated [CO2]-induced water savings observed in the present study is a potential mechanism of ameliorating drought effects in high CO2 environment. Better understanding of genotypic variability in response to water use dynamics with traits affecting assimilate supply and use can help breeders to improve crop germplasm for future climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In order to investigate the intra-specific variation of wheat grain quality response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (e[CO2]), eight wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)cultivars were grown at two CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) (current atmospheric, 389 CO2 μmol mol−1 vs. e[CO2], FACE (Free-Air CO2 Enrichment), 550 ± 10% CO2 μmol mol−1), at two water levels (rain-fed vs. irrigated) and at two times of sowing (TOS1, vs. TOS2). The TOS treatment was mainly imposed to understand whether e[CO2] could modify the effects of timing of higher grain filling temperatures on grain quality. When plants were grown at TOS1, TKW (thousand kernel weight), grain test weight, hardness index, P, Ca, Na and phytate were not significantly changed under e[CO2]. On the other hand, e[CO2] increased TKW (16%), hardness index (9%), kernel diameter (6%), test weight (2%) but decreased grain protein (10%) and grain phytate (11%) at TOS2. In regard to grain Zn, Mn and Cu concentrations and some flour rheological properties, cultivar specific responses to e[CO2] were observed at both sowing times. Observed genetic variability in response to e[CO2] in terms of grain minerals and flour rheological properties could be easily incorporated into future wheat breeding programs to enable adaptation to climate change. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We investigated wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain quality under Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) of 550 ± 10% CO2 μmol mol−1. In each of two full growing seasons (2008 and 2009), two times of sowing were compared, with late sowing designed to mimic high temperature during grain filling. Grain samples were subjected to a range of physical, nutritional and rheological quality assessments. Elevated CO2 increased thousand grain weight (8%) and grain diameter (5%). Flour protein concentration was reduced by 11% at e[CO2], with the highest reduction being observed at the late time of sowing in 2009, (15%). Most of the grain mineral concentrations decreased under e[CO2] - Ca (11%), Mg (7%), P (11%) and S (7%), Fe (10%), Zn (17%), Na (19%), while total uptake of these nutrients per unit ground area increased. Rheological properties of the flour were altered by e[CO2] and bread volume reduced by 7%. Phytate concentration in grains tended to decrease (17%) at e[CO2] while grain fructan concentration remained unchanged. The data suggest that rising atmospheric [CO2] will reduce the nutritional and rheological quality of wheat grain, but at high temperature, e[CO2] effects may be moderated. Reduced phytate concentrations at e[CO2] may improve bioavailability of Fe and Zn in wheat grain. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study investigated whether yield advantages of the wheat cultivar ‘Drysdale’ (selected for high transpiration efficiency) over recurrent parent ‘Hartog’ (low transpiration efficiency) are maintained under future atmospheric CO2. Growth, yield and yield components at three developmental stages (stem elongation, anthesis, maturity) were evaluated at two CO2 concentrations (ambient, a[CO2], ∼390μmolmol−1 and elevated, e[CO2], ∼550μmolmol−1). Growth under e[CO2] stimulated yield and above ground biomass on average by ∼18%. ‘Hartog’ compared to ‘Drysdale’ had significantly greater crop growth rate (∼14%), above ground biomass (∼15%), leaf area index (∼25%) and tiller numbers (∼16%) during early development (stem elongation). ‘Hartog’, however, lost this initial growth advantage over ‘Drysdale’ until anthesis when ‘Drysdale’ had more green leaf mass (∼15%) and greater spike (∼8%) and tiller (∼11%) numbers, particularly when grown under e[CO2]. At maturity, this resulted in a yield advantage of ∼19% of ‘Drysdale’ over ‘Hartog’ when grown under e[CO2] but only of ∼2% under a[CO2]. We suggest that wheat cultivars selected for superior transpiration efficiency will remain successful in a high [CO2] world. Evidence from this study even indicates that such cultivars may confer future advantage in some environments where this is not evident under current [CO2]. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Within the Australian Grains Free Air CO 2 Enrichment (AGFACE) research program, several facilities were established at different field sites near the towns of Horsham (36.752 S, 142.114 E; 127 m elevation), and Walpeup (35.121 S, 142.005 E; 94 m elevation) in the state of Victoria Australia from 2007 - 2017. These included: TraitFACE, SoilFACE, WalpeupFACE, VegeFACE, and NFACE. These facilities were designed to answer a range of research questions to understand the impacts of elevated CO 2 (e[CO 2 ]) on crop physiology and production. To this end, FACE 'rings' (octagons) were built to elevate atmospheric CO 2 to 550 µmol/mol expected by 2050. These rings were open structures allowing crops to grow freely, without enclosures. Each side of an octagonal ring was individually controlled by a ring-side controller that injected CO 2 over crops as per the control program. Infrared Gas Analysers (IRGAs) placed at ring centres sampled air continuously from 10 cm above the crop canopy, while CO 2 was injected at a height 15 cm above the crop canopy. Infrared Gas Analysers (IRGAs) measured atmospheric CO 2 concentration ([CO 2 ]) during the cropping season and provided feedback to the controller to maintain ring-centre [CO 2 ] at 550 µmol/mol. The [CO 2 ] data were collected from the centre of each FACE ring from 2007 until 2017. The [CO 2 ] within a ring was measured each second using calibrated IRGAs. Wind direction and speed were monitored continuously at 2 m above the soil surface at the centre of each ring. These measurements were also collected at the centres of a couple of ambient experimental areas (control - no rings) using the same IRGA and wind sensors. A wireless ethernet local area network (LAN) and a Visual Basic program were used to monitor and transmit data from the individual rings and control areas for data logging. Data at every 4th second and one-minute average (A&#95;MN&#95;CO2) from each ring were logged to daily files, and only A&#95;MN&#95;CO2 data were combined into a seasonal cumulative file. All data recorded during the IRGA warmup period and due to equipment malfunction were removed from cleaned data files. Only A&#95;MN&#95;CO2 data from the rings are uploaded in the Mendeley Data Repository for this article because these data are principally used by scientists and researchers. Data columns in an individual clean file are labelled with abbreviated column names and each file includes: 1) RING, 2) DATE, 3) TIME, 4) A&#95;MN&#95;CO2, 5) REGULAT, 6) WIND&#95;SPD, 7) WIND&#95;DIR and 8) RING&#95;SEC. A limited amount of data (2007 CO 2 data at ring centres from 8 TraitFACE rings) was published previously [1]., Competing Interests: We the authors declare that we have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships which have or could be perceived to have influenced the work reported in this article., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.)