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The clinical presentation of celiac disease in children is very variable and differs with age. The prevalence of atypical presentations of celiac disease has increased over the past 2 decades. Several studies in adults and children with celiac disease indicate that obesity/overweight at disease onset is not unusual. In addition, there is a trend towards the development of overweight/obesity in celiac patients who strictly comply with a gluten-free diet. However, the pathogenesis and clinical implications of the coexistence of classic malabsorption (e.g., celiac disease) and overweight/obesity remain unclear. This review investigated the causes and main clinical factors associated with overweight/obesity at the diagnosis of celiac disease and clarified whether gluten withdrawal affects the current trends of the nutritional status of celiac disease patients.

Non Celiac Gluten sensitivity (NCGS) was originally described in the 1980s and recently a “re-discovered” disorder characterized by intestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms related to the ingestion of gluten-containing food, in subjects that are not affected with either celiac disease (CD) or wheat allergy (WA). Although NCGS frequency is still unclear, epidemiological data have been generated that can help establishing the magnitude of the problem. Clinical studies further defined the identity of NCGS and its implications in human disease. An overlap between the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and NCGS has been detected, requiring even more stringent diagnostic criteria. Several studies suggested a relationship between NCGS and neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly autism and schizophrenia. The first case reports of NCGS in children have been described. Lack of biomarkers is still a major limitation of clinical studies, making it difficult to differentiate NCGS from other gluten related disorders. Recent studies raised the possibility that, beside gluten, wheat amylase-trypsin inhibitors and low-fermentable, poorly-absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates can contribute to symptoms (at least those related to IBS) experienced by NCGS patients. In this paper we report the major advances and current trends on NCGS.

This study aimed at investigating the fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) and autism (AD) in comparison to healthy children (HC). Bacterial tag-encoded FLX-titanium amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) of the 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA analyses were carried out to determine total bacteria (16S rDNA) and metabolically active bacteria (16S rRNA), respectively. The main bacterial phyla (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and Verrucomicrobia) significantly (P

s / Digestive and Liver Disease 47S (2015) e237–e276 e269 Conclusions: An increased frequency of autoimmune diseases iswell described inCD, but few studies have analysed this immunological phenomena at diagnosis: is autoimmunity positivity only an epiphenomenon at this stage? Follow up studies are needed. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2015.07.135

R. Moretti 1,∗, G. Raimondi2, G. Borrelli 2, F. Indrio1, F. Cristofori3, R. Francavilla1, M. Gobetti 4, M. De Angelis4 1 Dip. Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Sez. di Pediatria, Universita di Bari, Italy 2 Scuola di Specializzazione in Pediatria, Universita di Bari, Italy 3 UOC Pediatria, P.O. Centrale Santissima Annunziata Taranto, Italy 4 Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Universita di Bari, Italy

s / Digestive and Liver Disease 45 (2013) e263–e311 e269 between postpartum maternal depressive symptoms and/or insecure attachment style, or type of feeding and DFGIs onset. It is noteworthy that exclusive BF infants at 3 months of age seems to have a more positive temperament (p=0.045), with more attention span availability (p=0.003) respect to FF infants. Infants with colics have an average score slightly higher on the test of inhibition to novelty than children without colic, also if the result is not statistically significant; infants with dischezia were found to have a lower score to test on ability of attention (p=0.033) and on the motor activity (p=0.019) than infant without. Conclusion: Infant temperament seems to have a role in the onset of colics and dischezia, more than maternal psychological problems.