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Робота присвячена забезпеченню конфіденційності даних користувачів у телекомунікаційних системах, але використання телекомунікаційних мереж не завжди безпечно, тому адміністратори повинні забезпечувати безпеку мережі за допомогою контролю доступу. Мета роботи – розгляд основних положень контролю доступу та його складових, а також аналіз методів забезпечення конфіденційності даних в телекомунікаційних мережах за допомогою контролю доступу. У даній роботі розглядаються потреби споживачів у забезпеченні конфіденційності їх даних у телекомунікаційних системах за допомогою контролю доступу. Тому надається рекомендована технологія управління мережевим доступом для пом'якшення дії загроз та наслідків атак. The work is dedicated to ensuring the confidentiality of user data in telecommunications systems, but the use of telecommunications networks is not always secure, so administrators must ensure network security through access control. The goal of the work is to consider the main provisions of access control and its components, as well as the analysis of methods for ensuring the confidentiality of data in telecommunications networks through access control. This paper examines the needs of consumers to ensure the confidentiality of their data in telecommunications systems through access control. Therefore, the recommended network access control technology is provided to mitigate the threats and consequences of attacks.

Background Noise phobia is a common behavior problem in dogs for which there are limited treatment options. Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of imepitoin in comparison to placebo for the control of anxiety and fear associated with noise phobia in dogs. Animals Two hundred thirty‐eight client‐owned dogs with noise phobia were recruited in veterinary clinics. Methods This placebo‐controlled, randomized, double‐blinded, clinical trial used a predictable noise event as eliciting context, the traditional New Year's Eve fireworks in Germany and the Netherlands. Owners began treatment 2 days before the anticipated noise event with administration of either imepitoin 30 mg/kg body weight Q12h or placebo for 3 consecutive days. On New Year's Eve, owners noted their observations of their dog's fear and anxiety behavior at 1600, 2200, 0020, and 0100 hours and scored the overall treatment effect on the following day. Results In the 16‐item owner report of fear and anxiety signs, fear and anxiety behaviors were significantly reduced under imepitoin treatment compared to placebo (delta −6.1 scoring points; P

Fireworks are often used in celebration, causing short term, extremely high particulate matter air pollution. In recent years, the rapid development and expansion of low-cost air quality sensors by companies such as PurpleAir has enabled an understanding of air pollution at a much higher spatiotemporal resolution compared to traditional monitoring networks. In this study, real-time PM2.5 measurements from 751 PurpleAir sensors operating from June to July in 2019 and 2020 were used to examine the impact of 4th of July fireworks on hourly and daily PM2.5 concentrations at the census tract and county levels in California. American Community Survey (ACS) and CalEnviroScreen 3.0 data were used to identify correlations between PM2.5 measurements and socioeconomic status (SES). A two-step method was implemented to assure the quality of raw PM2.5 sensor data and sensor calibration against co-located reference instruments. The results showed that over 67% and 81% of counties experienced immediate impacts related to fireworks in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Relative to 2019, the peak PM2.5 concentrations on July 4th and 5th 2020 were, on average, over 50% higher in California, likely due to the COVID-19-related increase in the use of household-level fireworks. This increase was most pronounced in southern counties, which tend to have less strict firework-related regulations and a greater use of illegal fireworks. Los Angeles County experienced the highest July 4th daily PM2.5 levels both in 2019 (29.9 µg·m−3) and 2020 (42.6 µg·m−3). Spatial hot spot analyses generally showed these southern counties (e.g., Los Angeles County) to be regional air pollution hotspots, whereas the opposite pattern was seen in the north (e.g., San Francisco). The results also showed PM2.5 peaks that were over two-times higher among communities with lower SES, higher minority group populations, and higher asthma rates. Our findings highlight the important role that policy and enforcement can play in reducing firework-related air pollution and protecting public health, as exemplified by southern California, where policy was more relaxed and air pollution was higher (especially in 2020 when the 4th of July coincided with the COVID-19-lockdown period), and in disadvantaged communities where disparities were greatest.

Objective To develop a syndrome definition and analyze syndromic surveillance data usefulness in surveillance of firework-related emergency department visits in Kansas. Introduction Across the U.S.A., multiple people seek treatment for fireworks-related injuries around the July 4 th holiday. Syndromic surveillance in Kansas allows for near real-time analysis of the injuries occurring during the firework selling season. During the 2017 July 4 th holiday, the Kansas Syndromic Surveillance Program (KSSP) production data feed received data from 88 EDs at excellent quality and timeliness. Previous and current firework safety messaging in Kansas is dependent on voluntary reporting from hospitals across the state. With widespread coverage of EDs by KSSP, data can be more complete and timely to better drive analysis and public information Methods: KSSP data was queried through the Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics (ESSENCE) v.1.20 provided by the National Syndromic Surveillance Program. Data between June 12, 2017 and August 13, 2017 were queried. The first query (Query A, Table 1.) searched the Discharge Diagnosis History field for the “W39” ICD-10 Diagnosis code, “Discharge of firework.” These records were searched for common firework terms contained in the Chief Complaint History field. These firework-related free text terms (Query B, Table 1.) were then combined with other potential firework-related terms to create a preliminary free text query (Query C, Table 1.). This preliminary query was run on the Chief Complaint History field. Data were then searched for false positive cases and appropriate negation terms were included to accommodate this. The new query with negation terms (Query D, Table 1.) was run on the Chief Complaint History field, combined with the results from the Discharge Diagnosis History field, and then combined records were de-duplicated based on a unique visit identifier. The final data set was then classified by the anatomical location of the injury and the gender and age group of the patient. Results: The initial query (Query A, Table 1.) for the diagnosis code “W39” returned 101 unique ED visits. Of these 101 unique ED visits, the following terms were identified in the Chief Complaint History field: shell, artillery, bomb, sparkler, grenade, fire cracker, firework, and firework show. These key terms were translated into Query B, Table 1. Other key terms deemed likely to capture specific firework-related exposures were then included into Query C, Table 1. , including roman, candle, lighter, M80, and punk. Query C was then used to query the Chief Complaint History field, returning 144 unique ED visits. Cases captured by Query C were then reviewed by hand for false positives and the negation terms, lighter fluid, fish, nut, and pistachio, were incorporated the Query D, Table 1. The previous process for Query C was then repeated on Query D, leaving a remaining 136 unique cases. Query A’s 101 unique ED visits was then combined with the 136 unique ED visits captured by Query D and de-duplicated. The de-duplicated data set contained 170 unique ED visits which were then reviewed by hand for false positives. The final removal of false positives from the combined and de-duplicated data set left a remaining 154 unique ED visits for firework-related injuries during this time period. For these data, the most common victims of firework injuries were males, accounting for 65.5% of all firework related ED visits and children ages 0 to 19 accounting for 44.2% of these visits. At every age breakout, male injuries exceeded female injuries. The most common anatomical location of the injury was one or both hands with 38.3% of all injuries mentioned hands as their primary injury. Injuries to the eyes, face, and head accounted for the second most injuries (28.6% of all patients). Conclusions: The selling of fireworks will be a yearly occurrence of a specific exposure that can potentially lead to injuries. Utilizing syndromic surveillance to review the holiday firework injuries is a very rapid method to assess the impact of these injuries and may allow for future direction of public information during the holiday. Having a syndrome definition that builds on knowledge from previous years will allow for quicker case identification as well. State public information regarding firework safety can be significantly bolstered by accurate and rapid data assessment. Developing a firework injury syndrome definition that is accurate and returns information rapidly has allowed for increased buy-in to the Kansas Syndromic Surveillance Program from public information offices, fire marshal’s offices, and other program fields.

Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2018; Aachen 1 Online-Ressource (xxi, 102, xii Seiten) : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2018). = Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2018, Human beings are continuously exposed to different types of particles such as those included in consumer products, like sun lotions or toothpaste. There are various processes that contribute to particulate matter pollution. Outdoor sources of particles are e.g. emissions caused by vehicles, burning of fossil fuels, industry and household processes. Activities such as tobacco smoking or cooking are major sources of particle emission indoor, but also using electrical appliances contributes to the indoor particle concentration. The exposure to fine and ultrafine particles is associated with adverse health effects, which depend on size, shape and chemical composition of the particles. It is therefore important to characterize in depth particles released during various human activities. The first part of the PhD thesis focuses on the study of particles emitted during different indoor and outdoor processes. Emissions caused by using electrical appliances such as hair dryers and flat irons were investigated using a test chamber. Various aerosol characteristics were measured, for instance the particle number and volume concentration and the particle size distributions. The released particles of the hair dryers and the flat irons were analyzed by means of electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. All tested appliances produced a considerable amount of ultrafine particles. Copper-containing particles were found in the emission of all hair dryers. Various volatile organic compounds were observed in the emission of hair dryers and flat irons as well. The use of these electric appliances may significantly contribute to the personal particle exposure. These findings can be important to employees of laundry and ironing services and professional hairdressers. It is recommended that good ventilation should be provided during and after the use of hair dryers or flat irons. Air pollution during New Year’s fireworks 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 was studied as well. Especially inhabitants of large cities are affected by the firework displays. The airborne particles emitted during these fireworks were collected and characterized using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and electron microscopy. It was found that samples collected on days with firework contained a large number of potassium sulfate or potassium sulfite particles (up to 93%), in comparison to days without firework where these kind of particles were not found. The concentrations of various metals in the air were significantly higher on days with fireworks as well. It can be recommended to keep the windows closed during and some hours after fireworks in order to avoid exposure to metal containing airborne particles. The exposure of employees and spectators to particulate matter of eight indoor go-kart facilities was also measured. Six facilities using gasoline, one using liquid gas and one using electricity for go-karts were investigated. A wide range of aerosol characteristics was measured; for example the particle number, volume and mass concentration and the particle size distribution. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and electron microscopy were applied for the analysis. It was found, that workplaces were much stronger exposed to PM10 and PM2.5 than the spectator areas. The highest PM10 and PM2.5 and particle number concentration values were measured for the go-kart facility using liquid gas. Various metals were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the indoor air samples of the go-kart facilities. Iron with concentrations up to 5.6 µg/m³ (electric go-kart facility) was the most abundant metal. In all samples agglomerates with iron, copper and other metals were found by using electron microscopy. Additionally high concentrations of soot were detected in almost all samples except for the samples of the electric go-kart facility. For minimizing health risks for visitors and employees of indoor go-kart facilities it can be recommended to use go-karts with electric motors in combination with a good ventilation system. In the last part of the PhD thesis nano titanium dioxide, which is used in sun lotions as a physical (mineral) filter, was studied. According to requirements of the Cosmetic Regulation No. 1223/2009 all nanomaterials which are present in cosmetic products shall be clearly indicated. Therefore it is important to have analytical techniques, which are sensitive enough and have the required spatial resolution to characterize the nanoparticles in cosmetics such as sun lotions. The sun lotions contained various compounds that obscure imaging of TiO2-particles without preceding sample preparation. For this reason different defatting methods were tested and a new sample preparation method was developed. After this sample treatment imaging and characterization of titanium dioxide particles by electron microscopy was finally possible. Six sun screens that were labeled as TiO2 containing were studied. Only in five sun lotions titanium dioxide aggregates with primary particle sizes below 100 nm were found. One product contained neither TiO2 nor ZnO despite of the labeling. The results show that this method can be applied for the control of skin care products and control of cosmetic products labelled according to the Cosmetic Regulation., Published by Aachen

En els darrers anys les capacitats gràfiques computacionals han augmentat considerablement, permetent l'ús d'objectes 3D en temps real i, fins i tot, efectes complexes tals com explosions o moviment de líquids. Aquests elements necessiten d'uns entorns gràfics específics per ser implementats i OpenGL ho permet. Amb la realització d'aquest projecte es busca indagar en aquests entorns, es busca aprendre a utilitzar OpenGL per programar elements complexes tals com els sistemes de partícules, recursos de gran potencial i flexibilitat capaços de simular tot tipus de comportaments a utilitzar en tot tipus d'àmbits (videojocs, cinema, simulacions científiques, etc.). En el projecte es desenvoluparan dos sistemes de partícules (una font d'aigua i un castell de focs) utilitzant diferents tipus d'algorismes i diferents tècniques per tal de realitzar anàlisis i extreure'n conclusions. Es buscarà, també, realitzar els desenvolupaments per permetre l'encapsulament i la seva importació en entorns 3D externs. Es tindrà en compte els diferents mètodes de test a utilitzar en el projecte, així com la parametrització dels diferents sistemes per permetre la modificació en els comportaments de forma simple i còmode. En los últimos años las capacidades gráficas computacionales han aumentado considerablemente, permitiendo el uso de objetos 3D en tiempo real e, incluso, efectos complejos tales como explosiones o movimiento de líquidos. Estos elementos necesitan de unos entornos gráficos específicos para ser implementados y OpenGL lo permite. Con la realización de este proyecto se busca indagar en estos entornos, se busca aprender a utilizar OpenGL para programar elementos complexos tales como los sistemas de partículas, recursos de gran potencial y flexibilidad capaces de simular todo tipo de comportamientos a utilizar en todo tipo de ámbitos (videojuegos, cine, simulaciones científicas, etc.). En el proyecto se desarrollaran dos sistemas de partículas (una fuente de agua y un castillo de fuegos artificiales) utilizando diferentes tipos de algoritmos y diferentes técnicas para poder realizar análisis y extraer conclusiones. Se buscará, también, realizar los desarrollos para permitir su encapsulamiento e importación en entornos 3D externos. Se tendrán en cuenta los distintos métodos de test a utilizar en el proyecto, así como la parametrización de los diferentes sistemas para permitir la modificación en los comportamientos de forma simple y cómoda. In recent years computational graphic skills have greatly incleased, allowing the use of 3D objects in real time, even complex effects such as explosions or movement of liquids. These elements need to be implemented in specific graphical environments and OpenGL allows it. With the realization of this project seeks to investigate these environments to learn how to use OpenGL to program complex elements such as particle systems, resources with high potential and flexibility capable of simulating all types of behaviours to be used in all kinds of areas (videogames, cinema, scientific simulations, etc.). In the project will develop two particle systems (a water fountain and a firework) using different algorithms and different techniques to perform analysis and draw conclusions. Will seek also make development to allow encapsulation and import in externs 3D environments. Also will take into account the different test methods used in the project, as well as the parameterization of the different systems to allow modifications in the behaviour so simple and comfortable.

This is a descriptive case report of a seven-year-old boy presented in January 2007 with decreased vision in the right eye, for 2months after sustaining a trauma while he was playing with fireworks during the Eid holiday. He was treated in a suburban hospital for corneal laceration and was prescribed a topical antibiotic and a topical steroid. When the child presented to us, a slit lamp examination revealed a thread in the anterior chamber, his un-aided visual acuity was 6/60 on a Snellen chart. Surgery to remove the foreign body was scheduled, but the patient never attended. The patient was lost to follow-up and returned in January 2011 with an un-aided visual acuity of 6/12, although the foreign body was retained in the anterior chamber (AC) with a quiet eye and good vision. At that time, we decided to follow the patient without any surgical intervention. Again, the patient was lost to follow-up and returned with almost full vision in September 2012, with a visual acuity of 6/6 without correction. Thus, we concluded that thread like IOFBs in the AC can be considered inert materials that may not need any surgical intervention in a quiet eye that does not show any signs of inflammation and where the IOFB is non-mobile and located away from the endothelium.

Eye injuries affect approximately two million people annually. Various experimental studies have been performed to evaluate potentially injurious conditions from blunt objects using animal and human cadaver eyes. Experimental data from these studies have been used to develop injury risk curves to predict eye injuries based on projectile parameters such as kinetic energy and normalized energy. Recently, intraocular pressure (IOP) has been correlated to injury risk, which allows eye injuries to be predicted if projectile characteristics are unknown. Additionally, the measurement of IOP and the association of IOP to injury risk in experimental tests has opened up the field to studying eye injury mechanisms from overpressure. The current manuscript presents recent experimental tests that evaluated the response of human cadaver eyes exposed to firework overpressure. Consumer fireworks serve as a model of low level blast, and provides a foundation to studying higher blast overpressures (i.e., that would be observed in military combat). Although some studies state that eye injury can result solely from primary blast (overpressure), there is no empirical evidence in the literature to support this. Future experimental studies should be conducted to assess this statement.

We report a large series of ocular injuries caused by fire-crackers. This study was a hospital-based, singlecenter, retrospective case series in which the records of 51 patients with ocular injuries were analyzed. Injuries were classified according to Birmingham eye trauma terminology system (BETTS). Visual outcomes before and after the intervention were recorded. Ten patients were admitted for further management. As ocular firecracker injuries result in significant morbidity, public education regarding proper use of firecrackers may help in reducing the incidence of ocular injuries.