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Protecting healthcare workers (HCWs) who are in the frontline during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic is paramount. The filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) or N95 respirator is one of the personal protective equipment (PPE) used to protect HCWs exposed to airborne pathogens in clinical practice or when performing aerosol generating procedures. The FFRs should be able to serve the intended purpose without causing additional health and safety hazards for the HCWs. The following commentary will provide some basic information on selecting correct FFRs and conducting fitness test.

Restrictions on social activities to online learning processes increase the potential for low body movements or sedentary life in Physical Education Students (PES). The purpose of this study was to determine the level of physical fitness of Tanjungpura University Physical Education students in terms of cardiorespiratory endurance. This study used a survey method. The data collection technique uses tests and measurements with the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT) instrument. The sample in this study were 33 male students. The data analysis technique used descriptive percentage. The results showed that none of the students had VO2Max at a very good level, there were 12.5% in the good category, and most of the students with a percentage of 62.5% were at a moderate level. While the remaining 18.75% and 9.37% are at the level of less and less. The conclusion of this study is that most Physical Education Students (PES) still have good physical fitness, while some students who are at a low level and very less need to be given motivation and understanding regarding the importance of fitness in sports students.

The quality of maximum oxygen volume (VO2max) for athletes is important for an athlete's performance. VO2Max is the maximum volume of oxygen that can be used per minute. The maximum amount of oxygen consumed per unit time by a person during exercise or tests, with training progressively heavier until exhaustion, is called VO2Max. The Vo2Max Direct examination is the most accurate test in determining the level of heart and lung fitness in performing physical activities with maximum intensity. Maximum oxygen uptake (Vo2max) is defined as the maximum value at which oxygen can still be taken, distributed, and used by the body when the intensity of physical activity reaches its maximum. This service method provides material on the importance of evaluating physical conditions, especially Vo2max to athletes. This service aims to help the Indonesian National Sports Committee (KONI) Rokan Hulu Regency to find out the fitness of athletes from several sports as seen from VO2 Max. The method used in this service is that all athletes follow the service's direction about the importance of VO2 Max and perform a Multistage Fitness Test (MFT). The results of this dedication by the athletes and management of KONI understand the importance of VO2 Max and the results of the MFT test, only a few athletes in good and other categories are sufficient and low.

Summary Background. When analyzing the available literature, we found differences and considerable variability in the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) reliability methods. Problems and Aim. For this reason, we have set our goal to determine the reliability and measurement error of all parameters by SJFT. Methods. The research sample consisted of 15 judo athletes (17.13 ± 1.96 years, body height 174.4 ± 10.64 cm, body weight 72 ± 15.37 kg) who trained in judo on average 8.73 ± 2.12 years in two different Slovak judo clubs. The results were processed using interclass correlation analysis and measurement error percentage. Results. Our results indicate poor reliability for HR0 (α= 0.374, Err = 4.2 %) and moderate reliability for the following parameters: the number of throws in section A (α = 0.641, Err = 5.9 %), section B (α = 0.512, Err = 6.0 %), and section C (α = 0.644, Err = 5.9 %), respectively. Moderate reliability was also found for the total number of throws (α = 0.687, Err = 5.1 %). Good reliability was found for HR1 (α = 0797, Err = 3.5 %) and SJFT index (α = 0.807, Err = 4.5 %). Conclusions. According to the results of this study, by testing the special level of judo fitness, as well as its changes, we recommend using the HR1 and SJFT index as good reliable parameters.

BACKGROUND: Law enforcement agencies often include fitness testing as part of the hiring process. However, it can be months from this testing to when a recruit starts academy. OBJECTIVE: To determine fitness changes from hiring to academy in recruits who graduate (GRAD) or separate (SEP; do not complete) from academy. METHODS: Analysis on recruits from one agency, split into GRAD (n = 436) and SEP (n = 78) groups, was conducted. These tests were conducted during initial hiring and academy: push-ups, sit-ups, and arm ergometer revolutions in 60 s; 75-yard pursuit run (75PR); and 2.4 km run. Data were analyzed via a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Change scores were derived between hiring and academy data for both groups, and analyzed via independent samples t-tests. RESULTS: Push-ups, 75PR, arm ergometer, and 2.4 km run generally improved (p≤0.001). There were no significant between-group interactions or differences in performance changes for GRAD and SEP recruits. SEP recruits tended to have lesser fitness test performance compared to GRAD recruits. CONCLUSIONS: GRAD and SEP recruits showed some fitness improvements between initial hiring through to academy. However, SEP recruits with lesser muscular endurance, running speed, and aerobic capacity during hiring did not substantially improve by academy, which likely impacted their academy survivability.

This study aims to develop a feasible Android-based Rockport Walking Fitness Test application. This development research uses the ADDIE development model which consists of four stages of development: analysis, design, development and implementation, and evaluation. The Rockport Walking Fitness Test application contains the application menu, in the form of: (a) homepage, (b) Rockport Test, which contains a description page about the Rockport Walking Fitness Test, (c) guide, contains a guide page for application use and implementation of the Rockport Walking Fitness Test , (d) start the test, the data input page and timer that guides the implementation of the Rockport Walking Fitness Test, which continues to display the results of the Rockport Walking Fitness Test conducted, and (e) about, is a page that contains information about the Rockport Walking Fitness Test application and developer profile. Feasibility of the Rockport Walking Fitness Test application is assessed based on the assessment of material experts, obtained a score of 53.50 from a total score of 56.00 (very feasible category). Appraisal of feasibility by media experts obtained a score of 63.00 from a total score of 68.00 (very feasible category). The assessment of users in small group trials obtained a score of 42.17 from a total score of 52.00 (decent category). In the large group/field trial, the user assessment obtained a score of 49.77 from a total score of 52.00 (very feasible category). ROCKPORT WALKING FITNESS TEST APPS: APLIKASI TES KEBUGARAN KARDIORESPIRASI METODE ROCKPORT BERBASIS ANDROID AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan aplikasi Rockport Walking Fitness Test berbasis Android yang layak. Penelitian pengembangan ini menggunakan model pengembangan ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development and Implementation, Evaluation) yang terdiri dari empat tahap pengembangan yaitu analisis, perancangan, pengembangan dan implementasi, serta evaluasi. Gambaran umum aplikasi Rockport Walking Fitness Test memuat menu aplikasi, berupa: (a) beranda, (b) Rockport Test, yang berisi halaman deskripsi tentang Rockport Walking Fitness Test, (c) panduan, beirisi halaman panduan penggunaan aplikasi dan pelaksanaan Rockport Walking Fitness Test, (d) mulai tes, yaitu halaman input data dan penghitung waktu yang memandu pelaksanaan Rockport Walking Fitness Test, yang dilanjutkan menampilkan hasil Rockport Walking Fitness Test yang dilakukan, dan (e) tentang, merupakan halaman yang memuat informas mengenai aplikasi Rockport Walking Fitness Test serta profil pengembang. Kelayakan aplikasi Rockport Walking Fitness Test dinilai berdasarkan penilaian ahli materi, diperoleh skor sebesar 53,50 dari skor total sebesar 56,00 (sangat layak). Penilaian kelayakan oleh ahli media diperoleh skor sebesar 63,00 dari nilai skor total sebesar 68,00 (sangat layak). Penilaian para pengguna pada uji coba kelompok kecil diperoleh skor sebesar 42,17 dari nilai skor total 52,00 (layak). Pada uji coba kelompok besar/lapangan, penilaian pengguna diperoleh skor sebesar 49,77 dari nilai skor total 52,00 (sangat layak).

To optimize use of available resources, professional academies develop strategies to assess, monitor, and evaluate players as they progress through adolescence toward adulthood. However, few published reports exist using longitudinal study designs to examine performance throughout adolescence and the transition from youth to professional soccer. We examined differences in the age of player recruitment alongside longitudinal performance differences on field-based fitness tests of successful vs. unsuccessful graduates across the entire age spectrum recruited by a professional soccer academy. Altogether, 537 youth soccer players volunteered to participate. We recorded the age of recruitment, biannual fitness test performance, and subsequent success in attaining a senior professional contract at the club across a period of 12 years. Only 53 (10%) of players were successful in obtaining a professional contract, with 68% of players who became professional being recruited at 12 years of age or older. Individuals recruited at an earlier age did not display a higher probability of success in attaining a professional contract. Bayesian regression models reported a consistent interaction between age and group for data on all performance measures. Moreover, "successful" academy graduates only physically outperformed their "unsuccessful" counterparts from age similar to 13-14 years onward, with either no differences in performance, or performance on physical fitness tests favoring "unsuccessful" players prior to this age. Findings suggest that high achievers during childhood and early adolescence may not develop into successful senior professionals, raising concerns about the predictive utility of talent identification models.

Purpose – to investigate the relation between the functional state and the physical fitness of studentswith different levels of biological development. Methods of the Research. 1) Physical fitness tests (combinedforce test, 100 and 1000 m running, 4×9 m multi-stage fitness test, standing long jump, body leaning forwardfrom seated position, pull-up on the beam); 2) Biological methods (anthropometry, determination of the level ofbiological development, blood pressure, adaptive capacity, Robinson and Kerdo indixes, life index, Shtange andGenchi’s tests; 3) methods of mathematical statistics. The study involved 332 pupils of the Carpathian Lyceumwith enhanced physical training between the ages of 13 and 17. Results. As the level of biological developmentincreases, the functional reserves of the organism decrease, as shown by the low life index and the Robinsonindex. These changes were accompanied by an increase in systolic blood pressure and adaptive capacity,indicating the stress of the organism’s regulatory systems. As the level of biological development increases, sodo the indicators of comprehensive strength exercise, standing long jump, flexibility and pull-up on the beam. Inaddition, the stamina and agility of adolescents with low levels of biological development are decreasing.Conclusion. The increase in the level of biological development is accompanied by a growth in the developmentof force and speed-force qualities, as well as flexibility. However, during the period of intense puberty, againstthe background of the slowing of the differentiation of the cardiorespiratory fitness and the increase in thetension of the mechanisms of neuro-humoral regulation of body functions, the growth of aerobic possibilities(stamina) is slowed down. The development of physical abilities and functional reserves of physiological systemsis heterochronous, due to the different growth rates of the organism and biological development. Taking intoaccount the identified physical and functional conditions of adolescents with different levels of biologicaldevelopment in the course of physical training will make it possible to carry out more effective dosing ofphysical loads in adolescence.Keywords: functional state, adolescents,biological development, physical-fitness, physical qualities,functional reserves.

Background: The Senior Fitness Test (SFT) measures the underlying physical parameters associated with functional ability, and identifies whether an older adult may be at risk of loss of functional fitness. Assessing the functional fitness performance of older adults is an essential element in the design of effective exercise programs. Aim of the study: The present study aimed to assess selected parameters of the body structure and functional fitness of the elderly using the SFT. Material and methods: 60 people (30 women and 30 men) were examined. The participants were divided into two age groups: the younger group (people up to 74 years old) and the older group (people over 75 years old). Height, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference were measured. Body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was estimated. The SFT was used to assess physical fitness. Results: The younger men were taller, heavier, and had greater hip circumference than older men (respectively p=0.03, p=0.02, p=0.03). Younger men also showed statistically significant better results in the arm curl and 2 min step tests (p

Purpose: To examine differences in fitness test performance and the attributions made for the performances between high school students of different weight status. Methods: High school students (n = 185) completed the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run and the push-up fitness tests and then completed the modified Causal Dimension Scale to assess their attributions for their performances. Results: Students of a healthy weight performed higher than overweight/obese students on both fitness tests. There were no significant differences in attribution dimension scores for either test between healthy weight and overweight/obese students. Student performance played a significant role on the attribution dimension scores for both tests. Students primarily attributed their push-up and Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run performance to ability. Conclusion: As student performance is significantly associated with attribution dimension scores, improving fitness test performance should subsequently foster adaptive attributions, creating a high expectancy for future success.

Owing to confounding factors influencing the effect of aging, systematic analyses of age-related changes in motor ability are mostly limited to the use of animals whose diets and genetics can be controlled or the use of datasets of athletes who share similar lifestyles. However, we lack systematic methods for analyzing the effect of aging on the motor ability structure of the general public. We propose that principal component analysis (PCA) on fitness test results of a large sample may provide information on the aging-induced change in the motor ability structure of the general public. We complied the fitness test records of 7402 Koreans between the ages of 20 and 64, and performed PCA on the records of gripping, 50m dash, sit-ups, and shuttle runs, which indicate strength, speed, muscular endurance, and aerobic endurance, respectively. Our analysis shows the structural changes in motor ability around the age of 40 and 60 in Korea. We expect that the proposed approach can be applied to similar datasets from other countries or local communities to quantify any age-induced change in motor ability structure in each specific group.

ObjectiveTo examine the effect of gender affirming hormones on athletic performance among transwomen and transmen.MethodsWe reviewed fitness test results and medical records of 29 transmen and 46 transwomen who started gender affirming hormones while in the United States Air Force. We compared pre- and post-hormone fitness test results of the transwomen and transmen with the average performance of all women and men under the age of 30 in the Air Force between 2004 and 2014. We also measured the rate of hormone associated changes in body composition and athletic performance.ResultsParticipants were 26.2 years old (SD 5.5). Prior to gender affirming hormones, transwomen performed 31% more push-ups and 15% more sit-ups in 1 min and ran 1.5 miles 21% faster than their female counterparts. After 2 years of taking feminising hormones, the push-up and sit-up differences disappeared but transwomen were still 12% faster. Prior to gender affirming hormones, transmen performed 43% fewer push-ups and ran 1.5 miles 15% slower than their male counterparts. After 1 year of taking masculinising hormones, there was no longer a difference in push-ups or run times, and the number of sit-ups performed in 1 min by transmen exceeded the average performance of their male counterparts.SummaryThe 15–31% athletic advantage that transwomen displayed over their female counterparts prior to starting gender affirming hormones declined with feminising therapy. However, transwomen still had a 9% faster mean run speed after the 1 year period of testosterone suppression that is recommended by World Athletics for inclusion in women’s events.

هدف البحث التعرف على تأثير البرنامج المقترح على اللياقة القلبية التنفسية المتمثلة في معدل النبض، السعة الحيوية للرئتين، کثافة الرئتين أثناء الزفير، أقصى حجم للزفير خلال الثانية، واستخدمالباحثالمنهج التجريبي، نظرا لملائمته لطبيعة البحث مستخدما تصميم القياس القبلي والبعدي للمجموعة التجريبية، واشتمل مجتمع البحث على مجموعة من العينة من المقلعيين عن ن عن التدخين وعددهم (25) فرد، وبلغت المجموعة الاستطلاعية عدد (5) فرد، وبلغت المجموعة التجريبية عدد (20) فرد، ، قام الباحث بإجراء التجربة الاستطلاعية على عدد (5) من العينة من المقلعيين عن ن عن التدخين من خارج عينة البحث، وأظهرت نتائج البحث أن البرنامج التأهيلي البدني المستخدم أدى إلى التحسن في اللياقة القلبية التنفسية، ويظهر ذلک في الفرق بين القياس القبلي والبعدي لصالح القياس البعدي للمجموعة التجريبية، وارتفاع نسبة التحسن في قياس اختبار اللياقة القلبية والتنفسية کمتغير فسيولوجي هام تعتمد عليه برامج تأهيل حالات العينة من المقلعيين عن ن عن التدخين لتحسين وظائف عمل القلب والجهاز التنفسي، وفي ضوء هذه النتائج يوصي الباحث بالاهتمام بوضع برامج تأهيلية مقننة على أسس علمية تتناسب مع نوعية المشکلة التي يعاني منها الأفراد، واستخدام البرنامج التأهيلي قيد البحث لتحسين اللياقة القلبية التنفسية للأفراد أصحاب المشکلات بالجهاز التنفسي. The aim of the research is to identify the effect of the proposed program on cardiorespiratory fitness represented in the pulse rate, the vital capacity of the lungs, the density of the lungs during exhalation, and the maximum volume of exhalation within the second. Research on a group of (25) people who quit smoking, and the survey group reached (5) individuals, and the experimental group reached (20) individuals, the researcher conducted a pilot experiment on a number (5) who quit smoking from outside the research sample The results of the research showed that the physical rehabilitation program used led to improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness, and this is evident in the difference between the pre and post measurement in favor of the post measurement in favor of the experimental group, and the increase in the improvement rate in the measurement of the cardiovascular and respiratory fitness test as an important physiological variable on which the rehabilitation programs depend on Smoking to improve the functioning of the heart and respiratory system, and in light of these results, the researcher recommends paying attention to establishing rehabilitative programs codified on scientific grounds commensurate with the type of problem. Of individuals suffering from, and the use of the rehabilitation program under investigation to improve the cardiorespiratory fitness of individuals with respiratory problems

This study compared different groups yearly based on the different annual quota of Physical Education (PE) classes in anthropometric parameters, physical fitness tests, and grades achievements. The study included adolescents from 14 to 18 years of age, at the Croatian Industrial School in Slavonski Brod. They were 225 participants in the 2015-2016 academic year, 213 in 2016-2017, 200 in 2017-2018, and 318 in 2017-2018. Groups were determined yearly by the different annual quota of PE classes (1 or 2 per week) in the teaching program. Anthropometric measures (body height, body weight, BMI), physical fitness tests (standing long jump, sit-ups, run for 1000 m), grade in the PE class, and the general achievement grade at the end of the school year were conducted. Data collected from the 2015-2016 until the 2018-2019 academic year. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the differences between groups for each school year separately. Results for sit-ups and run for 1000 m test in 2015-2016, BMI in 2018-2019, and the grade of PE class in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 academic year indicated significant differences between groups (p

PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to compare the daily fitness tests of nursing home residents and community-dwelling elderly women after 16 weeks program.METHODS:Thirty elderly women living in a nursing home (n=14) or community (n=16) participated in the study. The program was assigned 1 hour twice a week for 16 weeks to improve the physical activity for the elderly women. The daily fitness test assessed the physical fitness levels for elderly. The tests performed the 2-min step test, chair stand test, arm curl test, chair sit and reach test, backscratch test, 244-cm up and go test.RESULTS:A result of the study show that the daily physical fitness of the elderly women living in the community is higher than those living in nursing homes. After the program which induced physical activity, 2-min step test (pp

Objectives Firstly, to investigate the longitudinal associations between accelerometer-derived physical activity (PA) intensities and physical fitness (PF) at 24-month follow-up in adolescents. Secondly, to examine how substituting time spent in low or moderate PA intensities with vigorous PA at baseline was related to PF at 24-month follow-up. Design Longitudinal observational study Method The DADOS (Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud) study is a 3-year longitudinal research project carried out between years 2015–2017. The analyses included 189 adolescents (91 girls) aged 13.9 ± 0.3 years at baseline. PA was assessed by a wrist-worn GENEActiv triaxial accelerometer and expressed as minutes/day of light, moderate and vigorous PA. Cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal and motor fitness were assessed by field tests and a global fitness z-score was calculated as the mean of the z-scores values of each fitness test. Association between PA intensities and PF were determined using linear regression. Isotemporal analyses estimating the association of reallocating PA intensities with PF were performed. Results Baseline vigorous PA was positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and global fitness score at follow-up in boys (β = 0.234;p = 0.002, β = 0.340;p < 0.001) and girls (β = 0.184;p = 0.043, β = 0.213;p = 0.004). In boys, baseline vigorous PA was also positively associated with musculoskeletal and motor fitness (β = 0.139;p = 0.035, β = 0.195;p = 0.021). The substitution of 10 min/day of light PA or moderate PA with 10 min/day of vigorous PA at baseline was positively associated with all PF components and global fitness score in boys (p < 0.001), and with global fitness score girls (p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings highlight the need of promoting vigorous PA due to its specific influence on adolescent's PF.

Lockie, RG, Dawes, JJ, Dulla, JM, Orr, RM, and Hernandez, E. Physical fitness, sex considerations, and academy graduation for law enforcement recruits. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3356-3363, 2020-This study investigated the influence of fitness on academy graduation, and any between-sex differences, in law enforcement recruits. Data collected at the start of 4 training academies were retrospectively analyzed, including age, height, and body mass; waist circumference; waist-to-hip ratio; grip strength; vertical jump (VJ); 75-yard pursuit run; 2-kg medicine ball throw (MBT); push-ups, sit-ups, and arm ergometer revolutions in 60 seconds; and 20-m multistage fitness test (20MSFT) shuttles. Recruits were categorized into graduated (GRAD = 269) and separated (did not graduate; SEP = 42) groups. SEP recruits were not split according to separation reasons, just whether they did or not. This categorization also occurred for male subjects (GRAD = 228; SEP = 32) and female subjects (GRAD = 41; SEP = 10). Independent samples t-tests calculated between-group differences for all recruits combined, male subjects, and female subjects. Correlations and stepwise linear regression calculated relationships between the data and graduation. The t-test (p ≤ 0.016) and correlation (r = ±0.137-0.296; p < 0.05) data indicated that SEP recruits (both sexes combined) were older and performed poorer in every fitness test except grip strength and VJ. SEP male subjects were older and performed poorer in all tests except grip strength (p ≤ 0.009). SEP female subjects scored lower in the arm ergometer (p = 0.008). The regression equation for all recruits found that age, 20MSFT (aerobic fitness), MBT (upper-body power), and arm ergometer (upper-body endurance) were academy graduation predictors (r = 0.169; p < 0.001). For the male recruits, the predictors were age, MBT, and 20MSFT (r = 0.182; p ≤ 0.001), and for female recruits, arm ergometer and 20MSFT (r = 0.213; p ≤ 0.003). Recruits should improve multiple fitness aspects, including muscular endurance, power, and aerobic fitness, to enhance graduation potential.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare functional capacity and biochemical factors among elderly women living in the urban and rural sectors of Yumbe, Chile. The sample consisted of 2 groups of elderly women from the province of Ñuble, from the eighth region of Chile, divided into urban elderly (UE) (n = 20) with a mean age of 67.57 ± 3.4 years, and rural elderly (RE) (n = 20), with a mean age of 71.25 ± 2.2 years. The following biochemical variables were analyzed: glycemic index a, and triglycerides levels and cholesterol levels. The test battery used to assess functional capacity was the Senior Fitness Test. It was found that the UE group presented better indices than the RE group for all variables except glycemia, for which the RE group presented better indices. In the functional capacity, in particular, the upper and lower body strength is significantly lower in the RE. The functional capacity and the biochemical parameters studied have shown that the elderly women of different social conditions in the Yumbe-Chile region do not present a good degree of functionality, and also show high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, which might be the cause of the increased prevalence of health problems in this population.

Regular monitoring of players in a team can be a challenge because it is time consuming, expensive and impractical. The Fatigue and Fitness Test for Teams (FFITT) was developed to satisfy the demands of a practical monitoring protocol for frequent use in team sports. This study aimed to quantify the sensitivity of the FFITT and assess the practicality of implementing the FFITT in a rugby team. The FFITT was completed before and after three university 1st XV rugby union matches. The FFITT was sensitive to the demands of a rugby match in some individuals. Grouped results (

Physical fitness is an individual's ability to perform daily tasks efficiently and effectively with out fatigue and the ability to perform activities during emergencies. Individuals who have good physical fitness are individuals who have physical fitness based on health and physical fitness-based skills. Physical fitness is based on five components namely body composition, cardiovascular endurance, muscle endurance, muscle strength, and flexibility. There are more than 15 physical fitness battery tests used worldwide to measure the level of physical fitness of children and adults. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the use of physical fitness test battery and the level of physical fitness of children based on health. Accordingly, the literature analysis shows that the most frequently used battery tests to measure children's fitness are FITNESSGRAM battery tests used in the United States and EUROFITT battery tests used in European countries. Whereas Malaysia uses the SEGAK Test only for children aged 10 to 17. The components and methods of conducting a physical-based physical fitness test will be described in detail. In conclusion, measuring the physical fitness level of children based on health provides important information to students, teachers, and parents about the child's physical fitness level. In this regard, physical-based physical fitness tests should be carried out to suit the age of the child, and indirectly the health of the child can be reflected through physical-based physical fitness tests.

Children with heart diseases have reduced physical activity (PA) levels relative to their peers, which in turn increases cardiovascular risk. To the best of our knowledge, physical fitness and objectively measured PA levels have not been previously studied in children with pacemakers. We evaluated PA levels and physical fitness in pediatric pacemaker patients compared to their healthy peers. Twenty-eight pediatric patients with pacemakers (15 female, 13 male; mean age 13.43 ± 3.68 years) and 24 healthy subjects (14 female, 10 male; mean age 13.08 ± 3.67 years) were included. Physical fitness was assessed using the Munich Fitness Test (MFT). SenseWear Armband metabolic Holter device was used to record the PA for 7 consecutive days. MFT total and sub-parameter scores were significantly lower in the patient group (p 0.05). Patients' total and active energy expenditure, PA level, total distance, number of steps, and vigorous PA were significantly lower than those of healthy children (p 0.05). Sedentary activity and light, moderate, and very vigorous PA durations were similar in both groups (p 0.05). Duration of mean moderate to vigorous PA was higher than 60 min/day recommended in PA guidelines in both patients and healthy subjects. These results provide initial data on PA and fitness in children with pacemakers and suggest that physical fitness and activity levels in children with pacemakers are lower than in healthy peers. Appropriate exercise programs may improve PA levels in pediatric pacemaker patients. Awareness of the importance of PA should be raised among the parents and families of these children.

Background Exercise testing is routinely used to measure exercise capacity in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). Various tests are available, however the psychometric properties of these measures have not been systematically reviewed for this population. Method A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, CINHAL, Cochrane, and PEDro) was performed to identify papers that: (a) reported original psychometric data, (b) examined a measure of exercise capacity, (c) examined children with CF aged eight to 18 years; and (d) were published in English after 1950. The level of psychometric evidence was evaluated using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. Results Searches identified 1025 papers. Forty-six papers were included, covering 15 tests: incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test using a cycle ergometer (CPET(cycle)) or treadmill (CPET(treadmill)), 6 minute walk test (6MWT), modified shuttle test (MST), 3-minute step test (3MST), 2 minute walk test (2MWT), Bratteby walk test, intermittent sprint test, speed ramp test, incremental step test, forward-backwards jump test (FBJT), astride jump test (AJT), motor quotient test, Munich fitness test, and Glittre ADL test. Conclusion There is a plethora of exercise tests available with varying psychometric robustness. The CPET, 6MWT, and MST have fair to good psychometric properties, but each with their clinical advantages and limitations. Thus, a Selection Guide was developed to assist clinicians and researchers in selecting the most appropriate exercise test for various situations.

PurposeTo determine the relationship between metabolic fitness test scores and performance in police occupational tasks.MethodsRetrospective data from 106 law enforcement officers who completed two metabolic fitness assessments [anaerobic: a 20-m (10-m and 20-m splits) sprint, aerobic: 20 m Multi-Stage Fitness Test (20 m-MSFT)] and three routine occupational tasks [1.22 m Fence jump (FJ), 8.5 m Victim Drag (VD with 102.3 kg) and “Get-up” (GU)] were collected. A Person’s correlation coefficient and a standard multiple regression were used to assess the relationship between and predictive ability of, respectively, the fitness tests scores and performance on occupational tasks.ResultsThere was a significant positive correlation between the 10-m sprint scores and FJ (r = 0.524,P r = 0.528,P r = 0.486,P r = 0.573,P r = 0.603,P r = 0.533,P r = − 0.360,P r = − 0.266,P = 0.012) and GU (r = − 0.375,P ConclusionHigh levels of metabolic fitness correlated with faster performance in police officer occupational tasks, particularly ones of an anaerobic nature (i.e. the maximal sprint tests). In addition to typical aerobic fitness conditioning, anaerobic fitness conditioning could be vital for optimal performance in physically demanding tasks required of police officer.

In the current study, a total of 86 soccer’s players with mean age of 14 years drawn from Terengganu soccer academy were tested in performing 10 parameters aiming at determining the performance of those players based on assessing the contribution of each activity and its corresponding significant level. The 10 performance related parameters involved anthropometry (BMI), fitness test (agility, coordination, muscular endurance (push and sit up), power, YoYo level), and football skill test (dribbling with ball, dribbling without ball and juggling). All the parameters testing is carried out based on international standard and performed by well-trained staff. The Pearson correlation analysis was used to achieve the objective in this study. Result shows a positive correlation between the two types of muscular parameters; the power is influenced by BMI and coordination; the specific football tests are highly impacted by the power and agility. The coefficient of determination and the significance level -values show that the parameters that can be significantly considered are the anthropometric BMI (0.020), agility (0.025), muscular endurance (0.039 and 0.043), power (0.039), special football test without the ball (0.041), and juggling (0.046). The coordination, YoYo, football special test with the ball were not found to be significantly accounted for preparing the young players to achieve the required performance. Based on the results of the coefficient of determination and the significance -values of the parameters, a model was proposed to determine the highest and lowest parameters that play important roles in the selection of young players.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of a period of training performing uchi-komi prescribed as high-intensity interval training on the performance of judo athletes. Method: Twenty judo athletes performed uchi-komi prescribed as high-intensity interval training (HIT; n = 10) or auto-oriented uchi-komi (control; n = 10). The judo athletes participated in three sessions (60 min for day) of Judo training per week, totalizing 18 sessions in six weeks. High-intensity interval training was performed with 30 s of entry to judo technique (all-out) and 15 s of rest, two times per week for six weeks. Athletes performed eight repetitions of high-intensity interval training in the first week, 10 repetitions in the second and third weeks, and 12 repetitions in the fourth, fifth, and sixth weeks. Pre and post training, athletes performed the Countermovement jump, Isometric judogi chin-up (isometric test), and Special judo fitness test. Results: Special judo fitness test and isometric test showed interaction (p

One of the important issues in order to survey multivariate distribution or model dependency structure between interested variables is finding the proper copula function. Extensive studies have been done based on Akaike information criterion (AIC), copula information criterion (CIC), and pseudo-likelihood ratio and fitness test of the copula function. The previous methods of selecting copula functions when the sample size is too small are not satisfactory. Therefore, our method in this paper is based on tracking interval for the parametric copula function which is obtained using expected Kullback–Leibler risk between the two proposed non-nested parametric copula model. It can be find that optimal parametric copula between proposed copula functions in a good level of significance. Finally, efficiency and capability of our method using simulation and applied example have been shown.

Markovic, M, Kukic, F, Dopsaj, M, Kasum, G, Toskic, L, and Zaric, I. Validity of a novel specific wrestling fitness test. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S51-S57, 2021-The specific wrestling fitness test (SWFT) is a novel test aiming to estimate the level of physical preparedness of wrestlers; therefore, it should posses an acceptable level of validity. The aim of this study was to investigate an internal, external, and construct validity of SWFT. The sample consisted of 15 national level male wrestlers (age = 22.6 ± 2.3 years, body mass [BM] = 83.3 ± 6.5 kg, and BM index [BMI] = 25.36 ± 1.2 kg·m-2). They performed the SWFT, specific judo fitness test (SJFT), and specific wrestling performance test (SWPT), each test on a separate day. For each test, performance was evaluated in absolute measure as total number of throws at the end of the test (TnThrows) and relative measure as TnThrows/BM and TnThrows/BMI. Heart rate at the end of the test (HR0min) and 1 minute into recovery (HR1min) was used as a measure of cardiovascular functionality, whereas specific judo fitness index (SJFIndex) was used as an indicator of cardiovascular functionality relative to given performance. A correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were used to investigate the internal, external, and construct validity of SWFT. The SWFT_TnThrows/BM had the highest internal validity relative to SJFT_TnThrows/BM (R2 = 0.722, p < 0.001) and the highest external validity relative to SWPT_TnThrows/BM (r = 0.846, p < 0.001). SWFT_TnThrows/BM predicted SWPT_TnThrows/BM with a large coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.818, p < 0.001). SWFT_TnThrows/BM is valid and easily attainable predictor of wrestlers' specific physical preparedness and as such is of high practical value.

Exercise is a systematic and programmed process which carried out repeatedly with gradual loads for specific purposes such as increased agility, speed and cardiovascular endurance. HIIT is an exercise that uses high intensity with a training load above the anaerobic threshold in a short time with a resting time of 1: 2 (30 seconds: 60 seconds). The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of the training methods of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on agility, speed, and cardiovascular endurance. The type of research is quantitative with quasi experimental method using matching-only design and data analysis using t-test. This study was conducted at 20 students of the basketball team of Mawar Sharon Junior High School. The data was collected by pre-test and post-test of agility test using a squat thrust test, speed test using a 30 m run test and cardiovascular endurance test using Multistage Fitness Test (MFT). The results found that there was a significant increase in agility, speed, and cardiovascular of 14.3%, 5.2%, and 5.3%, respectively. In conclusion, HIIT training methods sessions can be used for increasing agility, speed, and cardiovascular endurance.

La realización de tareas diarias, como caminar, subir escaleras o levantar objetos, requiere fuerza y potencia muscular. Las reducciones asociadas a la edad en la fuerza y la potencia pueden afectar la capacidad del adulto mayor para llevar a cabo este tipo de actividades. Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue examinar los efectos de dos tipos de entrenamiento en fuerza (PEF) de 16 semanas, uno realizado a alta velocidad (GAV), versus uno a baja velocidad (GBV), sobre, la fuerza y potencia máxima muscular, en un grupo de adultas mayores. Metodología: 86 mujeres con edades entre 60-81 años participaron de forma voluntaria en el estudio y fueron asignadas de forma aleatoria al GAV (Tres series a una velocidad de 0.60m/s, con pérdidas máxima del 10% de velocidad) o al GBV. (Tres series de 10 repeticiones al 70% de 1RM) Los grupos realizaron tres entrenamientos semanales. Antes y después del PE se evaluó: la fuerza máxima (1RM), la potencia pico (Pp) y la velocidad media propulsiva (VMP), en extensión en piernas y de brazos, la fuerza prensil, la velocidad de la marcha (VM), y la fuerza resistencia y agilidad (batería senior fitness test). Resultados: después del periodo de entrenamiento se observaron mejoras significativas (p

The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the association between 5 vs. 5 small sided games (SSG) running performance and physiological performance during the Yo-YoIR1 test to ascertain the utility of SSGs as a potential fitness test modality within elite professional soccer players. Twenty-three (n = 23) elite male professional soccer players (mean ± SD age 25.3 ± 3.1 yrs, mass: 76 ± 9 kg, height: 176 ± 9 cm) were assessed. Players completed an intermittent aerobic fitness test (Yo-YoIR1) and a 5 vs. 5 SSGs protocol for the purpose of the study. During all SSGs players wore GPS (Statsports 10-Hz, Viper Pod, Newry, Northern Ireland) and HR monitors (Polar, Oy Kemple, Finland) with these measures related to Yo-YoIR1 running performance. Results revealed SSGs running performance (TD; m) and physiological performance (HR) showed the lowest CV% (< 5%), with high speed movements, accelerations and decelerations highlighting higher CV% during SSGs. Possibly small to possibly very large associations were observed for running performance during 5 vs. 5 SSGs and Yo-YoIR1 performance, with negative associations observed between physiological performance during SSG and YoYoIR1 running performance. To conclude, the current study observed how running performance during a standardised 5 vs. 5 SSG protocol within elite soccer cohorts is associated with the Yo-YoIR1 running performance. Given the low CV%, repeatability and large association of global running performance and internal load measures during a 5 vs. 5 SSG with Yo-YoIR1 performance, this particular soccer specific SSG protocol potentially supplements traditional non-sport specific testing assessments.

Lockie, RG, Hernandez, JA, Moreno, MR, Dulla, JM, Dawes, JJ, and Orr, RM. 2.4-km run and 20-m multistage fitness test relationships in law enforcement recruits after academy training. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 942-945, 2020-The 2.4-km run and 20-m multistage fitness test (20MSFT) are common aerobic fitness tests in law enforcement. Previous research analyzed relationships between these tests in recruits, and indicated limited transferability due to disparate demands (direction changes and running intensity). However, the correlations between 2.4-km run and 20MSFT in recruits after academy training may be different, where recruits should be fitter and able to complete high-intensity running efforts. This study documented changes in and relationships between the 2.4-km run and 20MSFT in law enforcement recruits after academy training. Retrospective analysis on 6 academy classes (276 males and 50 females) from one agency was conducted. The 20MSFT and 2.4-km run were completed before and after academy training. Estimated V[Combining Dot Above]O2max was derived from 2.4-km run time and the 20MSFT shuttle number. Paired-samples t-tests ascertained whether the 2.4-km run and 20MSFT improved after academy. Correlations and linear regression derived relationships between the 2.4-km run and 20MSFT. Recruits improved in the 2.4-km run and 20MSFT (p < 0.01). There were significant correlations between the 2.4-km run and 20MSFT for all recruits (r = -0.49), males (r = -0.48), and females (r = -0.29). However, the regression equations for all recruits (r = 0.24), males (r = 0.23), and females (r = 0.08) were low. The results suggested that there were disparate aspects to the 2.4-km run and 20MSFT in law enforcement recruits after academy training. Although aerobic fitness improved, there are likely other aspects important to the 20MSFT not developed during academy (change-of-direction ability and high-intensity running). This could impact the between-test relationship.

This study aims to reveal the scientific associations between the motor competence related physical fitness and the medical health status of college students from south China. Two hundred and fourteen college students, including 112 males and 102 females, from 17 provinces were administrated with the Shantou University fitness test battery twice. All the subjects were asked for a medical examination, including a questionnaire and a physical examination. The records were assessed and concluded by three expertise medical practitioners. A machine learning model equipped with a new loss was designed to deal with the soft label issue. Armed with the trained model, we mine and highlight the relationship between the motor competence related physical fitness and the medical health status of the college students. The physical educators, the educational authorities, the universities, and the individuals may potentially benefit from this study.

IntroductionMilitary training programmes are often similar for male and female recruits despite sex differences in physical performance that may influence training adaptations during military service. The present study aimed to compare changes in physical fitness and anthropometrics between Finnish female and male recruits during military service.MethodsA total of 234 690 male and 3549 female recruits participated in fitness tests at the beginning and end of military service between 2005 and 2015. Anthropometric measurements were body mass, height, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Fitness tests consisted 12 min running, standing long jump, and sit-ups and push-ups.ResultsNo changes were observed in anthropometrics, while both sexes improved most of the fitness test results. After adjustment for service time, branch, age, initial fitness test results, BMI and WC, improvement in running test performance was 158 m (95% CI 142 to 173, p≤0.001) greater in male than female recruits. Similarly, improvements were larger in male recruits for push-ups (5 reps/min, 95% CI 5 to 6, p≤0.001), sit-ups (2 reps/min, 95% CI 2 to 3, p≤0.001) and standing long jump (12 cm, 95% CI 11 to 13, p≤0.001) when compared with women.ConclusionsThe study revealed sex differences in adaptations to the standardised military training. Both male and female recruits improved their physical fitness, but smaller gains were observed in women using the same training programme. The mechanisms explaining sex differences in adaptations to military training, and whether tailored training programmes are needed specifically for female recruits to reduce sex differences during military service, warrants further studies.

Validated tools to evaluate physical performance remotely with real-time supervision are lacking. We assessed test–retest and inter-rater reliability, as well as the feasibility of carrying out the five-repetition sit-to-stand (5RSTS), kneeling push-up (KPU) and Shirado–Ito trunk flexor endurance (SIF) tests by 1:1 real-time videoconference. We also evaluated the correlation of these tests with measures of self-reported physical fitness, physical activity, health state and pain. A total of 96 healthy adults participated in the study (18–65 years). Relative and absolute reliabilities were assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM), respectively. Feasibility outcomes included testing duration, participant acceptability (1–5 Likert scale) and presence of adverse events. Self-reported measures were obtained with validated online questionnaires, and correlations were analyzed with Pearson’s partial correlation coefficients controlling for age. ICCs were excellent (>0.9), and SEMs were generally low (2.43–16.21%). The mean duration of all tests was

In part 1 of this series we discussed why aerobic fitness is important for tennis players (Genevois, 2019). Scientific studies have revealed that High Intensity Intermittent Training (HIIT) is an efficient way to improve aerobic fitness either off- or on-court, depending on the training phase. The intensity of the training sessions can be individualized based on the final speed reached during the 30/15 Intermittent Fitness Test.

Objective: We examined the effect of silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) on functional fitness levels and physical independence in 60–79-year-old individuals. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with 716 older adults and used an electrocardiograph and an ambulatory electrocardiogram to diagnose those with SMI. Physical independence was assessed using the Composite Physical Function scale, whereas physical fitness was assessed using the Senior Fitness Test battery. Results: The 60-79-year-old females and males with SMI were more likely to have lower scores for lower and upper body strength, agility/dynamic balance, and aerobic endurance (p 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that old adults with SMI had a higher risk of losing physical independence later in life than those without SMI (p